`_____________
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`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`_____________
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`BOSE CORPORATION,
`Petitioner,
`
`v.
`
`KOSS CORPORATION,
`Patent Owner.
`_____________
`
`Case No. TBD
`Patent No. 10,206,025
`_____________
`
`DECLARATION OF JOHN G. CASALI, Ph.D., CPE
`
`Bose Exhibit 1005
`Bose v. Koss
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
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`I. BACKGROUND AND QUALIFICATIONS ................................................ 3
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`A. Research Contracts and Grants at Virginia Tech and at H.E.A.R.
`LLC .............................................................................................................. 4
`
`B. Research and Practice Focus Areas ...........................................................10
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`C. Professional Service, Recognitions and Accomplishments ......................11
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`D. Patents and Publications ............................................................................14
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`E. Consulting and Outreach Outside the University ......................................14
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`F. Teaching and Advising at Virginia Tech ..................................................16
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`II. MATERIALS REVIEWED AND CONSIDERED ....................................17
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`III. SCOPE OF MY OPINIONS .........................................................................18
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`IV. MY UNDERSTANDING OF RELEVANT PRINCIPLES OF
`PATENT LAW ...............................................................................................20
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`V. PERSON OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART ......................................21
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`VI. OVERVIEW OF HEADPHONE ASSEMBLY DESIGNS .......................23
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`A. Earphones and Loudspeakers ....................................................................23
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`B. Form Factors for the Housing Structure for Headphones .........................28
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`1. On-The-Ear (Supra-Aural) Design ......................................................31
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`2. Over-The-Ear (Circum-Aural) Design ................................................35
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`3. In-the-Ear (Earbud) Design .................................................................39
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`4. Headband-based and Connection-wire Design ...................................45
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`5. Hanger-Bar Design ..............................................................................48
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`C. Fully Wireless Design ...............................................................................54
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`D. User-Controls .............................................................................................59
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`VII. THE HEADPHONE ASSEMBLY DESIGNS DISCLOSED IN
`THE ’025 PATENT .......................................................................................60
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`VIII. THE HEADPHONE ASSEMBLY DESIGNS CLAIMED BY THE
`’025 PATENT .................................................................................................66
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`A. Claim 1 ......................................................................................................66
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`B. Claims 3, 6, 13, 16, 22, 25, 31, 34, 43, and 46 ..........................................69
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`C. Claim 11 ....................................................................................................70
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`D. Claim 20 ....................................................................................................71
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`E. Claims 29 and 53 .......................................................................................71
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`F. Claims 39 and 54 .......................................................................................72
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`G. Claim 40 ....................................................................................................73
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`H. Claim 55 ....................................................................................................74
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`I. Claim 56 ....................................................................................................74
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`IX. THE HEADPHONE ASSEMBLY DESIGNS DISCLOSED IN
`THE PRIOR ART ..........................................................................................74
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`A. Rezvani-875 (Ex. 1016): U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
`2007/0165875 ............................................................................................75
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`B. Rezvani-446 (Ex. 1097): U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
`2007/0136446 ............................................................................................83
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`C. Skulley (Ex. 1017): U.S. Patent No. 6,856,690 ........................................84
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`D. Davis (Ex. 1033): U.S. Patent No. 5,761,298 ...........................................86
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`E. Oh (Ex. 1099): PCT Publication No. WO 2006/098584 ..........................96
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`F. Schrager (Ex. 1101): U.S. Patent No. 7,072,686 ......................................99
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`G. Goldstein: (Ex. 1026): U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
`2008/0031475 ..........................................................................................107
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`I, John G. Casali, declare:
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`1.
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`I have been retained by Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C., counsel for
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`Petitioner Bose Corporation, to submit this declaration in connection with Bose’s
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`petition for inter partes review of claims 1-56 (the “challenged claims”) of U.S.
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`Patent No. 10,206,025 (Ex. 1001, “the ’025 patent”). I am being compensated for
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`my time at my standard rate of $600 per hour, plus actual expenses. My
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`compensation is not dependent in any way upon the outcome of the inter partes
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`review of the ’025 patent.
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`I.
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`BACKGROUND AND QUALIFICATIONS
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`2.
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`I am the John Grado Chaired Professor of Industrial and Systems
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`Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg,
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`Virginia (“Virginia Tech”). I am also the founder and Director of the Auditory
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`Systems Laboratory at Virginia Tech.1 I have been an engineering professor at
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`Virginia Tech since 1982, and founded the Auditory Systems Laboratory in 1983.
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`1 My work at Virginia Tech as a Chaired Professor and former Department Head
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`involves the procurement of research and foundation funding support from a
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`variety of outside sources, including U.S. military, U.S. government, and corporate
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`sources. Over the years, I have been responsible for procuring more than $14
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`million in total funding support at Virginia Tech, approximately $6M of which is
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`3.
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`I am a Founding Partner and Chief Technology Officer of Hearing,
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`Ergonomics & Acoustics Resources LLC, d/b/a “H.E.A.R. LLC,” a small
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`consulting company chartered in Virginia in 2015 that specializes in hearing-
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`related, ergonomics, and acoustical consulting as applied to product and systems
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`design, product testing and evaluation, intellectual property assistance, forensics
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`and litigation support, and military research and development.
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`4.
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`I attended Virginia Tech as an undergraduate and graduate student,
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`obtaining a B.S. in Psychology in 1977, a Master of Science in 1979, and a Ph.D.
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`in Industrial Engineering with concentration in Human Factors Engineering in
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`1982.
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`5.
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`I have been certified since 1993 by the Board of Professional
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`Ergonomists as a Certified Professional Ergonomist (CPE), registration #222.
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`A. Research Contracts and Grants at Virginia Tech and at
`H.E.A.R. LLC
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`6.
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`In 1983, I founded the Auditory Systems Laboratory at Virginia Tech,
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`and since that time, have served as its sole Director. My work at Virginia Tech as
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`a Chaired Professor and former Department Head involves the procurement of
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`directly related to the support of research on applied acoustics and ergonomics
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`issues. None of this funding is related in any way to this case nor the outcome of it.
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`research and foundation funding support from a variety of outside sources,
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`including U.S. military, U.S. government, and corporate sources.
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`7.
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`At Virginia Tech, I have served as Principal Investigator on over 100
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`sponsored research contracts and grants, with over half of these being conducted
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`for various U.S. military branches or military equipment suppliers. The largest
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`single category of these projects involves hearing protection and headphone
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`research, development and/or testing.2 My total research contract and grant
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`funding at Virginia Tech exceeds $6 million, with another $8 million in private
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`foundation support of various types.3
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`8.
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`The Auditory Systems Laboratory physical facility consists of
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`anechoic, reverberant, and hemi-anechoic sound chambers, as well as an outdoor
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`acoustic test range. At the Auditory Systems Laboratory, we apply principles and
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`methods of human factors engineering, ergonomics, and acoustics to solve research
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`problems concerning human hearing conservation, auditory information display,
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`auditory situation awareness, auditory warnings and alarms, communications
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`systems, and auditory product design. The Laboratory is equipped to provide
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`2 Some of this work is military sensitive, subject to United States ITAR and Export
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`Controls, and/or is proprietary.
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`3 None of this funding is related in any way to this matter or its outcome.
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`versatile research and testing services for a wide variety of acoustics, hearing
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`protection and human factors-related applications, including attenuation testing and
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`noise reduction rating (NRR) testing for hearing protection devices per American
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`National Standards Institute (ANSI) and United States Environmental Protection
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`Agency (EPA) requirements. The Laboratory is further known for its seminal
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`work over the past 15 years in the testing and measurement of hearing protection
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`and headphone effects on auditory situation awareness, and for developing
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`protocols and training systems for improving a soldier’s (or others’) abilities to
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`identify and localize sounds via regimented training in an indoor environment, and
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`the transfer of that training to the field environment.
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`9.
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`Clients of the Auditory Systems Laboratory have included the U.S.
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`Army Research Lab, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Lab, U.S. Naval
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`Submarine Medical Research Lab, Office of Naval Research, U.S. Air Force,
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`NASA, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Bureau of Mines, National Institute
`
`for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), National Institutes of Health,
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`Virginia Center for Innovative Technologies, United Parcel Service, Lockheed-
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`Martin, Battelle, Inc., ALCOA, Bose Corporation, Cabot Safety Corporation,
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`Aearo Corporation, Peltor AB (Sweden), ITT, Inc., Etymotic Research, Inc., Henry
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`Dreyfuss Associates, Noise Cancellation Technologies, Sound Innovations
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`Corporation, Korea Research Fund, Carilion Biomedical Institute, Adaptive
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`Technologies, Inc., Shure Corporation, Tetra Corporation, and Toyota Motor
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`Corporation, among others.
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`10. At H.E.A.R LLC, I have been largely responsible for procuring
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`approximately $1.2 million in funding on contracts from the U.S. Office of Naval
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`Research for hearing protection and auditory situation awareness research, as well
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`as additional smaller funding amounts from various companies for hearing
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`protection and earphone research and development.
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`11. Over the course of my 38-year university research and consulting
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`career, my core areas of focus have included acoustics and human hearing,
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`auditory situational awareness, acoustical testing and noise measurement, and
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`hearing-related product design, as well as signal detection, localization, and speech
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`communications in noise. I also have worked in the areas of human mental
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`workload, driver performance, aircraft pilot performance and driving/flight
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`simulator design and application.
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`12. The most extensive core area of my work has involved the design and
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`testing of hearing protection devices (“HPDs”), headsets, earphones, headphones,
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`and hearing-protective Tactical Communications and Protective Systems
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`(“TCAPS”). This line of work has included research inquiry into measurement
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`standards, test protocols, variables of influence on attenuation and comfort
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`achieved, design features and alternatives, and the testing of attenuation, auditory
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`situational awareness, comfort and usability, and speech intelligibility. As part of
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`this work, my laboratory has conducted hundreds of NRR tests on all types of
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`hearing protectors, as well as Microphone-in-Real-Ear (MIRE) and acoustical test
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`fixture (ATF) tests to determine attenuation and other performance aspects
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`provided by specialized products, such as Active Noise Reduction (ANR) and
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`electronic sound transmission devices. In many instances of my research work
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`with military and civilian headsets, HPDs, and headphones, since the mid-1980’s I
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`have emphasized the importance of user acceptance of devices, ease-of-fit, stability
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`in the ear, comfort, and various design features and alternatives, in addition to the
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`more objective performance measures of attenuation and situation awareness.
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`Example publications over the years on these usability and performance subjects
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`include Casali, J. G., Ahroon, W. A., and Lancaster, J. (2009) A field investigation
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`of hearing protection and hearing enhancement in one device: For soldiers whose
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`ears and lives depend upon it. Noise and Health Journal, 11(42), 69-90; Casali, J.
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`G. (1992) Comfort: the "other" criterion for hearing protector design and selection.
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`Proceedings of the 17th Annual National Hearing Conservation Association
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`Conference, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1-4, 47-53. (Also in Spectrum, 9, Supplement
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`1, Winter 1992, 26); Park, M. Y. and Casali, J. G. (1991) An empirical study of
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`comfort afforded by various hearing protection devices: laboratory versus field
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`results. Applied Acoustics, 34, 151-179; Casali, J. G., Lam, S. T., and Epps, B. W.
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`(1987) Rating and ranking methods for hearing protector wearability. Sound and
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`Vibration, 21(12), 10-18. All of my publications are listed on my resume, but one
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`particular example which involves electronic ear-mounted product (hearing
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`protector and headphone) design features is: Casali, J. G. (2010) Powered
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`electronic augmentations in hearing protection technology circa 2010 including
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`Active Noise Reduction, electronically-modulated sound transmission, and tactical
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`communications devices: Review of design, testing, and research. International
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`Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, 15(4), 168-186.
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`13. Through my work at the Auditory Systems Laboratory and more
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`generally throughout my career, I am deeply familiar with, and have applied
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`extensively, the EPA regulations on hearing protector testing and labeling (40 CFR
`
`§ 211)4 and ANSI standards governing hearing protector testing. I am also familiar
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`with, and have applied, certain human factors and acoustical aspects of U.S.
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`military standards.
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`4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1979), Noise Labeling
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`Requirements for Hearing Protectors,” 40 CFR § 211, Code of Federal
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`Regulations, Federal Register, Washington, DC. (Hereafter, 40 CFR § 211.)
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`B. Research and Practice Focus Areas
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`14.
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`I have had significant involvement with military and civilian device
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`testing and evaluation efforts, with particular emphasis on hearing protection and
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`headphone effectiveness, and
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`its
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`impact on an
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`individual’s hearing and
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`communications abilities, which affects situational awareness. The U.S. military
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`has contracted with my Auditory System Laboratory to conduct HPD testing and
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`engage in analysis of HPD effectiveness for tactical situations, situation awareness,
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`or other mission-specific situations.
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`15.
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`I am currently the Principal Investigator on a $372,000 contract for
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`the Office of Naval Research, to develop a portable auditory localization test and
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`training system to determine effects of hearing protectors on situation awareness
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`and to train soldiers to improve these abilities in an indoor barracks or office
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`environment.
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`16.
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`In November 2015, I completed as Principal Investigator at Virginia
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`Tech, a $470,000 contract for the Department of Defense’s Hearing Center of
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`Excellence, to develop a comprehensive, objective test battery for measurement of
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`the effects of HPDs and TCAPS on military personnel’s auditory situational
`
`awareness. This work included development of test protocols and metrics for
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`detection, recognition and identification, localization, and communications (known
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`as ‘DRILCOM’) while wearing HPDs and TCAPS.
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`17. From 2010 to 2013, at the request of the Naval Submarine Medical
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`Research Lab (NSMRL) in Groton, CT, I served on an Interagency Personnel
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`Agreement (paid salary) with my regular employer (Virginia Tech), to complete a
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`research contract with NSMRL to develop and install a calibrated hearing
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`protection device attenuation-testing facility on the Navy base in Groton.
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`C.
`
`18.
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`Professional Service, Recognitions and Accomplishments
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`I am a Fellow of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, and
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`have won several awards from that Society, as follows. In 2017, I received the
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`Lauer Safety Award for outstanding contributions in the application of human
`
`factors engineering to safety issues. I also received the Paul M. Fitts Education
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`Award in 1997 and the Jack A. Kraft Innovator Award in 1991. I am also a Fellow
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`of the Institute of Industrial & Systems Engineers, and received the Dr. David. F.
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`Baker Distinguished Research Award in 1996, and the Albert G. Holzman
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`Distinguished Educator Award in 2005.
`
`19.
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`I served as an appointed member of the National Institutes of Health
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`(NIH) Consensus Development Panel on “Noise and Hearing Loss” in 1990, which
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`authored the NIH statement on this subject. It was subsequently published in the
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`Journal of the American Medical Association, 1990, 263(23), 3185-3190, entitled
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`“Noise and Hearing Loss.” I was elected as President of the National Hearing
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`Conservation Association (NHCA) for 2007 and have since served on its
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`Leadership Advisory Team. In 2009, I received the NHCA’s Outstanding Hearing
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`Conservationist Award, and I have twice received NHCA’s Outstanding Lecture
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`Award, as well as the Media Award.
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`20.
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`In 2014, I received, in conjunction with former Ph.D. student and co-
`
`author Lt. Colonel Kristen Casto of the U.S. Army, the Joseph L. Haley Writing
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`Award from the Aerospace Medical Association - Army Aviation Medical
`
`Association, for the best helicopter-related aerospace medicine publication in any
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`media for the year 2013, in recognition of our paper in the Human Factors
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`Journal, 2013, 55(3) 486-498, entitled “Effects of Headset, Flight Workload,
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`Hearing Ability, and Communications Message Quality on Pilot Performance.”
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`This paper analyzed hearing protective headsets as used in the U.S. military’s
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`Blackhawk helicopter cockpit.
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`21.
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`In 2016, I received the Safe-in-Sound Award at the NHCA
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`international conference, awarded through a partnership between NIOSH and
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`NHCA, for research on auditory situation awareness and development of test
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`systems and protocols for assessing the effects of hearing protection and
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`headphone devices on auditory situation awareness.
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`22. Most recently, in recognition of my work outside the university
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`setting, I received the 2020 Dean of Engineering Award for Excellence in
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`Outreach at Virginia Tech for providing engineering assistance to the community,
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`businesses, and other entities. I am also a member of the Virginia Tech Outreach
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`Academy of Excellence.
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`23.
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`I have served, or am currently serving, as a member of five American
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`National Standards Institute (ANSI) Committees, as well as several other standards
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`committees for other organizations, such as the U.S. Technical Advisory Group
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`(TAG) to the International Standards Organization Technical Committee 159
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`(Ergonomics). Four of the ANSI committees are/were directly related to hearing
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`protection device testing. I also played a large role in the development of the
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`Method B
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`(inexperienced subject
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`fit) provisions of ANSI S12.6-1997,
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`subsequently revised in several later versions and currently identified as ANSI
`
`S12.6-2016.
`
`24.
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`I have been an invited presenter or participant at meetings,
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`conferences, and hearings organized by Defense Advanced Research Projects
`
`Agency (DARPA), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Aerospace
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`Medical Panel, National Academy of Engineering, National Institutes of Health,
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`National Fire Protection Association, American Psychological Association,
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`Transportation Research Board, EPA, NHCA, Human Factors and Ergonomics
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`Society, and the Institute of Industrial Engineers, among other organizations.
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`D.
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`Patents and Publications
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`25.
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`I am an inventor or co-inventor on seven United States utility patents
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`and one European patent. Five of these patents relate directly to hearing protection
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`or other in-ear devices.
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`26.
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`I have published approximately 155 journal and proceedings articles,
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`70 various other papers, 28 book chapters, 40 technical reports for government and
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`military agencies, and 88 technical reports for companies. The majority of my
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`articles and chapters relate specifically to human hearing, noise and/or hearing
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`protection issues.
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`E. Consulting and Outreach Outside the University
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`27. Through H.E.A.R. LLC (and prior to that as a sole proprietor), I have
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`served as a paid consultant on over 150 projects and other efforts for over 60
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`companies (including Bose Corporation as one of many hearing-related product
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`companies), government agencies and law firms on various human hearing,
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`hearing protection design and testing, noise, safety and ergonomics issues.
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`28. Under Virginia Tech’s outreach mission, I have provided pro bono
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`assistance on over 60 separate efforts to communities and agencies outside the
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`university. The latter includes a lead role for two municipalities in drafting and
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`assistance with the promulgation process for noise ordinance legislation.
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`29.
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`I have also provided approximately 50 outreach workshops, short
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`courses and seminars to professional organizations, government/military agencies,
`
`and universities.
`
`30.
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`I have also consulted for a variety of public, private and governmental
`
`entities on issues relating to the design of headsets. A few examples follow. In
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`2017, I did proprietary company design work on insert earphones addressing
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`comfort, attenuation and range of fit issues. Over a period of several years during
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`the 2000 decade, I assisted Custom Protect Ear on various in-ear device design and
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`performance issues, including hearing protectors and communications headsets.
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`Starting in 2007, I was a Scientific Advisory Board member for Personics, Inc., a
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`hearing protection and headphone company, for which I consulted on product
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`design and patenting. In 2008-09, I consulted for Shure Corporation on earphone
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`design issues. In 2002, I performed testing of a circumaural radio headset for
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`Swedish company Peltor AB. In 1994, I consulted for Noise Cancellation
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`Technologies on issues relating to an active noise cancellation headset. In 1993, I
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`consulted for Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Inc. on active noise cancellation headsets.
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`Additional consulting experience for headset and other ear-related technologies are
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`listed in my CV (Ex. 1006).
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`F.
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`Teaching and Advising at Virginia Tech
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`31.
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`I have taught seven different courses at Virginia Tech, and developed
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`four of them, including courses in Human Factors in Systems Design, Human
`
`Audition, Noise, and Auditory Displays, Forensics and Litigation for Human
`
`Factors Engineers, and Introduction to Human Factors Engineering.
`
`32.
`
`I have taught human factors in product and systems design for 38
`
`years, emphasizing the importance of evaluating and accommodating human
`
`capabilities, limitations, and physical, psychological, and sensory/perceptual
`
`characteristics in the design of human-machine systems and products to improve
`
`the safety, efficiency, and usability of these systems. I have taught courses at the
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`Master’s (M.S.) and Doctoral (Ph.D.) level. For example, my Human Factors in
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`Systems Design course entails the complete design process using a human-centered
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`design philosophy, and relying on several example projects in product design and
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`public system design. The centerpiece project of this course requires the students
`
`to redesign a headband-mounted, in-ear product that couples to the ear’s concha
`
`bowl and ear canal aperture regions of the pinnae. My Human Hearing and
`
`Auditory Display Design course covers sound and noise and its measurement;
`
`human hearing and its measurement, injury, protection, and compensation;
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`auditory display and warnings design; consensus standards for product testing; and
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`ear-related product design and testing.
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`33.
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`I have been faculty chairman (i.e., major advisor) for 25 Ph.D. and 31
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`Master’s students who have completed degrees to date. Of the 25 Ph.D. students,
`
`eight were U.S. military officers who came to Virginia Tech to study with me,
`
`three were U.S. military civilian employees, and three were military audiologists
`
`per prior training and practice. Seven of these military-affiliated Ph.D. students
`
`worked on hearing protection and headset research problems under my direction.
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`II. MATERIALS REVIEWED AND CONSIDERED
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`34. My opinions provided in this declaration are based on my years of
`
`education, research, experience, and background in the field of headphone
`
`assembly design, as well as my investigation and study of relevant materials for
`
`this declaration. When developing the opinions set forth in this declaration, I
`
`assumed the perspective of a person having ordinary skill in the art of headphone
`
`assembly design, as set forth in Section V below. In forming my opinions, I have
`
`studied and considered the materials identified in the list below and any other
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`materials referenced or cited in my declaration.
`
`Exhibit Description
`
`1001
`
`1002
`
`1016
`
`1017
`
`1020
`
`1023
`
`1024
`
`U.S. Patent No. 10,206,025
`
`Prosecution History of U.S. Patent No. 10,206,025
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0165875 (“Rezvani-875”)
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,856,690 (“Skulley”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0076489 (“Rosener”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0253579 (“Liu”)
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,627,289 (“Huddart”)
`
`– 17 –
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`1025
`
`1026
`
`1027
`
`1033
`
`1035
`
`1041
`
`1042
`
`1048
`
`1049
`
`1050
`
`1076
`
`1077
`
`1078
`
`1097
`
`1099
`
`1101
`
`1113
`
`1127
`
`U.S. Patent No. 5,889,870 (“Norris”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0031475 (“Goldstein”)
`
`IEEE Std. 315, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams
`(1975) (Reaffirmed 1993)
`
`U.S. Patent No. 5,761,298 (“Davis”)
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,295,366 (“Haller”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0149261 (“Huddart-2”)
`
`U.S. Patent No. 8,180,078 (“Zellner”)
`
`Internet Archive of
`http://www.bose.com/controller?event=VIEW_PRODUCT_PAGE_EV
`ENT&product=headphones_audio_subcategory (Nov. 1, 2007)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0092098 (“Kaderavek”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0226094 (“Rutschman”)
`
`Skrainer, S. F., Royster, L.H., Berger, E.H., & Pearson, R. G. “Do
`Personal Radio Headsets Provide Hearing Protection,” Sound and
`Vibration, 19(5), (1985), 16-19
`
`Casali, J. G. & Park, M. Y., “Attenuation performance of four hearing
`protectors under dynamic movement and different user fitting
`conditions,” Human Factors, 32(1), (1990), 9-25
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,564,989 (“Schanz”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0136446 (“Rezvani-446”)
`
`PCT Publication No. WO 2006/098584 (“Oh”)
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,072,686 (“Schrager”)
`
`U.S. Patent No. 4,456,795 (“Saito”)
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,097,809 (“Lucey”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0041697 (“MacDonald”)
`
`1135
`
`III. SCOPE OF MY OPINIONS
`
`35. The conclusions and opinions that I have expressed in this declaration
`
`are my own, and of my own formulation and expression. My conclusions and
`
`opinions are based on my education, experience, and background in the technical
`
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`fields and areas of endeavor discussed below in Section V regarding the person of
`
`ordinary skill in the art (“POSA”), with the understanding that my expertise would
`
`be at the expert level, not at the POSA level.5 I hold these conclusions and
`
`opinions to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty.
`
`36.
`
`I understand that Bose has engaged another expert, Dr. Tim Williams,
`
`to provide opinions on issues relating to the wireless communications aspects of
`
`the challenged claims. I have not been asked to provide opinions on these topics
`
`and have not discussed or reviewed Dr. Williams’s expert declaration or any drafts
`
`of his declaration. Instead, I have been asked to provide an overview of the state
`
`of the art of the non-wireless communication aspects of wireless headphone
`
`assembly design by 2008, such as the known form-factor options for a wireless
`
`headphone assembly and the extent to which a product designer with experience
`
`with headphone assembly design and working in a collaborative team with a
`
`person having experience with wireless functionality (see Section V below for a
`
`description of a POSA) would have had reasons to design, and a reasonable
`
`
`5 As I note in Paragraph 43 below, when I refer to “POSA” in this declaration I am
`
`referring to the engineer or product designer with headphone experience that
`
`collaborates in a team with a person having experience in wireless technology, as I
`
`discussed in Section V below.
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`expectation of success in designing, a wireless headphone assembly using each of
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`the form factors that I discuss in more detail below in Sections VI, VIII-IX.
`
`IV. MY UNDERSTANDING OF RELEVANT PRINCIPLES OF PATENT
`LAW
`
`37.
`
`In developing my opinions, I discussed various relevant legal
`
`principles with Petitioner’s attorneys. I understood those legal principles when
`
`they were explained to me and have relied upon those legal principles, as explained
`
`to me, in the course of forming the opinions set forth in this declaration. My
`
`understanding in this respect is as follows:
`
`38.
`
`I understand that “inter partes review” (IPR) is a proceeding before
`
`the United States Patent & Trademark Office for evaluating the patentability of an
`
`issued patent’s claims based on prior-art patents and printed publications.
`
`39.
`
`I understand that, in this proceeding, Petitioner has the burden of
`
`proving that the challenged claims of the ’025 patent are unpatentable by a
`
`preponderance of the evidence. I understand that “preponderance of the evidence”
`
`means that a fact or conclusion is more likely true than not true.
`
`40.
`
`I understand that, in IPR proceedings, claim terms in a patent are
`
`given their ordinary and customary meaning as understood by a POSA in the
`
`context of the entire patent and the prosecution history pertaining to the patent. If
`
`the specification provides a special definition for a claim term that differs from the
`
`meaning the term would otherwise possess, then the specification’s special
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`definition controls. I have applied these standards in preparing the opinions in this
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`declaration.
`
`V.
`
`PERSON OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART
`
`41.
`
`I understand from Petitioner’s attorneys that Petitioner proposes that a
`
`POSA would principally have had a background in wireless networks, including at
`
`least a b