US008416862B2
`
`a2) United States Patent
`US 8,416,862 B2
`(0) Patent No.:
`Apr.9, 2013
`(45) Date of Patent:
`Aldanaet al.
`
`(54) EFFICIENT FEEDBACK OF CHANNEL
`INFORMATIONIN A CLOSED LOOP
`BEAMFORMING WIRELESS
`COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
`
`(75)
`
`Inventors: Carlos Aldana, San Francisco, CA (US);
`Joonsuk Kim, San Jose, CA (US)
`
`(73) Assignee: Broadcom Corporation,Irvine, CA
`(US)
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b)by 2247 days.
`5
`.
`No.:
`(21) Appl No.: 11/237.341
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
`
`Sep. 28, 2005
`
`7/2003 Medvedevetal. ............ 455/522
`2003/0139196 Al*
`
`3/2004 Hwang etal. ...
`. 375/267
`2004/0042558 Al*
`2005/0286663 Al* 12/2005 Poon woes 375/347
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`A unified algebraic transformation approach for parallel recursive
`and adaptive filtering and SVD algorithms Jun Ma; Parhi, K.K.;
`Deprettere, E.F.; Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on [see also
`Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on]
`vol. 49, Issue 2, Feb. 2001 pp. 424-437.*
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`Primary Examiner — Shuwang Liu
`Assistant Examiner — Michael Neff
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Garlick & Markison; Holly
`L. Rudnick
`
`(65)
`
`(51)
`
`(56)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`US2006/0239374 Al
`Oct. 26, 2006
`A method for feeding back transmitter beamforming infor-
`se
`mation from a receiving wireless communication device to a
`Related U.S. Application Data
`transmitting wireless communication device includes a
`(63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 11/168,793,
`receiving wireless communication device receiving a pre-
`filed on Jun. 28, 2005.
`amble sequence from the transmitting wireless device. The
`
`
`
`
`
`(60) Provisional filedonA:application No. 60/673,451, receiving wireless device estimates a channel response based
`313005. oesomal a ication No. 60,/608 bx‘
`upon the preamble sequence and then determines an esti-
`fil °4
`iu 213 005
`PP
`. _ mated transmitter beamforming unitary matrix based upon
`econ ws
`,
`the channel response and a receiver beamforming unitary
`Int. Cl
`matrix. The receiving wireless device then decomposes the
`(2006.01)
`HOAK 11/10
`estimated transmitter beamforming unitary matrix to produce
`.
`the transmitter beamforming information and then wirelessly
`.
`.
`(52) US. Chew...soos 375/260; 375/267; seper
`sends the transmitter beamforminginformationto thetrans-
`(58) Field of Classification Search ........00...ve 375/267
`mitting wireless device. Thereceiving wireless device may
`See application file for complete search history.
`transform the estimated transmitter beamforming unitary
`:
`matrix using a QR decomposition operation such as a Givens
`References Cited
`Rotation operation to produce the transformer beamforming
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`information.
`5,541,607 A *
`7/1996 Reinhardt oo... 342/372
`2002/0187753 Al* 12/2002 Kimetal. we 455/69
`
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr. 9, 2013
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr.9, 2013
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`Sheet 4 of 8
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`US 8,416,862 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr. 9, 2013
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`Sheet 5 of 8
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`US 8,416,862 B2
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`Apr.9, 2013
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr. 9, 2013
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`Sheet 8 of 8
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`US 8,416,862 B2
`
`2
`The low noise amplifier receives inbound RFsignals via the
`antenna and amplifies then. The one or more intermediate
`frequency stages mix the amplified RF signals with one or
`morelocal oscillations to convert the amplified RF signal into
`basebandsignals or intermediate frequency (IF) signals. The
`filtering stage filters the basebandsignals or the IF signals to
`attenuate unwanted out of band signals to producefiltered
`signals. The data recovery stage recovers raw data from the
`filtered signals in accordance with the particular wireless
`communication standard.
`Asis also known, the transmitter includes a data modula-
`tion stage, one or more intermediate frequency stages, and a
`power amplifier. The data modulation stage converts raw data
`into basebandsignals in accordance with a particular wireless
`communication standard. The one or more intermediate fre-
`quency stages mix the baseband signals with one or more
`local oscillations to produce RF signals. The power amplifier
`amplifies the RF signals prior to transmission via an antenna.
`In many systems, the transmitter will include one antenna
`for transmitting the RF signals, which are received by a single
`antenna, or multiple antennas, of a receiver. When the
`receiver includes two or more antennas, the receiver will
`select one of them to receive the incoming RFsignals. In this
`instance, the wireless communication between the transmit-
`ter and receiver is a single-output-single-input (SISO) com-
`munication, even if the receiver includes multiple antennas
`that are used as diversity antennas(i.e., selecting one of them
`to receive the incoming RFsignals). For SISO wireless com-
`munications, a transceiver includes one transmitter and one
`receiver. Currently, most wireless local area networks
`(WLAN)that are IEEE 802.11, 802.1 1a, 802,11b, or 802.11g
`employ SISO wireless communications.
`Other types of wireless communications include single-
`input-multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input-single-output
`(MISO), and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO). In a
`SIMO wireless communication, a single transmitter pro-
`cesses data into radio frequencysignals that are transmitted to
`a receiver. The receiver includes two or more antennas and
`
`1
`EFFICIENT FEEDBACK OF CHANNEL
`INFORMATIONIN A CLOSED LOOP
`BEAMFORMING WIRELESS
`COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
`
`CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility
`application Ser. No. 11/168,793, filed Jun. 28, 2005 which
`claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser.
`No. 60/673,451, filed Apr. 21, 2005, and this application also
`claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser.
`No. 60/698, 686, filed Jul. 13, 2005, all of which are incorpo-
`rated herein by reference for all purposes.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`1. Technical Field of the Invention
`
`This invention relates generally to wireless communica-
`tion systems and moreparticularly to wireless communica-
`tions using beamforming.
`2. Description of Related Art
`Communication systems are known to support wireless
`and wire lined communications between wireless and/or wire
`lined communication devices. Such communication systems
`range from national and/or international cellular telephone
`systems to the Internet to point-to-point in-home wireless
`networks. Each type of communication system is con-
`structed, and hence operates, in accordance with one or more
`communication standards. For instance, wireless communi-
`cation systems may operate in accordance with one or more
`standards including, but not limited to, IEEE 802.11, Blue-
`tooth, advanced mobile phone services (AMPS), digital
`AMPS, global system for mobile communications (GSM),
`code division multiple access (CDMA), local multi-point
`distribution systems (LMDS), multi-channel-multi-pointdis-
`tribution systems (MMDS), and/or variations thereof.
`Dependingon the type of wireless communication system,
`a wireless communication device, such as a cellular tele-
`phone, two-wayradio, personaldigital assistant (PDA), per-
`sonal computer (PC), laptop computer, home entertainment
`equipment, et cetera communicatesdirectly or indirectly with
`other wireless communication devices. For direct communi-
`cations (also known as point-to-point communications), the
`participating wireless communication devices tune their
`receivers and transmitters to the same channel or channels
`
`(e.g., one ofthe plurality of radio frequency (RF)carriers of
`the wireless communication system) and communicate over
`that channel(s). For indirect wireless communications, each
`wireless communication device communicates directly with
`an associated basestation (e.g., for cellular services) and/or
`an associated access point(e.g., for an in-homeor in-building
`wireless network) via an assigned channel. To complete a
`communication connection between the wireless communi-
`cation devices, the associated basestations and/or associated
`access points communicate with each other directly, via a
`system controller, via the public switch telephone network,
`via the Internet, and/or via some other wide area network.
`For each wireless communication device to participate in
`wireless communications, it includes a built-in radio trans-
`ceiver(i.e., receiver and transmitter) or is coupled to an asso-
`ciated radio transceiver (e.g., a station for in-home and/or
`in-building wireless communication networks, RF modem,
`etc.). As is known,the receiver is coupled to the antenna and
`includes a low noise amplifier, one or more intermediate
`frequencystages,a filtering stage, and a data recovery stage.
`
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`twoor morereceiver paths. Each of the antennasreceives the
`RF signals and provides them to a corresponding receiver
`path (e.g., LNA, down conversion module,filters, and ADCs).
`Eachofthe receiver paths processes the received RF signals
`to produce digital signals, which are combined andthen pro-
`cessed to recapture the transmitted data.
`For a multiple-input-single-output (MISO) wireless com-
`munication, the transmitter includes two or more transmis-
`sion paths(e.g., digital to analog converter,filters, up-conver-
`sion module, and a power amplifier) that each converts a
`corresponding portion of baseband signals into RF signals,
`which are transmitted via corresponding antennas to a
`receiver. The receiver includes a single receiver path that
`receives the multiple RF signals from the transmitter. In this
`instance, the receiver uses beam forming to combine the
`multiple RF signals into one signal for processing.
`For a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless
`communication, the transmitter and receiver each include
`multiple paths. In such a communication, the transmitter par-
`allel processes data using a spatial and time encoding func-
`tion to produce two or more streams of data. The transmitter
`includes multiple transmission paths to convert each stream
`of data into multiple RF signals. The receiver receives the
`multiple RF signals via multiple receiver paths that recapture
`the streams of data utilizing a spatial and time decoding
`function. The recaptured streams of data are combined and
`subsequently processed to recoverthe original data.
`To further improve wireless communications, transceivers
`may incorporate beamforming. In general, beamformingis a
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`US 8,416,862 B2
`
`3
`processing technique to create a focused antenna beam by
`shifting a signal in time or in phase to provide gain of the
`signal ina desired direction andto attenuate the signal in other
`directions. Prior art papers (1) Digital beamforming basics
`(antennas) by Steyskal, Hans, Journal of Electronic Defense,
`Jul. 1, 1996; (2) Utilizing Digital Down converters for Effi-
`cient Digital Beamforming, by Clint Schreiner, Red River
`Engineering, no publication date; and (3) Interpolation Based
`Transmit Beamforming for MIMO-OFMDwith Partial Feed-
`back, by Jihoon Choi and Robert W. Heath, University of
`Texas, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
`Wireless Networking and Communications Group, Sep. 13,
`2003 discuss beamforming concepts.
`In order for a transmitter to properly implement beamform-
`ing (i.e., determine the beamforming matrix [V]), it needs to
`knowproperties of the channel over which the wireless com-
`munication is conveyed. Accordingly, the receiver must pro-
`vide feedback information forthe transmitter to determine the
`properties ofthe channel. One approachfor sending feedback
`from the receiver to the transmitter is for the receiver to
`
`determine the channel response (H) andto provide it as the
`feedback information. An issue with this approach 1s the size
`ofthe feedback packet, which maybeso large that, during the
`time it takes to send it to the transmitter, the response of the
`channel has changed.
`the receiver may
`To reduce the size of the feedback,
`decompose the channel using singular value decomposition
`(SVD) and send information relating only to a calculated
`value of the transmitter’s beamforming matrix (V) as the
`feedback information. In this approach, the receiver calcu-
`lates (V) based on H=UDV*, where H is the channel
`response, D is a diagonal matrix, and U is a receiver unitary
`matrix. While this approach reducesthe size of the feedback
`information, its size is still an issue for a MIMO wireless
`communication. For instance, in a 2x2 MIMOwireless com-
`munication, the feedback needs four elements that are all
`complex Cartesian coordinate values [V11V12;V21V22].In
`general, Vik=aik+j*bik, where aik andbik are values between
`{-1, 1]. Thus, with 1 bit express per each elementfor each of
`the real and imaginary components, aik and bik can be either
`-Y or 4, which requires 4x2x1=8 bits per tone. With 4 bit
`expressions per each element of V(f) in an orthogonalfre-
`quencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) 2x2 MIMOwireless
`communication, the numberof bits required is 1728 per tone
`(e.g., 4*2*54*4=1728, 4 elements per tone, 2 bits for real and
`imaginary componentsper tone, 54 data tones per frame, and
`4 bits per element), which requires overhead for a packet
`exchangethatis too large for practical applications.
`Therefore, a need exists for a method and apparatus for
`reducing beamforming feedback information for wireless
`communications.
`
`BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`Thepresent invention is directed to apparatus and methods
`of operation that are further described in the following Brief
`Description of the Drawings, the Detailed Description of the
`Invention, and the claims. Other features and advantages of
`the present invention will become apparent from the follow-
`ing detailed description of the invention made with reference
`to the accompanying drawings.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL
`VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`FIG.1 is a schematic block diagram of a wireless commu-
`nication system in accordance with the present invention;
`
`4
`FIG. 2 isa schematic block diagram illustrating an embodi-
`mentof a wireless communication device in accordance with
`
`the present invention;
`FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating another
`embodiment of another wireless communication device in
`
`accordance with the present invention;
`FIG.4 is a schematic block diagram of baseband transmit
`processing in accordance with the present invention;
`FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of baseband receive
`processing in accordance with the present invention;
`FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of a beamforming
`wireless communication in accordance with the present
`invention;
`FIG.7 is a flow chart illustrating another embodimentof
`the present invention for providing beamforming feedback
`information from a receiver to a transmitter; and
`FIG.8 is a flow chart illustrating another embodimentof
`the present invention for providing beamforming feedback
`information from a receiver to a transmitter
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
`
`FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a commu-
`nication system 10 that includes a plurality of base stations
`and/or access points 12, 16, a plurality of wireless communi-
`cation devices 18-32 and a network hardware component34.
`Note that the network hardware 34, which maybea router,
`switch, bridge, modem, system controller, et cetera provides
`a wide area network connection 42 for the communication
`
`system 10. Further note that the wireless communication
`devices 18-32 may be laptop host computers 18 and 26,
`personal digital assistant hosts 20 and 30, personal computer
`hosts 24 and 32 and/or cellular telephone hosts 22 and 28. The
`details of the wireless communication devices will be
`
`described in greater detail with reference to FIG.2.
`Wireless communication devices 22, 23, and 24 are located
`within an independentbasic service set (IBSS) area and com-
`municate directly (i.e., point to point). In this configuration,
`these devices 22, 23, and24 may only communicate with each
`other. To communicate with other wireless communication
`
`devices within the system 10 or to communicate outside ofthe
`system 10, the devices 22, 23, and/or 24 needto affiliate with
`one of the base stations or access points 12 or 16.
`Thebasestations or access points 12, 16 are located within
`basic service set (BSS) areas 11 and 13, respectively, and are
`operably coupled to the network hardware 34 via local area
`network connections 36, 38. Such a connection provides the
`base station or access point 12, 16 with connectivity to other
`devices within the system 10 and provides connectivity to
`other networks via the WAN connection 42. To communicate
`with the wireless communication devices within its BSS 11 or
`13, each of the base stations or access points 12-16 has an
`associated antennaor antennaarray. For instance,basestation
`or access point 12 wirelessly communicates with wireless
`communication devices 18 and 20 while base station or
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`access point 16 wirelessly communicates with wireless com-
`munication devices 26-32. Typically, the wireless communi-
`cation devices register with a particular base station or access
`point 12, 16 to receive services from the communication
`system 10.
`Typically, base stations are used for cellular telephone
`systemsandlike-type systems, while access points are used
`for in-home or in-building wireless networks (e.g., IEEE
`802.11 and versions thereof, Bluetooth, and/or any other type
`ofradio frequency based network protocol). Regardless ofthe
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`particular type ofcommunication system, each wireless com-
`munication device includes a built-in radio and/or is coupled
`to a radio.
`
`FIG. 2 is aschematic block diagram illustrating an embodi-
`ment of a wireless communication device that includes the
`host device 18-32 and an associated radio 60. For cellular
`telephone hosts, the radio 60 is a built-in component. For
`personal digital assistants hosts, laptop hosts, and/or personal
`computer hosts, the radio 60 may be built-in or an externally
`coupled component.
`Asillustrated, the host device 18-32 includes a processing
`module 50, memory 52, a radio interface 54, an input inter-
`face 58, and an outputinterface 56. The processing module 50
`and memory 52 execute the corresponding instructions that
`are typically done by the host device. For example, for a
`cellular telephone host device, the processing module 50
`performs the corresponding communication functions in
`accordance with a particular cellular telephone standard.
`Theradio interface 54 allows data to be received from and
`
`sent to the radio 60. For data received from theradio 60 (e.g.,
`inbounddata), the radio interface 54 provides the data to the
`processing module 50 for further processing and/or routing to
`the output interface 56. The output interface 56 provides
`connectivity to an output display device such as a display,
`monitor, speakers, et cetera suchthat the received data may be
`displayed. The radio interface 54 also provides data from the
`processing module 50to the radio 60. The processing module
`50 may receive the outbound data from an input device such
`as a keyboard, keypad, microphone, et cetera via the input
`interface 58 or generate the data itself. For data received via
`the inputinterface 58, the processing module 50 may perform
`a corresponding host function on the data and/or route it to the
`radio 60 via the radio interface 54.
`
`Radio 60 includes a host interface 62, digital receiver pro-
`cessing module 64, an analog-to-digital converter 66, a high
`pass andlow pass filter module 68, an IF mixing down con-
`version stage 70, a receiverfilter 71, a low noise amplifier 72,
`a transmitter/receiver switch 73, a local oscillation module
`74, memory 75, a digital transmitter processing module 76, a
`digital-to-analog converter 78, a filtering/gain module 80, an
`IF mixing up conversion stage 82, a power amplifier 84, a
`transmitterfilter module 85, a channel bandwidth adjust mod-
`ule 87, and an antenna 86. The antenna 86 maybea single
`antenna that is shared by transmit and receive paths as regu-
`lated by the TxRx switch 73, or may include separate anten-
`nas for the transmit path and receive path. The antenna imple-
`mentation will depend on the particular standard to which the
`wireless communication device is compliant.
`The digital receiver processing module 64 andthe digital
`transmitter processing module 76,
`in combination with
`operational instructions stored in memory 75, execute digital
`receiver functions and digital transmitter functions, respec-
`tively. The digital receiver functions include, but are not lim-
`ited to, digital intermediate frequency to baseband conver-
`sion, demodulation, constellation demapping, descrambling,
`and/or decoding. The digital transmitter functions include,
`but are not limited to, encoding, scrambling, constellation
`mapping, modulation, and/or digital baseband to IF conver-
`sion. The digital receiver and transmitter processing modules
`64 and 76 may be implemented using a shared processing
`device, individual processing devices, or a plurality of pro-
`cessing devices. Such a processing device may be a micro-
`processor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, micro-
`computer, central processing unit, field programmable gate
`array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic cir-
`cuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device
`that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on
`
`6
`operational instructions. The memory 75 may be a single
`memory device or a plurality of memory devices. Such a
`memory device may be a read-only memory, random access
`memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory,
`static
`memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, and/or any device
`that stores digital information. Note that when the processing
`module 64 and/or 76 implements one or moreofits functions
`via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or
`logic circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding opera-
`tional instructions is embeddedwith the circuitry comprising
`the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or
`logic circuitry.
`In operation, the radio 60 receives outbound data 94 from
`the host device via the host interface 62. The hostinterface 62
`
`routes the outbounddata 94to the digital transmitter process-
`ing module 76, which processes the outbound data 94 in
`accordance with a particular wireless communication stan-
`dard (e.g., IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, et cetera) to produce
`digital transmission formatted data 96. The digital transmis-
`sion formatted data 96 will be digital base-bandsignals(e.g.,
`have a zero IF) or a digital low IF signals, where the low IF
`typically will be in the frequency range of one hundred kilo-
`hertz to a few megahertz.
`The digital-to-analog converter 78 converts the digital
`transmission formatted data 96 from the digital domain to the
`analog domain. Thefiltering/gain module 80 filters and/or
`adjusts the gain of the analog signals prior to providingit to
`the IF mixing stage 82. The IF mixing stage 82 converts the
`analog basebandorlow IF signals into RF signals based on a
`transmitter local oscillation 83 provided by local oscillation
`module 74. The power amplifier 84 amplifies the RF signals
`to produce outbound RFsignals 98, which arefiltered by the
`transmitter filter module 85. The antenna 86 transmits the
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`outbound RF signals 98 to a targeted device such as a base
`station, an access point and/or another wireless communica-
`tion device.
`
`The radio 60 also receives inbound RFsignals 88 via the
`antenna 86, which were transmitted by a base station, an
`access point, or another wireless communication device. The
`antenna 86 provides the inbound RFsignals 88 to the receiver
`filter module 71 via the TxRx switch 73, where the Rxfilter 71
`bandpass filters the inbound RFsignals 88. The Rxfilter 71
`provides the filtered RF signals to low noise amplifier 72,
`which amplifies the signals 88 to produce an amplified
`inbound RFsignals. The low noise amplifier 72 provides the
`amplified inbound RF signals to the IF mixing module 70,
`whichdirectly converts the amplified inbound RFsignals into
`an inbound low IF signals or baseband signals based on a
`receiver local oscillation 81 provided by local oscillation
`module 74. The down conversion module 70 provides the
`inbound low IF signals or baseband signals to the filtering/
`gain module 68. The high pass and low pass filter module 68
`filters, based on settings provided by the channel bandwidth
`adjust module 87, the inbound low IF signals or the digital
`reception formatted data to producefiltered inboundsignals.
`The analog-to-digital converter 66 converts the filtered
`inboundsignals from the analog domainto the digital domain
`to produce digital reception formatted data 90, where the
`digital reception formatted data 90 will be digital base-band
`signals or digital low IF signals, where the low IF typically
`will be in the frequency range of one hundred kilohertz to a
`few megahertz. The digital receiver processing module 64,
`based on settings provided by the channel bandwidth adjust
`module 87, decodes, descrambles, demaps, and/or demodu-
`lates the digital reception formatted data 90 to recapture
`inbound data 92 in accordance with the particular wireless
`communication standard being implementedby radio 60. The
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`US 8,416,862 B2
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`host interface 62 provides the recaptured inbound data 92 to
`the host device 18-32 via the radio interface 54.
`
`Asoneof average skill in the art will appreciate, the wire-
`less communication device of FIG. 2 may be implemented
`using one or more integrated circuits. For example, the host
`device may be implemented on one integrated circuit, the
`digital receiver processing module 64,the digital transmitter
`processing module 76 and memory 75 may be implemented
`ona second integrated circuit, and the remaining components
`of the radio 60, less the antenna 86, may be implemented on
`athird integrated circuit. As an alternate example, the radio 60
`may be implemented on a single integrated circuit. As yet
`another example, the processing module 50 ofthe host device
`and the digital receiver and transmitter processing modules
`64 and 76 may be a commonprocessing device implemented
`on a single integrated circuit. Further, the memory 52 and
`memory 75 may be implemented on a single integrated circuit
`and/or on the sameintegrated circuit as the commonprocess-
`ing modules of processing module 50 andthe digital receiver
`and transmitter processing module 64 and 76.
`FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating another
`embodiment of a wireless communication device that
`includesthe host device 18-32 and an associated radio 60. For
`
`cellular telephonehosts, the radio 60 is a built-in component.
`For personaldigital assistants hosts, laptop hosts, and/or per-
`sonal computer hosts, the radio 60 may be built-in or an
`externally coupled component.
`Asillustrated, the host device 18-32 includes a processing
`module 50, memory 52, radio interface 54, input interface 58
`and output interface 56. The processing module 50 and
`memory 52 execute the corresponding instructions that are
`typically doneby the host device. For example, for a cellular
`telephonehostdevice, the processing module 50 performsthe
`corresponding communication functions in accordance with
`a particular cellular telephone standard.
`Theradio interface 54 allows data to be received from and
`
`sent to the radio 60. For data received from theradio 60 (e.g.,
`inbounddata), the radio interface 54 provides the data to the
`processing module 50 for further processing and/or routing to
`the output interface 56. The output interface 56 provides
`connectivity to an output display device such as a display,
`monitor, speakers, et cetera suchthat the received data may be
`displayed. The radio interface 54 also provides data from the
`processing module 50to the radio 60. The processing module
`50 may receive the outbound data from an input device such
`as a keyboard, keypad, microphone, et cetera via the input
`interface 58 or generate the data itself. For data received vi