ITU INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION
`
`)45(cid:13)4
`
`TELECOMMUNICATION
`STANDARDIZATION SECTOR
`OF ITU
`
`*(cid:14)(cid:24)(cid:19)
`
`(04/97)
`
`SERIES J: TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION, SOUND
`PROGRAMME AND OTHER MULTIMEDIA SIGNALS
`Digital transmission of television signals
`
`$IGITAL(cid:0)MULTI(cid:13)PROGRAMME(cid:0)SYSTEMS(cid:0)FOR(cid:0)TELEVISION(cid:12)
`SOUND(cid:0)AND(cid:0)DATA(cid:0)SERVICES(cid:0)FOR(cid:0)CABLE(cid:0)DISTRIBUTION
`
`ITU-T Recommendation J.83
`
`(Previously CCITT Recommendation)
`
`LG Ex. 1009
`LG Electronics Inc. v. ParkerVision, Inc.
`IPR2022-00246
`Page 00001
`
`

`

`TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION, SOUND PROGRAMME AND OTHER MULTIMEDIA SIGNALS
`
`ITU-T J-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
`
`General Recommendations
`General Recommendations concerning sound-programme transmissions
`Performance characteristics of sound-programme circuits
`Characteristics of equipment and lines used for setting up sound-programme circuits
`Characteristics of equipment for coding analogue sound-programme signals
`Digital transmission of sound-programme signals
`Characteristics of circuits for television transmissions
`Systems for television transmission over metallic lines and interconnection with radio-relay
`links
`Digital transmission of television signals
`Specific Recommendations for television transmission
`Transmission of signals with multiplexing of video, sound and data, and signals of new
`systems
`Interactive services
`
`J.1–J.9
`J.10–J.19
`J.20–J.29
`J.30–J.39
`J.40–J.49
`J.50–J.59
`J.60–J.69
`J.70–J.79
`
`J.80–J.89
`J.90–J.99
`J.100–J.109
`
`J.110–J.119
`
`For further details, please refer to ITU-T List of Recommendations.
`
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00002
`
`

`

`FOREWORD
`
`The ITU-T (Telecommunication Standardization Sector) is a permanent organ of the International Telecommunication
`Union (ITU). The ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommen-
`dations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
`
`The World Telecommunication Standardization Conference (WTSC), which meets every four years, establishes the
`topics for study by the ITU-T Study Groups which, in their turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
`
`The approval of Recommendations by the Members of the ITU-T is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSC
`Resolution No. 1 (Geneva, October, 1997).
`
`This second edition of ITU-T Recommendation J.83 was prepared by ITU-T Study Group 9 (1997-2000) and
`incorporates Amendment 1 and Amendment 2 approved under the WTSC Resolution No. 1 procedure on the 17th of
`October 1996 and the 22nd of April 1997 respectively.
`
`___________________
`
`In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication
`administration and a recognized operating agency.
`
`NOTE
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
`mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the ITU.
`
`ITU 1997
`
`Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
`
`i
`
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00003
`
`ª
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`1
`2
`3
`4
`
`Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................
`References ......................................................................................................................................................
`Terms and definitions.....................................................................................................................................
`Symbols and abbreviations.............................................................................................................................
`4.1
`Symbols ............................................................................................................................................
`4.2
`Abbreviations....................................................................................................................................
`Digital multi-programme systems for cable distribution................................................................................
`5
`Annex A – Digital multi-programme System A.....................................................................................................
`A.1
`Introduction ......................................................................................................................................
`A.2
`Cable system concept........................................................................................................................
`A.3
`MPEG-2 transport layer....................................................................................................................
`A.4
`Framing structure..............................................................................................................................
`A.5
`Channel coding .................................................................................................................................
`A.6
`Byte to symbol mapping ...................................................................................................................
`A.7
`Modulation........................................................................................................................................
`A.8
`Baseband filter characteristics ..........................................................................................................
`Annex B – Digital multi-programme System B .....................................................................................................
`B.1
`Introduction ......................................................................................................................................
`B.2
`Cable system concept........................................................................................................................
`B.3
`MPEG-2 transport layer....................................................................................................................
`B.4
`MPEG-2 transport framing ...............................................................................................................
`B.5
`Forward error correction...................................................................................................................
`B.6
`Modulation and demodulation ..........................................................................................................
`Annex C – Digital multi-programme System C .....................................................................................................
`C.1
`Introduction ......................................................................................................................................
`C.2
`Cable system concept........................................................................................................................
`C.3
`MPEG-2 transport layer....................................................................................................................
`C.4
`Framing structure..............................................................................................................................
`C.5
`Channel coding .................................................................................................................................
`C.6
`Modulation........................................................................................................................................
`Annex D – Digital multi-programme System D.....................................................................................................
`D.1
`Introduction ......................................................................................................................................
`D.2
`Cable system concept........................................................................................................................
`D.3
`MPEG-2 transport layer....................................................................................................................
`D.4
`Framing structure..............................................................................................................................
`D.5
`Channel coding .................................................................................................................................
`D.6
`Modulation........................................................................................................................................
`D.7
`16-VSB cable receiver ......................................................................................................................
`D.8
`Other VSB modes .............................................................................................................................
`Appendix I – Bibliography .....................................................................................................................................
`
`Page
`1
`1
`1
`2
`2
`2
`3
`5
`5
`5
`7
`7
`8
`10
`11
`13
`14
`14
`15
`15
`15
`20
`33
`35
`35
`35
`37
`37
`38
`39
`43
`43
`43
`44
`44
`46
`51
`52
`52
`60
`
`ii
`
`Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
`
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00004
`
`

`

`SUMMARY
`
`This Recommendation "Digital multi-programme systems for television, sound and data services for cable distribution"
`covers the definition of the framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital multi-programme signals for
`television, sound and data services distributed by cable networks.
`
`This Recommendation has four Annexes (A, B, C and D), that provide the specifications for the four digital television
`cable systems submitted to the ITU-T. This reflects the fact that standardization of digital cable television systems is
`being addressed for the first time by the ITU-T and that a number of systems had been developed and provisionally
`implemented when this standardization effort was undertaken by the ITU.
`
`This Recommendation recommends that those implementing new digital multi-programme services on existing and
`future cable networks should use one of the systems whose framing structure, channel coding and modulation are
`specified in Annexes A, B, C and D.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`The development of new digital technology is now reaching the point at which it is evident that they enable digital
`systems to offer significant advantages, in comparison with conventional analogue techniques, in terms of vision and
`sound quality, spectrum and power efficiency, service flexibility, multimedia convergence and potentially lower
`equipment costs. Moreover, the use of cable distribution for the delivery of video and audio signals to individual viewers
`and listeners is continually growing, and has already become the dominant form of distribution in many parts of the
`world. It is also evident that these potential benefits can best be achieved through the economies of scale resulting from
`the widespread use of digital systems designed to be easily implementable on existing infrastructure and which take
`advantage of the many possible synergies with related audiovisual systems.
`
`Administrations and private operators planning the introduction of digital cable television services are encouraged to
`consider the use of one of the systems described in Annexes A, B, C and D, and to seek opportunities for further
`convergence, rather than developing a different system based on the same technologies.
`
`This second edition of this Recommendation incorporates Amendment 1 and Amendment 2. These amendments brought
`the following changes with respect to the first edition of the Recommendation:
`
`a)
`
`b)
`
`c)
`
`In Annex B there is now a specification for 256-QAM;
`
`In Annex B, two distinct operating modes of interleaving capability are specified, called level 1 and
`level 2. Level 1 is specified for 64-QAM transmission only and this mode already existed in the first
`edition of Annex B. Level 2 encompasses 64-QAM and 256-QAM transmission, and for both modulation
`schemes is capable of supporting variable interleaving.
`
`In the first edition of Annex D, 24 bits were identified which determined the VSB mode for the data in the
`frame and two such modes were defined: 16-VSB Cable and 8-VSB Terrestrial (trellis coded). In this
`second edition, three other VSB modes are defined, i.e. 2-VSB, 4-VSB and 8-VSB.
`
`Table 1/J.83 has been updated to take account of these extensions. In addition, a new Appendix I containing a short
`Bibliography has been added.
`
`Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
`
`iii
`
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00005
`
`

`

`TCL, Hisense & ZyXel
`Ex. 1009
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00006
`Page 6
`
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00006
`
`

`

`Recommendation J.83
`
`Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
`
`DIGITAL MULTI-PROGRAMME SYSTEMS FOR TELEVISION,
`SOUND AND DATA SERVICES FOR CABLE DISTRIBUTION
`
`(Geneva, 1995; revised in 1997)
`
`1
`
`Scope
`
`The scope of this Recommendation is the definition of the framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital
`multi-programme television, sound and data signals distributed by cable networks (e.g. CATV systems) possibly in
`frequency-division multiplex. A separate Recommendation defines the transmission characteristics for digital multi-
`programme signals distributed through SMATV networks.
`
`NOTE – The system input is specified to be the MPEG-2 transport layer; this provides some ancillary data capacity in the
`forward channel, which can be used to accommodate the needs of interactive services (a description of the provision and
`characteristics of the return channel is outside the scope of this Recommendation).
`
`Being highly flexible, the MPEG-2 transport layer can be configured to deliver any desired mix of television, sound and
`data signals (with sound either related or unrelated to the video signal content, and at various possible levels of quality). The transport
`layer can even be totally devoted to the delivery of sound programming, although it may not necessarily be optimised for this
`application.
`
`The specific case of the delivery of a multiplex only containing sound signals may be addressed in a future
`Recommendation.
`
`This Recommendation is intended to ensure that the designers and operators of cable distribution (e.g. CATV) networks
`carrying multi-programme signals will have the information they need to be able to establish and maintain fully
`satisfactory networks. It also provides the information needed by the designers and manufacturers of equipment
`(including receivers) for digital multi-programme signals distributed by cable networks.
`
`2
`
`References
`
`The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in the text,
`constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All
`Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; all users of this Recommendation are therefore
`encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other
`references listed below. A list of currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published.
`
`[1]
`
`[2]
`
`ITU-R Recommendation BO.1211 (1995), Digital multi-programme emission systems for television, sound and
`data services for satellites operating in the 11/12 GHz frequency range.
`
`ITU-T Recommendation H.222.0 (1995) | ISO/IEC 13818-1:1996, Information technology – Generic coding of
`moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems.
`
`3
`
`Terms and definitions
`
`No unconventional terms or definitions are used in this Recommendation.
`
`Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
`
`1
`
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00007
`
`

`

`4
`
`Symbols and abbreviations
`
`4.1
`
`Symbols
`
`This Recommendation uses the following symbols.
`
`Roll-off factor
`
`Ak, Bk Most Significant Bits at the output of the Byte to m-tuple converter
`byte
`Eight bits
`
`f0
`fN
`g(x)
`
`G(256)
`G(16)
`I
`
`Channel centre frequency
`
`Nyquist frequency
`
`RS code generator polynomial
`
`RS primitive field generator polynomial
`
`Randomizer generator polynomial
`
`Interleaving depth (bytes)
`
`I, Q
`
`In-phase, Quadrature phase components of the modulated signal
`
`j
`
`k
`
`m
`
`M
`
`ms
`
`n
`
`N
`
`Branch index
`
`Number of bytes mapped into n symbols
`
`Power of 2m-level QAM: 4,5,6 for 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, respectively
`
`Convolutional interleaver branch depth for j = 1, M = N/I
`
`millisecond
`
`Number of symbols mapped from k bytes
`
`Error protected frame length (bytes)
`
`p(x)
`
`RS field generator polynomial
`
`PN(x)
`
`Pseudorandom sequence, identified by the number following the symbol
`
`rm
`R
`
`Rs
`Ru
`Ru¢
`q
`
`T
`
`Ts
`
`In-band ripple (dB)
`
`Randomized sequence
`
`Symbol rate corresponding to bilateral Nyquist bandwidth of modulated signal
`
`Useful bit rate after MPEG-2 transport multiplexer
`
`Bit rate after RS outer coder
`
`Number of bits: 2,3,4 for 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, respectively
`
`Number of bytes which can be corrected in RS error-protected packet
`
`Symbol period
`
`4.2
`
`Abbreviations
`
`This Recommendation uses the following symbols.
`
`ATM
`
`BB
`
`BER
`
`bps
`
`CATV
`
`C/N
`
`Asynchronous Transfer Mode
`
`BaseBand
`
`Bit Error Ratio
`
`Bits per second
`
`Community Antenna Television
`
`Carrier to Noise ratio
`
`2
`
`Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
`
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00008
`
`a
`

`

`DTVC
`
`Digital Television by Cable
`
`FEC
`
`FIFO
`
`HEC
`
`HEX
`
`IF
`
`IRD
`
`LSB
`
`MMDS
`
`MPEG
`
`MSB
`
`MUX
`
`P
`
`PDH
`
`PN
`
`ppm
`
`PRBS
`
`QAM
`
`QEF
`
`RF
`
`RS
`
`Forward Error Correction
`
`First In First Out
`
`Header Error Control
`
`Hexadecimal
`
`Intermediate Frequency
`
`Integrated Receiver Decoder
`
`Least Significant Bit
`
`Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System
`
`Motion Picture Experts Group
`
`Most Significant Bit
`
`Multiplex
`
`Parity
`
`Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
`
`Pseudorandom Noise
`
`Parts per million
`
`PseudoRandom Binary Sequence
`
`Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
`
`Quasi Error Free
`
`Radio Frequency
`
`Reed-Solomon
`
`SMATV
`
`Satellite Master Antenna Television
`
`SNR
`
`sps
`
`Sync
`
`TBD
`
`TDM
`
`TS
`
`VLSI
`
`VSB
`
`XOR
`
`2-VSB
`
`4-VSB
`
`8-VSB
`
`Signal-to-Noise Ratio
`
`Symbols per second
`
`Synchronizing signal
`
`To Be Determined
`
`Time Division Multiplex
`
`Transport Stream
`
`Very Large Scale Integration
`
`Vestigial SideBand
`
`Exclusive OR
`
`2 level VSB
`
`4 level VSB
`
`8 level VSB
`
`16-VSB
`
`16 level VSB
`
`5
`
`Digital multi-programme systems for cable distribution
`
`It is recommended that those implementing new digital multi-programme services on existing and future cable networks
`should use one of the systems whose framing structure, channel coding and modulation are specified in Annexes A, B, C
`and D. The specifications are compared in Table 1, indicating common features.
`
`Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
`
`3
`
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00009
`
`

`

`Table 1/J.83 – Comparison of specifications in summary form indicating common features
`
`Item
`
`Annex B
`
`Annex A
`
`Annex C
`
`Annex D
`
`Input signals
`
`Framing structure
`
`Randomization
`
`Channel
`coding
`
`FEC
`
`Interleaving
`
`Modified MPEG-2 transport
`stream. A parity checksum is
`substituted for the sync byte,
`supplying improved packet
`delineation functionality,
`and error detection
`capability independent of the
`FEC layer. (See B.4.)
`
`An FEC frame consists of
`a 42- or 40-bit sync trailer
`following 60 or 88 RS
`blocks, with each block
`containing 128 symbols.
`An RS symbol consists of
`7 bits. Thus, there is a
`total 53 802 or 78 888 bits
`in an FEC frame for 64- or
`256-QAM respectively.
`(See B.5.3.)
`
`The 3-word polynominal for
`the PRS:
`x3 + x + a 3 over GF 128.
`(See B.5.4.)
`
`Concatenated coding, RS
`(128, 122) GF 128 with
`convolutional coding.
`(See B.5.)
`
`Convolutional interleaving
`depth:
`I = 128,64,32,16,8
`J = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,16.
`(See B.5.2.)
`
`MPEG-2 transport Stream
`(See A.3, C.3, D.3.)
`
`The framing organization is based on the
`MPEG-2 transport packet structure.
`(See A.4, C.4, D.4.)
`
`The 15-bit polynominal for the PRBS:
`1 + x14 + x15
`(See A.5.1, C.5.1.)
`
`RS (204, 188) GF 256
`(See A.5.2, C.5.2.)
`
`Convolutional interleaving, depth:
`I = 12.
`(See A.5.3, C.5.3.)
`
`The 16-bit poly-
`nominal for the
`PRBS:
`1 + x + x3 + x6
`+ x7 + x11 + x12
`+ x13 + x16.
`(See D.5.1.)
`
`RS (207, 187)
`GF 256
`(See D.5.2.)
`
`Convolutional
`interleaving,
`depth: I = 52.
`(See D.5.3.)
`
`Byte to symbol
`mapping
`
`See B.5.5.
`
`Differential coding
`
`See B.5.5.
`
`Modu-
`lation
`
`Trellis coding
`
`Bandwidth
`
`Constellation
`
`Roll-off factor
`
`See B.5.5.
`
`6 MHz
`
`64- or 256-QAM
`Figure B.18 or B.19
`
`18% or 12% for 64- or
`256-QAM respectively.
`See B.6.1.
`
`Baseband filter
`characteristics
`
`Table B.2
`
`See A.6, C.6.1.
`
`See D.6.1.
`
`See A.6, C.6.2.
`
`None
`
`8 MHz
`
`16-, 32-, 64-QAM
`Figure A.7
`
`15%
`See A.7
`
`None
`
`64-QAM
`Figure C.7
`
`13%
`See C.6.4
`
`6 MHz
`
`2-, 4-, 8-, 16-VSB
`
`11.5%
`See D.6.3
`
`Figure A.8
`
`Figure C.8
`
`Figure D.11
`
`4
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`Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
`
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00010
`
`

`

`Annex A
`
`Digital multi-programme System A
`
`A.1
`
`Introduction
`
`This Annex derives from work done on digital television satellite broadcasting in Europe; it describes the framing
`structure, channel coding and modulation (denoted "the System" for the purposes of this Annex) for digital multi-
`programme television distribution by cable. This System can be used transparently with the modulation/channel coding
`system used for digital multi-programme television by satellite (see Reference [1]). The System allows for further
`evolution as technology advances.
`
`The System is based on MPEG-2 (see Reference [2] as regards source coding and transport multiplexing. It is based on
`Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). It allows for 16-, 32-, or 64-QAM constellations and permits future
`extension to higher constellations, such as 128-QAM and 256-QAM.
`The System FEC is designed to improve the Bit Error Ratio (BER) from 10–4 to a range of 10–10 to 10–11, ensuring
`"Quasi Error Free" (QEF) operation with approximately one uncorrected error event per transmission hour.
`
`A.2
`
`Cable system concept
`
`The cable system shall be defined as the functional block of equipment performing the adaptation of the baseband TV
`signals to the cable channel characteristics (see Figure A.1). In the cable head-end, the following TV baseband signal
`sources can be considered:
`–
`satellite signal(s);
`–
`contribution link(s);
`–
`local programme source(s).
`
`The following processes shall be applied as shown in Figure A.1.
`
`A.2.1
`
`Baseband interfacing1) and sync
`
`This unit shall adapt the data structure to the format of the signal source. The framing structure shall be in accordance
`with MPEG-2 transport layer including sync bytes.
`
`A.2.2
`
`Sync 1 inversion and randomization
`
`This unit shall invert the Sync 1 byte according to the MPEG-2 framing structure, and randomizes the data stream for
`spectrum shaping purposes.
`
`A.2.3
`
`Reed-Solomon (RS) coder
`
`This unit shall apply a shortened Reed-Solomon (RS) code to each randomized transport packet to generate an error-
`protected packet. This code shall also be applied to the Sync byte itself.
`
`Convolutional interleaver
`A.2.4
`This unit shall perform a depth I = 12 convolutional interleaving of the error-protected packets. The periodicity of the
`sync bytes shall remain unchanged.
`
`A.2.5
`
`Byte to m-tuple conversion
`
`This unit shall perform a conversion of the bytes generated by the interleaver into QAM symbols.
`
`A.2.6
`
`Differential encoding
`
`In order to get a rotation-invariant constellation, this unit shall apply a differential encoding of the two Most Significant
`Bits (MSBs) of each symbol.
`
`_______________
`
`1)
`
`Interfaces are not part of this Recommendation.
`
`Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
`
`5
`
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00011
`
`

`

`Figure A.1/J.83 – Conceptual block diagram of elements at the cable head-end and receiving site
`
`T0902590-95/d01
`
`NOTE – MPEG-2 transport MUX packets.
`
`Carrier & clock & sync recovery
`
`tffit
`
`Clock
`
`Data (Note)
`
`interface
`Physical
`
`BB
`
`8
`
`removal
`dispersal
`Energy
`
`inversion
`Sync 1
`
`&
`
`8
`
`decoder
`Solomon
`
`Reed-
`
`8
`
`leaver
`deinter-
`lutional
`Convo-
`
`8
`
`mapping
`
`Symbol
`
`byte
`to
`
`m
`
`decoder
`
`Differen-
`
`tial
`
`m
`
`Equalizer
`
`Matched
`
`&
`filter
`
`lator
`
`demodu-
`
`QAM
`
`&
`
`interface
`physical
`
`RF
`
`channel
`cable
`From RF
`
`Clock & sync generator
`
`tifit
`
`channel
`cable
`To RF
`
`interface
`physical
`
`Modulator
`
`F
`&I
`
`QAM
`
`m
`
`encoding
`Differential
`
`m
`
`conver-
`m-tuple
`
`sion
`
`to
`Byte
`
`8
`
`12 bytes
`
`leaver
`Inter-
`
`1 =
`
`Convol.
`
`(204,188)
`
`8
`
`Coder
`
`Solomon
`
`Reed-
`
`8
`
`randomi-
`
`zation
`
`&
`
`interface
`Physical
`
`Clock
`
`inversion
`Sync 1
`
`BB
`
`(Note)
`Data
`
`Cable head-end
`
`Remultiplexers, etc.
`Contribution links,
`Local MPEG-2 programme sources,
`
`Baseband and interface to:
`
`FIGURE A.1/J.83...[D01] = A L’ITALIENNE
`
`6
`
`Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
`
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00012
`
`

`

`A.2.7
`
`QAM modulation and physical interface
`
`This unit performs a square-root raised cosine filtering of the I and Q signals prior to QAM modulation. This is followed
`by interfacing the QAM modulated signal to the Radio Frequency (RF) cable channel.
`
`A.2.8
`
`Cable receiver
`
`A System receiver shall perform the inverse signal processing, as described for the modulation process above, in order to
`recover the baseband signal.
`
`A.3
`
`MPEG-2 transport layer
`
`The MPEG-2 transport layer is defined in Reference [2]. The transport layer for MPEG-2 data is comprised of packets
`having 188 bytes, with one byte for synchronization purposes, three bytes of header containing service identification,
`scrambling and control information, followed by 184 bytes of MPEG-2 or auxiliary data.
`
`A.4
`
`Framing structure
`
`The framing organization shall be based on the MPEG-2 transport packet structure. The System framing structure is
`shown in Figure A.2.
`
`Sync
`1 byte
`
`187 Bytes
`
`A(cid:9)(cid:0)-0%’(cid:13)(cid:18)(cid:0)TRANSPORT(cid:0)-58(cid:0)PACKET
`
`11
`
`PRBS period = 1503 bytes
`
`Sync 1
`
`R
`187 Bytes
`
`Sync 2
`
`R
`187 Bytes
`
`Sync 8
`
`R
`187 Bytes
`
`Sync 1
`
`R
`187 Bytes
`
`B(cid:9)(cid:0)2ANDOMIZED(cid:0)TRANSPORT(cid:0)PACKETS(cid:26)(cid:0)3YNC(cid:0)BYTES(cid:0)AND(cid:0)2ANDOMIZED(cid:0)3EQUENCE(cid:0)2
`
`11
`Sync 1
`or
`Sync n
`
`204 bytes
`
`R
`187 Bytes
`
`RS (204,188, 8)
`
`C(cid:9)(cid:0)2EED(cid:13)3OLOMON(cid:0)23(cid:0)(cid:8)(cid:18)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:24)(cid:24)(cid:12)(cid:0)4(cid:0)(cid:29)(cid:0)(cid:24)(cid:9)(cid:0)ERROR(cid:13)PROTECTED(cid:0)PACKET
`
`Sync 1
`or
`Sync n
`
`203 Bytes
`
`Sync 1
`or
`Sync n
`
`203 Bytes
`
`D(cid:9)(cid:0))NTERLEAVED(cid:0)&RAMES(cid:27)(cid:0))NTERLEAVING(cid:0)DEPTH(cid:0))(cid:0)(cid:29)(cid:0)(cid:17)(cid:18)(cid:0)BYTES
`
`Sync 1
`or
`Sync n
`
`T0902600-95/d02
`
`Sync 1 Not randomized complemented sync byte.
`Sync n Not randomized sync byte, n = 2, 3, ..., 8.
`
`FIGURE A.2/J.83...[D02] = 14.8 CM
`
`Figure A.2/J.83 – Framing structure
`
`Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
`
`7
`
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00013
`
`

`

`A.5
`
`Channel coding
`
`To achieve the appropriate level of error protection required for cable transmission of digital data, an FEC based on
`Reed-Solomon encoding shall be used. In contrast to the Baseline System for satellite described in Reference [1], no
`convolutional coding shall be applied to cable transmission. Protection against burst errors shall be achieved by the use
`of byte interleaving.
`
`A.5.1
`
`Randomization for spectrum shaping
`
`The System input stream shall be organized in fixed length packets (see Figure A.2), following the MPEG-2 transport
`multiplexer. The total packet length of the MPEG-2 transport MUX packet is 188 bytes. This includes 1 sync-word byte
`(i.e. 47HEX). The processing order at the transmitting side shall always start from the MSB (i.e. 0) of the sync word-byte
`(i.e. 01000111).
`
`In order to comply with the System for satellite (see Reference [1]) and to ensure adequate binary transitions for clock
`recovery, the data at the output of the MPEG-2 transport multiplex shall be randomized in accordance with the
`configuration depicted in Figure A.3.
`
`The polynomial for the PseudoRandom Binary Sequence (PRBS) generator shall be:
`
`1 + x14 + x15
`
`Loading of the sequence "100101010000000" into the PRBS registers, as indicated in Figure A.3, shall be initiated at the
`start of every eight transport packets. To provide an initialization signal for the descrambler, the MPEG-2 sync byte of
`the first transport packet in a group of eight packets shall be bit wise inverted from 47HEX to B8HEX.
`
`The first bit at the output of the PRBS generator shall be applied to the first bit of the first byte following the inverted
`MPEG-2 sync byte (i.e. B8HEX). To aid other synchronization functions, during the MPEG-2 sync bytes of the
`subsequent 7 transport packets, the PRBS generation continues, but its output shall be disabled, leaving these bytes
`unrandomized. The period of the PRBS sequence shall therefore be 1503 bytes.
`
`The randomization process shall be active also when the modulator input bit stream is non-existent, or when it is non-
`compliant with the MPEG-2 transport stream format (i.e. 1 sync byte + 187 packet bytes). This is to avoid the emission
`of an unmodulated carrier from the modulator.
`
`A.5.2
`
`Reed-Solomon coding
`
`Following the energy dispersal randomization process, systematic shortened Reed-Solomon encoding shall be performed
`on each randomized MPEG-2 transport packet, with T = 8. This means that 8 erroneous bytes per transport packet can be
`corrected. This process adds 16 parity bytes to the MPEG-2 transport packet to give a codeword (204, 188).
`
`NOTE – RS coding shall also be applied to the packet sync byte, either non-inverted (i.e. 47 HEX) or inverted (i.e. B8HEX).
`
`Code Generator Polynomial: g(x) = (x + l 0)(x + l 1)(x + l 2) ... (x + l 15);
`
`where:
`
` = 02HEX
`
`Field Generator Polynomial: p(x) = x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1
`
`The shortened Reed-Solomon code shall be implemented by appending 51 bytes, all set to zero, before the information
`bytes at the input of a (255, 239) encoder; after the coding procedure these bytes are discarded.
`
`8
`
`Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
`
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00014
`
`l
`

`

`Initialization sequence
`
`1
`
`1
`
`0
`
`2
`
`0
`
`3
`
`1
`
`4
`
`0
`
`5
`
`1
`
`6
`
`0
`
`7
`
`1
`
`8
`
`0
`
`9
`
`0
`
`10
`
`0
`
`11
`
`0
`
`12
`
`0
`
`13
`
`0
`
`14
`
`0
`
`15
`
`0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 ....
`
`AND
`
`XOR
`
`XOR
`
`Randomized/
`de-randomized
`data output
`
`T0902610-95/d03
`
`Enable
`
`Clear/randomized
`data input
`
`....
`....
`
`x 1
`
`x 1
`
`x 0
`
`x 0
`
`x 0
`
`x 0
`
`x 0
`
`x 0
`
`Data input (MSB first) 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
`
`PRBS sequence
`
`: :
`
`Figure A.3/J.83 – Scrambler/descrambler schematic diagram
`
`FIGURE A.3/J.83...[D03] = 10.8 CM
`
`A.5.3
`
`Convolutional interleaving
`
`Following the scheme of Figure A.4, convolutional interleaving with depth I = 12 shall be applied to the error-protected
`packets [see Figure A.2 c)]. This results in an interleaved frame [see Figure A.2 d)].
`
`The convolutional interleaving process shall be based on the Forney approach which is compatible with the Ramsey
`type III approach, with I = 12. The Interleaved Frame shall be composed of overlapping error-protected packets and
`shall be delimited by MPEG-2 sync bytes (preserving the periodicity of 204 bytes).
`
`The interleaver may be composed of I = 12 branches, cyclically connected to the input byte-stream by the input switch.
`Each branch shall be a First In First Out (FIFO) shift register, with depth (Mj) cells (where M = 17 = N/I, N = 204 =
`error-protected frame length, I = 12 = interleaving depth, j = branch index). The cells of the FIFO shall contain 1 byte,
`and the input and output switches shall be synchronized.
`
`For synchronization purposes, the sync bytes and the inverted sync bytes shall be always routed in the branch "0" of the
`interleaver (corresponding to a null delay).
`
`NOTE – The de-interleaver is similar, in principle, to the interleaver, but the branch indexes are reversed (i.e. j = 0
`corresponds to the largest delay). The de-interleaver synchronization can be carried out by routing the first recognized sync byte in the
`"0" branch.
`
`Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
`
`9
`
`IPR2022-00246 Page 00015
`
`

`

`Sync word route
`I
`17 ·
`
`I
`
` 11
`
`0
`
`98
`
`17 · 3
`
`17 · 2
`
`17 = M
`
`10
`
`11 = I – 1
`
`0
`
`8 9
`
`1 byte per
`position
`
`10
`
`11
`
`0
`
`1
`
` •
`
`2 3
`
`Sync word route
`
`1
`
`17 = M
`
`17 · 2
`
`17 · 3
`
`2 3
`
`0
`
`i
`
`1 byte per
`position
`
`i
`
`11
`
`17 ·
`
` 11
`
`11 = I – 1
`
`FIFO shift register
`
`Interleaver I = 12
`
`De-interleaver I = 12
`
`T0902620-95/d04
`
`Figure A.4/J.83 – Conceptual diagram of the convolutional interleaver and de-interleaver
`
`FIGURE A.4/J.83...[D04] = 7.2 CM
`
`A.6
`
`Byte to symbol mapping
`
`After convolutional interleaving, an exact mapping of bytes into symbols shall be performed. The mapping shall rely on
`the use of byte boundaries in the modulation system.
`
`In each case, the MSB of symbol Z shall be taken from the MSB of byte V.
`
`Correspondingly, the next significant bit of the symbol shall be taken from the next significant bit of the byte. For the
`case of 2m-QAM modulation, the process shall map k bytes into n symbols, such that:
`
`8 k = n (cid:215) m
`
`The process is illustrated for the case of 64-QAM