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`Eyes: How They Work, Anatomy, & Common Conditions
`
`What are the eyes?
`
`Your eyes are organs that allow you to see. They take in light from the world
`around you and send visual information to your brain. Your eyes can see about
`200 degrees in all directions, including in front of you and to the sides
`(peripheral vision). Parts of your eyes work together to allow you to see images,
`movement and depth. Your eyes can see millions of colors in varying shades.
`
`Many conditions can affect how your eyes work, including common vision
`problems like myopia (nearsightedness), astigmatism and eye injuries. Several
`diseases and disorders that are not necessarily eye-related can cause problems
`in the eyes, including autoimmune disorders, diabetes and high blood pressure.
`
`To keep your eyes healthy, you should see your provider for regular eye exams.
`Eat a balanced diet, maintain a healthy weight and avoid smoking, which can
`damage your eyes. Always wear protective eyewear to prevent injuries,
`especially during contact sports or if you have a job working with tools that
`could potentially lead to eye injuries (welding, metalwork, woodworking, etc).
`
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`
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`products or services. Policy
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`FUNCTION
`
`What are the parts of the eye?
`
`https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21823-eyes
`
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`Eyes: How They Work, Anatomy, & Common Conditions
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`The parts of the eye include:
`
`Iris, the colored area of your eye. Depending on your eye color, the iris might
`be any shade of blue, green, hazel or brown.
`Cornea, a clear layer that extends over the iris. Water and collagen make up
`the cornea. Your tears protect your cornea and keep it lubricated.
`Pupil, the black circle which is an opening or window in the middle of your iris.
`It expands and contracts to control how much light gets into your eye.
`The sclera, the white parts of your eye that surround the iris.
`Conjunctiva, a clear, thin tissue that covers the sclera and lines the inside of
`your eyelids.
`Lens, which sits behind the pupil. It focuses the light that comes into your eye
`and sends light to the back of your eye.
`Retina, a collection of cells that line the inside of the back of your eye. Part of
`your nervous system, the retinas sense light and convert it into electrical
`impulses or neural signals. The retina has rods (cells that help you see in low
`light) and cones (cells that detect color).
`Macula, a small area that’s part of the retina. It’s responsible for central
`vision and helping you see ne details and color.
`Optic nerve, which is behind the retina. It carries signals from the retina to
`your brain which then interprets that visual information to tell you what you
`are seeing.
`Muscles, which control your eye’s position and movement, how much light
`gets into your eye and your eyes’ ability to focus.
`Vitreous, a transparent gel that lls your entire eye. It protects and maintains
`the shape of the eye.
`
`How do your eyes work?
`
`https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21823-eyes
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`Eyes: How They Work, Anatomy, & Common Conditions
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`The different parts of your eye work together to help you see images and send
`visual information to your brain. This process all happens extremely quickly.
`When you look at an object:
`
`1. Light enters your eye through the cornea and goes to your lens. Your pupil
`gets bigger and smaller to control the amount of light that gets into your
`eye.
`2. Your cornea and lens refract (bend) the light to bring what you’re seeing
`into focus.
`3. Light reaches the retina at the back of your eye, and the retina changes the
`images into electrical impulses or signals.
`4. The optic nerve transfers these signals to the part of your brain that’s
`responsible for vision (visual cortex). The optic nerve carries signals from
`both eyes at once.
`5. Your brain interprets what you’ve seen. It combines the visual information
`from both eyes and brings it all together into one clear image.
`
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`
`ANATOMY
`
`What does the eye look like?
`
`Your eye is the shape of a ball that’s slightly compressed. It’s not quite a perfect
`sphere because it’s a little more pointed in the front. In adults, the eye is about 1
`inch in diameter.
`
`https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21823-eyes
`
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`Eyes: How They Work, Anatomy, & Common Conditions
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`Eye colors vary, from blue, green or amber to all shades of brown. Some people
`have ecks or stripes of different colors in their irises. They may also have a
`darker ring of color around their irises. The color of your eyes depends on your
`genes.
`
`CONDITIONS AND DISORDERS
`
`What conditions affect how the eyes work?
`
`There are hundreds of conditions, disorders, diseases and injuries that affect
`the eyes. Some conditions, such as uveitis, cause eye pain. Others can lead to
`low vision or vision loss. About 12 million adults in the United States have some
`type of impaired vision.
`
`Conditions that affect the eyes include:
`
`Age-related changes in vision: Your eyes change as you age. Many people
`get oaters and ashers. In some cases, cataracts, macular degeneration or
`a detached retina can occur as you get older. Presbyopia (losing near-focus
`vision) usually starts to affect people around age 45.
`Cancer: Tumors can result from intraocular melanoma and retinoblastoma.
`Disease: Many types of eye disease can affect the eyes, including congenital
`(present at birth) cataracts, glaucoma and optic atrophy. Corneal disease
`includes many diseases that affect the cornea. Optic neuritis causes
`in ammation in the optic nerve.
`Infection and irritation: Pink eye (conjunctivitis), blepharitis, a sty (stye),
`chalazion and dry eyes cause redness, swelling and discomfort. Watery eyes
`can result when the eye doesn’t drain tears properly or the eyes are irritated
`or dry.
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`https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21823-eyes
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`Eyes: How They Work, Anatomy, & Common Conditions
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`Inherited disorders: Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited condition (passed
`down through families) that can lead to blindness.
`Injuries: Corneal abrasions and a detached retina can result from trauma to
`the eye. Accidents can cause eye bleeding, a black eye, burns and irritation.
`Foreign objects can also damage the eye.
`Problems with the muscles in the eyes: Strabismus (crossed eyes) or
`amblyopia (lazy eye) can cause changes in how the eyes appear. They can
`also lead to vision changes.
`Vision problems: Astigmatism and hyperopia (farsightedness) affect how
`the eye refracts (bends) light and brings images into focus. Color blindness
`makes it di cult or impossible to see different colors. Conversion
`insu ciency affects the eyes’ ability to work together. Some people have
`problems seeing at night.
`
`Some conditions affect the eyes directly. Other disorders begin in different
`parts of your body and lead to problems in your eyes. These include:
`
`Autoimmune disorders, including lupus, thyroid eye disease, Sjörgren’s
`syndrome and multiple sclerosis (MS).
`Cardiovascular problems such as arterial disease, high blood pressure and
`high cholesterol.
`Diabetes, which can lead to diabetes-related retinopathy.
`Genetic disorders such as Marfan syndrome.
`
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`
`What are some common signs or symptoms of eye
`conditions?
`
`https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21823-eyes
`
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`Eyes: How They Work, Anatomy, & Common Conditions
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`Signs of eye problems include:
`
`Eye pain, redness, swelling, bleeding or discharge.
`Eyes that cross or point in different directions.
`Eyes that sting, itch, burn or are very dry.
`Flashes of light, especially in your peripheral (side) vision.
`Headaches and squinting.
`Inability to move your eyes or open or close your eyelid.
`Many spots or one dark spot in the middle of your eld of vision.
`Sensitivity to light or trouble seeing in low light.
`Vision changes, including cloudy or blurry vision and double vision.
`
`What are common tests to check the health of the eyes?
`
`During a comprehensive eye exam, providers use several tests to check for
`disease and other problems in the eye. Depending on your symptoms, your
`provider may recommend tests that evaluate your eld of vision, visual acuity
`(sharpness) or ability to see color. They may also check the pressure inside your
`eye or use imaging studies to get a closer look at your retina or optic nerve.
`
`What are some common treatments for conditions that
`affect the eyes?
`
`Treatments for eye problems vary widely. They include:
`
`Corrective lenses: Glasses or contact lenses help you see clearly. Your
`provider may also recommend vision correction surgery. People with
`presbyopia can use special reading glasses to help with up-close vision.
`Eyedrops or an eye patch: If you have an eye injury, your provider may
`recommend ushing out your eye with water. You may also need eye drops or
`an eye patch so your eye can heal.
`
`Ad
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`Eyes: How They Work, Anatomy, & Common Conditions
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`Bulging eye or eyes (proptosis).
`Cloudy or blurry vision, or if you feel like there is a veil over your eld of vision.
`Eye-related symptoms along with vomiting, chills or fever.
`Flashes of light in your peripheral (side) vision, halos surrounding lights or a
`dark spot or oater in the center of your eld of vision.
`Problems moving the eyes in all directions.
`Sudden vision changes.
`
`A note from Cleveland Clinic
`
`Your eyes play a critical role in helping you interact with the world. The parts of
`the eye work together to allow you to see. Many injuries, diseases and
`conditions can cause problems with how the eyes work. If you or your child has
`headaches or you’re squinting to see, call your provider for an eye exam. Get
`help right away if you see ashes of light or a new oater. You should also call
`your provider if your vision is suddenly cloudy, blurry or if you’re seeing double.
`These may be signs of a serious eye problem. To keep your eyes healthy, protect
`them during activities that could cause damage.
`
`SHARE
`
`Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 09/20/2021.
`
`References
`
`Get useful, helpful and relevant health +
`wellness information
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`https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21823-eyes
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`Eyes: How They Work, Anatomy, & Common Conditions
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`Appointments 216.444.2020
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`12/13
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`Eye Therapies Exhibit 2172, 12 of 13
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`Eyes: How They Work, Anatomy, & Common Conditions
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`13/13
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`Eye Therapies Exhibit 2172, 13 of 13
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