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`UTILITY
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`PATENT APPLICATION
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` Title|EFFICIENT FEEDBACK OF CHANNEL INFORMATIONIN A
`
`TRANSMITTAL
`CLOSED LOOP BEAMFORMING WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
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`Ke
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`Attorney
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`
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`
`7.[—
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`27.
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`14
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`[Total Pages
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`[Total Pages [2]
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`
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`b. [| (for continuation/divisional with Box 18 completed)
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`or in an Application Data Sheet under 37 CFR 1.76:
`; —
`11/168.793
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`
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`of prior application No:_"U'Dn
`
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`TATIEOTE
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`
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`

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`PTO/SB/17 (12_04)
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`fo r FY 2005 First Named Inventor|Carlos Aldana
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`PTOISB/O4 (11_00)
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`type a plus sign (+) inside this box
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`880
`UTILITY
`First Inventor
`Carlos Aldana
`PATENT APPLICATION
`@
`
` Title|EFFICIENT FEEDBACK OF CHANNEL INFORMATIONIN A
`
`TRANSMITTAL
`CLOSED LOOP BEAMFORMING WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
`
`
`
`Express Mail Labe! No. ' EV7310 yO220Us.
`(Only for new nonprovisional applications under 37 CFR 1.53(b))
`
`
` O
`__BoxPatent Application
`ADDRESS TO:
`Washington, DC 20231
`
`
`]CD-ROMor CD-Rin duplicate,large tableor
`~~
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`Computer Program (Appendix)
`&P
`Ke
`(submit an original and a duplicate forfeeprocessing)
`
`
`
`
`: 8. Nucleotide and/or Amino Acid Sequence Submission—©): . x
`(ifapplicable, all necessary)
`oN
`&
`2. [_] sooicanoe1somal entity status.
`os
`
`
`
`3. [TotalPages[~32]Specification L] =
`
`Pe
`a.
`Computer Readable Form (CRF)
`Oe
`b. Specification SequenceListing on:
`
`
`(preferred arrangement set forth below)
`oo
`
`
`-Descriptive title of the invention i.[] CD-ROM or CD-R (2 copies); or
`
`
`
`-Cross Reference to Related Applications
`ii. ("] paper
`-Statement Regarding Fed sponsored R&D
`
`
` C. [J Statementsverifying identity of above copies
`-Reference to sequencelisting, a table,
`
`
`or a computer program listing appendix
`
`
`ACCOMPANYING APPLICATION PARTS
`-Background of the Invention
`
`
`-Brief Summary of the Invention
`
`
`ssignment Papers (cover sheet & documents(s))
`9.
`-Brief Description of the Drawings(iffiled)
`
`
`
`C] 37 CFR 3.73(b) Statement
`Powerof
`-Detailed Description
`10
`(when there is an ssignee)
`Attorney
`
`
`
`-Claim(s)
`
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`-Abstract of the Disclosure
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`1 TT English Translation Document(if applicable)
`
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`information Disclosure
`Copies of IDS
`12 [ Statement(IDS)/PTO-1449
`Citations
`13
`CJ Preliminary Amendment
`Return Receipt Postcard (MPEP 503)
`(Should be specifically itemized)
`
`APPLICATION ELEMENTS
`See MPEP chapter 600 concerningutility patent application contents
`
`1.
`
`
`
`7.[—
`
`27.
`
` 4.|X |Drawing(s) (35 U.S.C. 113)
`
`
`14
`
`[Total Pages
`
`
`[Total Pages [2]
`5. Oath or Declaration
`
`
`a.
`Newly executed(original or copy)
`
`
`Copyfrom a prior application (37 CFR 1.63 (d))
`
`
`b. [| (for continuation/divisional with Box 18 completed)
`
`
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`i. C DELETION OF INVENTOR(S)
`
`
`
`Request and Certification under 35 U.S.C. 122[] (b)(2)(B)(i). Applicant must attach form PTO/SB/3516
`Signed statement attached deleting inventor(s)
`
`namedin the prior application, see 37 CFR
`
`
`1.63(d)(2) and 1.33(b).
`17[] Other:
`
`6. [__] Application Data Sheet. See 37 CFR 1.76
`
`
`
`
`
`
`18. Ifa CONTINUING APPLICATION, check appropriate box, and supply the requisite information below and in a preliminary amendment,
`or in an Application Data Sheet under 37 CFR 1.76:
`; —
`11/168.793
`
`
`Continuation [| Divisional
`kK] Continuation-in-part (CIP)
`of prior application No:_"U'Dn
`
`
`Prior application information:
`Examiner_
`Group Art Unit:
` For CONTINUATIONORDIVISIONAL APPSonly:The entire disclosure of the prior application, from which an oath or declarationis supplied under
`
`Box 5b,
`is considered a part of the disclosure of the accompanying continuation or divisional application and is hereby incorporatied by reference.
`
`
`The incorporation can only be relied upon whena portion has beeninadvertently omitted from the submitted application parts.
`
`
`ADDR
`
`
`
`31,472
`Customer Numberor Bar Code Label
`
`|insert customer no_or attach bar cade label here
`or
`Correspondence address below
`
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`[Nene[BrceE.GaickOSOCOCOOCC*Sd
`
`
`
`
`
`
`15
`
`
`
`Certified Copy of Priority Document(s)
`(if foreign priority is claimed)
`
`
`or its equivalent.
`
`
`County
`
`Gi) 264-8816
`
`
`
`TATIEOTE
`
`
`
`
`
`Bruce E. Garlick
`Registration No. (Atty/Agent)
`36,520
`
`|Signature=|/Bruce E. Garlick/|Date|9/28/2005
`
`SEND TO:Assistant Commissioner for Patents, Washington, DC 20231
`
`3
`
`OnePlus Ex. 1002.0003
`IPR2022-00048
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`3
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`OnePlus Ex. 1002.0003
`IPR2022-00048
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`

`

`
`
`SN}Z£er0z
`
`PTO/SB/17 (12_04)
`Approvedfor use through 7/31/2006. OMB 0651-0032
`U.S. Patent and Trademark Office: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
`Under the Paperwark Reduction Act of 1995, no personsare required to respond ta a collection of information unless it displays a vvalid OMB control number.
`
`Complete if Known
`
`fo r FY 2005 First Named Inventor|Carlos Aldana
`
`[_|Applicant claims small entity status
`Group Art Unit
`
`
`[TOTALanounroFarmen[) $1000.00 BPass0
`
`
`Filing Date
`
`METHOD OF PAYMENT(checkall that apply)
`[_Jeneck K creditcard [|Money Order[]None [ ]Othe:[7OOSC™~SCSCSY
`
`Deposit Account Deposit Account Number 50-2126
`
`Deposit Account NameGarlick, Harrison & Markison
`
`[| Charge fee(s) indicated below[| Chargefee(s) indicated below, expectforthefiling fee
`
`For the aboveidentified deposit account, the Director is hereby authorized to: (check ail that apply)
`
`Charge Any Additional Fee(s) or underpayment of fee(s)
`Under 37 CFR 1.16 and 1.17
`
`;
`Credit any overpayments
`
`Warning: Information on this form may becomepublic. Credit card information should not be included on this form. Provide Credit
`card information and authorization on PTO-2038.
`
`FEE CALCULATION
`
`1. BASIC FILING, SEARCH, AND EXAMINATION FEES
`Application Type
`FILING FEE
`SEARCH FEE
`Utility
`300.00
`500.00
`
`EXAMINATION FEE
`200.00
`
`TOTAL
`1000.00
`
`Design
`
`Piant
`
`Reissue
`
`Provisional
`
`FEE TRANSMITTAL Old
`
`2. EXCESS CLAIM FEES
`No.of Claims
`
`Relavent # of Claims
`
`Per Claim Fee
`
`Total Fee
`
`Total
`20
`0
`x
`50
`0.00
`
`
`
`
`Independent 200-0.003 0 x
`Multiple Dependent
`360
`0.00
`3. APPLICATION SIZE FEE
`
`Total Sheets
`40
`
`-100=
`
`Extra Sheets
`0
`
`150 =
`
`Extra sheet multiplier
`0
`
`Fee
`250.00
`
`Size fee due
`0.00
`
`4. OTHER FEE(S)
`Recording each patent assignment per property (times number of properties)
`
`Other fee (specify)
`
`SUBMITTED BY
`
`Complete (if applicable)
`(512) 264-8816
`36,520
`Mirae
`Bruce E. Garlick
`/Bruce E. Garlick/|Date|9/28/2005
`SEND TO: Commissioner for Patents, P.O. Box 1450, Alexandria, VA 22313
`
`
`
`4
`
`A
`OnePlus Ex. 1002.0004
`IPR2022-00048
`
`4
`
`OnePlus Ex. 1002.0004
`IPR2022-00048
`
`

`

`DOCKETNO. BP4880
`
`TITLE OF THE INVENTION
`
`EFFICIENT FEEDBACK OF CHANNEL INFORMATIONIN A CLOSED LOOP
`
`BEAMFORMING WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
`
`INVENTORS
`
`Carlos Aldana
`
`Joonsuk Kim
`
`SPECIFICATION
`
`CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
`
`This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility Application No.
`
`11/168,793,
`
`filed June 28, 2005 which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent
`
`15
`
`Application Serial No. 60/673,451, filed April 21, 2005, and claims priority to U.S.
`
`Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/698,686, filed July 13, 2005, all of which
`
`are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
`
`20
`
`1,
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`BACKGROUNDOF THE INVENTION
`
`This invention relates generally to wireless communication systems and more
`
`particularly to wireless communications using beamforming.
`
`2.
`
`DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART
`
`25
`
`Communication systems are known to support wireless and wire lined
`
`communications between wireless and/or wire lined communication devices.
`
`Such
`
`communication systems range from national and/or international cellular telephone
`
`systems to the Internet
`
`to point-to-point in-home wireless networks. Each type of
`
`30
`
`communication system is constructed, and hence operates,
`in accordance with one or
`more communication standards. For instance, wireless communication systems may
`operate in accordance with one or more standards including, but not limited to, IEEE
`
`1
`
`5
`
`OnePlus Ex. 1002.0005
`IPR2022-00048
`
`5
`
`OnePlus Ex. 1002.0005
`IPR2022-00048
`
`

`

`DOCKETNO. BP4880
`
`802.11, Bluetooth, advanced mobile phone services (AMPS), digital AMPS, global
`
`system for mobile communications (GSM), code division multiple access (CDMA),local
`
`multi-point distribution systems (LMDS), multi-channel-multi-point distribution systems
`
`(MMDS), and/or variations thereof.
`
`Depending on the
`
`type of wireless
`
`communication system, a wireless
`
`communication device, such as a cellular telephone, two-way radio, personal digital
`
`assistant
`
`(PDA), personal computer
`
`(PC),
`
`laptop computer, home entertainment
`
`equipment,
`
`et cetera communicates directly or
`
`indirectly with other wireless
`
`10
`
`communication devices.
`
`For direct communications (also known as point-to-point
`
`communications), the participating wireless communication devices tune their receivers
`
`and transmitters to the same channel or channels (e.g., one of the plurality of radio
`
`frequency (RF) carriers of the wireless communication system) and communicate over
`
`that channel(s). For indirect wireless communications, each wireless communication
`
`15
`
`device communicates directly with an associated base station (e.g., for cellular services)
`and/or an associated access point (e.g., for an in-homeor in-building wireless network)
`
`via an assigned channel. To complete a communication connection between the wireless
`
`communication devices,
`
`the associated base stations and/or associated access points
`
`communicate with each other directly, via a system controller, via the public switch
`
`20
`
`telephone network, via the Internet, and/or via some other wide area network.
`
`For
`
`each wireless
`
`communication
`
`device
`
`to
`
`participate
`
`in wireless
`
`communications, it includes a built-in radio transceiver (i.e., receiver and transmitter) or
`
`is coupled to an associated radio transceiver (e.g., a station for in-home and/orin-building
`wireless communication networks, RF modem, etc.). As is known, the receiver is
`
`25
`
`coupled to the antenna and includes a low noise amplifier, one or more intermediate
`
`frequency stages, a filtering stage, and a data recovery stage. The low noise amplifier
`receives inbound RF signals via the antenna and amplifies then. The one or more
`
`intermediate frequency stages mix the amplified RF signals with one or more local
`
`oscillations to convert the amplified RF signal into baseband signals or intermediate
`frequency(IF) signals. The filtering stagefilters the basebandsignals orthe IF signals to
`
`6
`
`OnePlus Ex. 1002.0006
`IPR2022-00048
`
`6
`
`OnePlus Ex. 1002.0006
`IPR2022-00048
`
`

`

`DOCKET NO. BP4880
`
`attenuate unwanted out of band signals to producefiltered signals. The data recovery
`
`stage recovers raw data from the filtered signals in accordance with the particular
`
`wireless communication standard.
`
`Asis also known,the transmitter includes a data modulation stage, one or more
`
`intermediate frequency stages, and a power amplifier.
`
`The data modulation stage
`
`converts raw data into baseband signals in accordance with a particular wireless
`
`communication standard.
`
`The one or more intermediate frequency stages mix the
`
`baseband signals with one or more local oscillations to produce RF signals. The power
`
`amplifier amplifies the RF signals prior to transmission via an antenna.
`
`In many systems, the transmitter will include one antenna for transmitting the RF
`
`signals, which are received by a single antenna, or multiple antennas, of a receiver.
`
`Whenthe receiver includes two or more antennas, the receiver will select one of them to
`
`15
`
`receive the incoming RF signals.
`
`In this instance, the wireless communication between
`
`the transmitter and receiver is a single-output-single-input (SISO) communication, even
`
`if the receiver includes multiple antennas that are used as diversity antennas (i.e.,
`
`selecting one of them to receive the incoming RF signals).
`
`For SISO wireless
`
`communications, a transceiver includes one transmitter and one receiver. Currently, most
`
`20
`
`wireless local area networks (WLAN) that are IEEE 802.11, 802.11a, 802,11b, or
`
`802.11g employ SISO wireless communications.
`
`Other types of wireless communications include single-input-multiple-output
`
`(SIMO), multiple-input-single-output
`
`(MISO),
`
`and
`
` multiple-input-multiple-output
`
`25
`
`(MIMO).
`
`In a SIMO wireless communication, a single transmitter processes data into
`
`radio frequency signals that are transmitted to a receiver. The receiver includes two or
`
`more antennas and two or more receiver paths. Each of the antennas receives the RF
`
`signals and provides them to a corresponding receiver path (e.g., LNA, down conversion
`
`module, filters, and ADCs). Each of the receiver paths processes the received RF signals
`
`30
`
`to produce digital signals, which are combined and then processed to recapture the
`
`transmitted data.
`
`7
`
`OnePlus Ex. 1002.0007
`IPR2022-00048
`
`7
`
`OnePlus Ex. 1002.0007
`IPR2022-00048
`
`

`

`DOCKETNO. BP4880
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`For a_multiple-input-single-output (MISO) wireless communication, the
`
`
`
`transmitter includes two or more transmission paths (e.g., digital to analog converter,
`filters, up-conversion module, and a power amplifier) that each converts a corresponding
`portion of baseband signals into RF signals, which are transmitted via corresponding
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`antennas to a receiver. The receiver includes a single receiver path that receives the
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`multiple RF signals from the transmitter. In this instance, the receiver uses beam forming
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`to combine the multiple RF signals into one signal for processing.
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`For a multiple-input-multiple-output
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`(MIMO) wireless communication,
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`the
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`transmitter and receiver each include multiple paths.
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`In such a communication, the
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`transmitter parallel processes data using a spatial and time encoding function to produce
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`two or more streams of data. The transmitter includes multiple transmission paths to
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`convert each stream of data into multiple RF signals. The receiver receives the multiple
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`RF signals via multiple receiver paths that recapture the streamsof data utilizing a spatial
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`and time decoding function.
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`The recaptured streams of data are combined and
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`subsequently processed to recoverthe original data.
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`To further
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`improve wireless communications,
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`transceivers may incorporate
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`beamforming.
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`In general, beamforming is a processing technique to create a focused
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`antenna beam by shifting a signal in time or in phase to provide gain of the signal in a
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`desired direction and to attenuate the signal
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`in other directions. Prior art papers (1)
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`Digital beamforming basics (antennas) by Steyskal, Hans, Journal of Electronic Defense,
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`7/1/1996; (2) Utilizing Digital Down converters for Efficient Digital Beamforming, by
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`Clint Schreiner, Red River Engineering, no publication date; and (3) Interpolation Based
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`Transmit Beamforming for MIMO-OFMDwith Partial Feedback, by Jihoon Choi and
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`Robert W. Heath, University of Texas, Department of Electrical and Computer
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`Engineering, Wireless Networking and Communications Group, September, 13, 2003
`
`discuss beamforming concepts.
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`In order for a transmitter to properly implement beamforming(i.e., determine the
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`beamforming matrix [V]), it needs to know properties of the channel over which the
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`wireless communication is conveyed. Accordingly, the receiver must provide feedback
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`information for the transmitter to determine the properties of the channel. One approach
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`for sending feedback from the receiver to the transmitter is for the receiver to determine
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`the channel response (H) and to provide it as the feedback information. An issue with
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`this approachis the size of the feedback packet, which maybeso large that, during the
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`time it takes to sendit to the transmitter, the response of the channel has changed.
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`To reducethe size of the feedback, the receiver may decompose the channel using
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`singular value decomposition (SVD) and send information relating only to a calculated
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`value of the transmitter’s beamforming matrix (V) as the feedback information.
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`In this
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`approach, the receiver calculates (V) based on H = UDV*, where H is the channel
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`response, D is a diagonal matrix, andUis a receiver unitary matrix. While this approach
`15
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`reduces the size of the feedback information,its size is still an issue for a MIMO wireless
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`communication. For instance, in a 2x2 MIMO wireless communication, the feedback
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`needs four elements that are all complex Cartesian coordinate values [V11 V12; V21
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`V22}.
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`In general, Vik = aik + j*bik, where aik and bik are values between [-1, 1]. Thus,
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`with 1 bit express per each element for each of the real and imaginary components, aik
`and bik can be either - % or 4, which requires 4x2x1 = 8 bits per tone. With 4 bit
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`expressions per each element of V(f) in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
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`(OFDM) 2 x 2 MIMO wireless communication, the numberof bits required is 1728 per
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`tone (e.g., 4*2*54*4 = 1728, 4 elements per tone, 2 bits for real and imaginary
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`components per tone, 54 data tones per frame, and 4 bits per element), which requires
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`overhead for a packet exchangethatis too large for practical applications.
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`Therefore, a need exists for a method and apparatus for reducing beamforming
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`feedback information for wireless communications.
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`BRIEF SUMMARYOF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention is directed to apparatus and methods of operation that are
`
`further described in the following Brief Description of the Drawings,
`
`the Detailed
`
`Description of the Invention, and the claims. Other features and advantages of the
`
`present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the
`
`invention made with reference to the accompanying drawings.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
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`Figure 1
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`is a schematic block diagram of a wireless communication system in
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`10
`
`accordance with the present invention;
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`Figure 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless
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`communication device in accordance with the present invention;
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`15
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`Figure 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating another embodimentof another
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`wireless communication device in accordance with the present invention;
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`Figure 4 is a schematic block diagram of baseband transmit processing in
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`accordance with the present invention;
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`Figure 5 is a schematic block diagram of baseband receive processing in
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`accordance with the present invention;
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`Figure 6 is a schematic block diagram of a beamforming wireless communication
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`25
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`in accordance with the present invention;
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`Figure 7 is a flow chart illustrating another embodimentof the present invention
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`for providing beamforming feedback information from a receiver to a transmitter; and
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`Figure 8 is a flow chart illustrating another embodimentof the present invention
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`for providing beamforming feedback information from a receiver to a transmitter
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`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
`
`Figure | is a schematic block diagram illustrating a communication system 10 that
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`includes a plurality of base stations and/or access points 12, 16, a plurality of wireless
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`communication devices 18-32 and a network hardware component 34. Note that the
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`network hardware 34, which maybe a router, switch, bridge, modem, system controller,
`
`et cetera provides a wide area network connection 42 for the communication system 10.
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`Further note that
`
`the wireless communication devices 18-32 may be laptop host
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`10
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`computers 18 and 26, personal digital assistant hosts 20 and 30, personal computer hosts
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`24 and 32 and/or cellular telephone hosts 22 and 28. The details of the wireless
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`communication devices will be described in greater detail with reference to Figure 2.
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`Wireless communication devices 22, 23, and 24 are located within an independent
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`15
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`basic service set (IBSS) area and communicate directly (i.e., point to point).
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`In this
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`configuration, these devices 22, 23, and 24 may only communicate with each other. To
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`communicate with other wireless communication devices within the system 10 or to
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`communicate outside of the system 10, the devices 22, 23, and/or 24 needto affiliate with
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`one ofthe base stations or access points 12 or 16.
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`20
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`The base stations or access points 12, 16 are located within basic service set
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`(BSS) areas 11 and 13, respectively, and are operably coupled to the network hardware
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`34 via local area network connections 36, 38. Such a connection provides the base
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`station or access point 12, 16 with connectivity to other devices within the system 10 and
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`25
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`provides connectivity to other networks via the WAN connection 42. To communicate
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`with the wireless communication devices within its BSS 11 or 13, each of the base
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`stations or access points 12-16 has an associated antenna or antenna array. Forinstance,
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`base station or access point 12 wirelessly communicates with wireless communication
`
`devices 18 and 20 while base station or access point 16 wirelessly communicates with
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`30
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`wireless communication devices 26 — 32. Typically, the wireless communication devices
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`register with a particular base station or access point 12, 16 to receive services from the
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`communication system 10.
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`Typically, base stations are used for cellular telephone systems and like-type
`
`systems, while access points are used for in-home or in-building wireless networks(e.g.,
`
`IEEE 802.11 and versions thereof, Bluetooth, and/or any other type of radio frequency
`
`based network protocol). Regardless of the particular type of communication system,
`
`each wireless communication device includes a built-in radio and/or is coupled to a radio.
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`Figure 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless
`
`communication device that includes the host device 18-32 and an associated radio 60.
`
`For cellular telephone hosts, the radio 60 is a built-in component. For personal digital
`
`assistants hosts, laptop hosts, and/or personal computer hosts, the radio 60 maybe built-
`
`in or an externally coupled component.
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`15
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`Asillustrated, the host device 18-32 includes a processing module 50, memory
`
`52, a radio interface 54, an input interface 58, and an output interface 56. The processing
`
`module 50 and memory 52 execute the corresponding instructions that are typically done
`
`by the host device. For example, for a cellular telephone host device, the processing
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`20
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`module 50 performs the corresponding communication functions in accordance with a
`
`particular cellular telephone standard.
`
`The radio interface 54 allows data to be received from and sentto the radio 60.
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`For data received from the radio 60 (e.g., inbound data), the radio interface 54 provides
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`25
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`the data to the processing module 50 for further processing and/or routing to the output
`
`interface 56. The output interface 56 provides connectivity to an output display device
`
`such as a display, monitor, speakers, et cetera such that the received data may be
`
`displayed. The radio interface 54 also provides data from the processing module 50 to
`
`the radio 60. The processing module 50 mayreceive the outbound data from an input
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`30
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`device such as a keyboard, keypad, microphone, et cetera via the input interface 58 or
`
`generate the data itself. For data received via the input interface 58,
`
`the processing
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`module 50 may perform a corresponding host function on the data and/or route it to the
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`radio 60 via the radio interface 54.
`
`Radio 60 includes a host interface 62, digital receiver processing module 64, an
`
`analog-to-digital converter 66, a high pass and low pass filter module 68, an IF mixing
`
`down conversion stage 70, a receiver
`
`filter 71, a low noise amplifier 72, a
`
`transmitter/receiver switch 73, a local oscillation module 74, memory 75, a digital
`
`transmitter processing module 76, a digital-to-analog converter 78, a filtering/gain
`
`module 80, an IF mixing up conversion stage 82, a power amplifier 84, a transmitter filter
`
`module 85, a channel bandwidth adjust module 87, and an antenna 86. The antenna 86
`
`may be a single antenna that is shared by transmit and receive paths as regulated by the
`
`Tx/Rx switch 73, or may include separate antennas for the transmit path and receive path.
`
`The antenna implementation will depend on the particular standard to which the wireless
`
`communication device is compliant.
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`The digital receiver processing module 64 and the digital transmitter processing
`
`module 76, in combination with operational instructions stored in memory 75, execute
`
`digital receiver functions and digital transmitter functions, respectively. The digital
`
`receiver functions include, but are not
`
`limited to, digital
`
`intermediate frequency to
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`20
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`baseband conversion, demodulation, constellation demapping, descrambling, and/or
`
`decoding. The digital transmitter functions include, but are not limited to, encoding,
`
`scrambling, constellation mapping, modulation, and/or digital baseband to IF conversion.
`
`The digital receiver and transmitter processing modules 64 and 76 may be implemented
`
`using a shared processing device,
`
`individual processing devices, or a plurality of
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`25
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`processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller,
`
`digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate
`
`array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital
`
`circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on
`operationalinstructions. The memory 75 may be a single memory device or a plurality of
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`memory devices. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access
`
`memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash
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`DOCKETNO. BP4880
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`memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that when the processing
`
`module 64 and/or 76 implements one or more ofits functions via a state machine, analog
`
`circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding
`
`operational instructions is embedded with the circuitry comprising the state machine,
`
`analog circuitry, digital circu