`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`Paper No.
`
`
`
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`
`APPLE, INC.
`Petitioner
`
`
`v.
`
`MEMORYWEB, LLC
`Patent Owner
`
`Patent No. 9,552,376
`
`Inter Partes Review No. IPR2022-00032
`
`
`PATENT OWNER’S RESPONSE
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`

`

`IPR2022-00032
`
`
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`
`
`Page(s)
`
` 
`
` 
`
` 
`
` 
`
`
`INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 
`OVERVIEW OF THE ‘376 PATENT ............................................................ 1 
`A. 
`The ‘376 Patent “Views” ....................................................................... 2 
`B. 
`The Claimed Methods Provide Easy Navigation of These
`Views ..................................................................................................... 5 
`SUMMARY OF PETITIONER’S REFERENCES ........................................ 5 
`1. 
`The Browser/Viewer ................................................................... 6 
`2. 
`The Toolbar ................................................................................. 8 
`3. 
`The Inspector Pane ...................................................................... 8 
`4. 
`Places and Faces Views .............................................................. 9 
`Belitz (Ex. 1006) ................................................................................. 15 
`B. 
`Rasmussen (Ex. 1025) ......................................................................... 16 
`C. 
`  LEVEL OF SKILL IN THE ART ................................................................. 17 
`CLAIM CONSTRUCTION .......................................................................... 18 
`  PETITIONER HAS NOT MET ITS BURDEN ............................................ 18 
`A. 
`Petitioner Has Not Established That A3UM Qualifies as Prior
`Art ........................................................................................................ 18 
`1. 
`Petitioner Has Not Established that the Website Version of
`A3UM was Publicly Accessible to a POSITA ......................... 19 
`Petitioner Has Not Established That Ex. 1005 Accurately
`Represents What Was Shown on the Aperture 3 User Manual
`Page Before June 2010 .............................................................. 26 
`Petitioner’s “Evidence” of Sales Fails to Establish Public
`Accessibility .............................................................................. 29 
`Petitioner’s Reliance on the Aperture 3 Installation DVD Falls
`Short .......................................................................................... 30 
`Aperture 3 Installed on a Mac Computer is Not a Printed
`Publication ................................................................................ 41 
`
`2. 
`
`3. 
`
`4. 
`
`5. 
`
`i
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`6.  Mr. Birdsell’s Testimony Lacks Credibility ............................. 44 
`Other Non-Prior Art ............................................................................ 46 
`Independent Claim 1 ........................................................................... 48 
`1. 
`Petitioner failed to meet its burden to show A3UM discloses
`“the interactive map comprising a majority portion of the first
`screenshot” ................................................................................ 48 
`Petitioner fails to meets its burden to show “responsive to a
`click or tap of the [first/second] user selectable thumbnail
`image, displaying a [first/second] location view” .................... 52 
`Petitioner fails to meets its burden to show A3UM renders
`obvious a “[first/second location view” including a
`“[first/second] map image” ....................................................... 56 
`Petitioner failed to meet its burden to show that a POSITA
`would combine A3UM and Belitz ............................................ 62 
`Independent Claim 5 ........................................................................... 72 
`Independent Claim 12 ......................................................................... 78 
`1. 
`Petitioner fails to meet its burden to show a POSITA would
`combine A3UM, Belitz, and Rasmussen .................................. 78 
`Petitioner has failed to establish that A3UM discloses the “first
`mini-search engine tag” and “second mini-search engine tag” 79 
`  CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 80 
`
`
`2. 
`
`3. 
`
`4. 
`
`2. 
`
`B. 
`C. 
`
`D. 
`E. 
`
`
`
`ii
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
`
` Page(s)
`
`Cases
`Acceleration Bay, LLC v. Activision Blizzard Inc.,
`908 F.3d 765, 772 (Fed. Cir. 2018) .............................................................passim
`
`
`Arctic Cat Inc. v. Polaris Indus., Inc.,
`795 F. App'x 827 (Fed. Cir. 2019) ...................................................................... 66
`
`
`ATD Corp. v. Lydall, Inc.,
`159 F.3d 534 (Fed. Cir. 1998) ............................................................................ 75
`
`
`
`B/E Aerospace, Inc. v. C & D Zodiac, Inc.,
`709 F.App’x 687 (Fed. Cir. 2017) ...................................................................... 29
`
`
`Belden Inc. v. Berk-Tek LLC,
`805 F.3d 1064 (Fed. Cir. 2015) .......................................................................... 74
`
`
`Blue Calypso, LLC v. Groupon, Inc.,
`
`815 F.3d 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2016) .......................................................................... 20
`
`Capsugel Belgium NV v. Innercap Techs., Inc.,
`
`IPR2013-00331, Paper 9 (PTAB Dec. 9, 2013) ................................................. 44
`
`Centripetal Networks, Inc. v. Cisco Sys., Inc.,
`847 F. App'x 869 (Fed. Cir. 2021) ...................................................................... 24
`
`
`Checkpoint Sys., Inc. v. All-Tag Sec.; S.A.,
`412 F.3d 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2005) .......................................................................... 45
`
`
`Cheese Sys., Inc. v. Tetra Pak Cheese & Powder Sys., Inc.,
`725 F.3d 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2013) .......................................................................... 75
`
`
`Cisco Sys., Inc. v. Centripetal Networks, Inc.,
`
`IPR2018-01436, Paper 40 (PTAB Jan. 23, 2020) .............................................. 39
`
`
`iii
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`Electronic Frontier Foundation v. Personal Audio, LLC,
`IPR2014-00070, Paper 21 (PTAB Apr. 18, 2014) ................................. 26, 27, 28
`
`
`Eli Lilly & Co. v. Teva Pharms. Int’l GmbH,
`
`8 F.4th 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2021) ............................................................................. 46
`
`Ex Parte Stuart A. Nelson,
` No. 2020-004978, 2020 WL 8186425 (PTAB Dec. 31, 2020)) ......................... 44
`
`GoPro, Inc. v. Contour IP Holding LLC,
`908 F.3d 690 (Fed. Cir. 2018) ............................................................................ 24
`
`
`In re Cronyn,
`
`890 F.2d 1158 (Fed. Cir. 1989) .......................................................................... 32
`
`Instradent USA, Inc. v. Nobel Biocare Services AG,
`IPR2015-01786, Paper 106 (PTAB Feb. 15, 2017) ...................................... 19, 41
`
`
`InTouch Techs., Inc. v. VGO Commc’ns, Inc.,
`751 F.3d 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2014) .......................................................................... 74
`
`
`Kinetic Concepts, Inc. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc.,
`
`688 F.3d. 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2012) ......................................................................... 68
`
`Linear Tech. Corp. v. Impala Linear Corp.,
`379 F.3d 1311 (Fed. Cir. 2004) .......................................................................... 45
`
`
`Nautilus, Inc. v. Icon Health Fitness Inc.,
`IPR2017-01363, Paper 33 (PTAB Nov. 28, 2018) ............................................. 22
`
`
`Nidec Motor Corp. v. Zhongshan Broad Ocean Motor Co.,
`868 F.3d 1013 (Fed. Cir. 2017) .......................................................................... 18
`
`
`Ohio Willow Wood v. Alps South,
`735 F.3d 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2013) .......................................................................... 45
`
`
`Pers. Web Techs., LLC v. Apple, Inc.,
`848 F.3d 987 (Fed. Cir. 2017) ............................................................................ 74
`
`
`iv
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`
`Polaris Indus., Inc. v. Arctic Cat, Inc.,
`
`882 F.3d 1056 (Fed. Cir. 2018) .......................................................................... 67
`
`Power Integrations, Inc. v. Fairchild Semiconductor Int’l, Inc.,
`711 F.3d 1348, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2013) ................................................................ 71
`
`
`Qualcomm Inc. v. Apple Inc.,
`24 F.4th 1367, 2022 WL 288013 (Fed. Cir. 2022) ............................................. 46
`
`
`Salesforce.com, Inc. v. WSOU Investments, LLC,
`
`IPR2022-00428, Paper 10 (PTAB July 13, 2022) .............................................. 23
`
`Samsung Elecs. Co. v. Infobridge Pte. Ltd.,
`929 F.3d 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2019) ...................................................................passim
`
`
`Stryker Corp. v. Karl Storz Endoscopy-Am., Inc.,
`IPR2015-00677, Paper 15 (PTAB Sept. 2, 2015) ............................................... 47
`
`
`Supercell Oy v. GREE, Inc.,
`IPR2021-00501, Paper 7 (PTAB Aug. 17, 2021) ............................................... 44
`
`
`Unigene Lab’ys, Inc. v. Apotex, Inc.,
`655 F.3d 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2011) .................................................................... 74, 75
`
`
`Yeda Research & Dev. Co. v. Mylan Pharm. Inc.,
`906 F.3d 1031 (Fed. Cir. 2018) ................................................................... 46, 69
`
`
`
`
`
`v
`
`

`

`
`
`Exhibit No.
`
`LISTING OF EXHIBITS
`Description
`
`2001
`
`WITHDRAWN
`
`2002
`
`2003
`
`2004
`
`2005
`
`2006
`
`2007
`
`2008
`
`2009
`
`2010
`
`2011
`
`2012
`
`Hyunmo Kang et al., Capture, Annotated, Browse, Find, Share:
`Novel Interfaces for Personal Photo Management, International
`Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 23(3), 315-37 (2007)
`(“Kang”)
`
`Jaffe et al., Generating Summaries and Visualization for Large
`Collections of Geo-Referenced Photographs, Proceedings of the
`8th ACM SIGMM International Workshop on Multimedia
`Information Retrieval, MIR 2006, October 26-27, 2006 (“Jaffe”)
`
`RESERVED
`
`RESERVED
`
`Feb. 8, 2022 eBay Order Confirmation for “Apple Aperture 3
`Upgrade for Mac Brand New Photography”
`
`Apple Inc. Aperture Software License Agreement
`
`Declaration of John Leone, Cisco Systems, Inc. v. Centripetal
`Networks, Inc., IPR2018-01436, Ex. 1005 (July 20, 2018)
`
`Aperture 3 User Manual,
`http://documentation.apple.com/aperture/usermanual
`(Archive.org: July 26, 2010)
`
`Aperture 3 User Manual,
`http://documentation.apple.com/aperture/usermanual
`(Archive.org: Feb. 17, 2010)
`
`RESERVED
`
`RESERVED
`
`i
`
`

`

`
`
`Exhibit No.
`
`2013
`
`2014
`
`2015
`
`2016
`
`2017
`
`2018
`
`2019
`
`2020
`
`2021
`
`2022
`
`2023
`
`2024
`
`2025
`
`2026
`
`Description
`
`Apple, Inc., www.apple.com, (Archive.org: Mar. 12, 2010)
`
`Devin Coldewey, Review: Aperture 3, CrunchGear
`(https://techcrunch.com/2010/03/19/review-aperture-3/) (last
`accessed Feb. 2, 2022)
`
`Hilary Greenbaum, Who Made Google’s Map Pin?, The New
`York Times, (Apr. 18, 2011)
`
`Google Developers, Customizing a Google Map: Custom
`Markers (last accessed Feb. 17, 2022)
`
`KML4Earth, Google Earth/Maps Public Icons,
`http://kml4earth.appspot.com:80/icons.html (Archive.org May 27,
`2012)
`
`Declaration of Angelo J. Christopher
`
`U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2007/0282908 to Van der Meulen et al.
`
`“Motivating Annotation for Personal Digital Photo Libraries:
`Lowering Barriers While Raising Incentives” by Kustanowitz et
`al.
`
`RESERVED
`
`Wilbert O. Galitz, “The Essential Guide to User Interface Design:
`An Introduction to GUI Design Principles and Techniques,”
`Wiley Publishing, Inc. (3rd Ed.) (2007)
`
`Transcript of Deposition of Dr. Loren Terveen (Vol. I)
`
`Transcript of Deposition of Dr. Loren Terveen (Vol. II)
`
`Declaration of Rajeev Surati, Ph.D
`
`Transcript of Deposition of Matthew Birdsell
`
`ii
`
`

`

`
`
`Exhibit No.
`
`2027
`
`2028
`
`2029
`
`2030
`
`2031
`
`2032
`
`Description
`
`Affidavit of Nathaniel E Frank-White
`
`RESERVED
`
`RESERVED
`
`RESERVED
`
`RESERVED
`
`eBay Receipt (August 15, 2022)
`
`iii
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`INTRODUCTION
`The Board should find that Petitioner has not shown that any of claims 1-12
`
`are unpatentable because Petitioner has not carried its burden of proving obviousness
`
`by a preponderance of the evidence.
`
` OVERVIEW OF THE ‘376 PATENT
`As the ‘376 patent explains, digital photography/video was experiencing
`
`“explosive growth” at the time of invention. Ex. 1001, 1:33-40, 12:58-62. The
`
`inventors recognized that existing technology failed to provide people with a way to
`
`easily organize, view, and display their exploding number of digital photos and
`
`videos. Ex. 1001, 1:55-60, 13:12-17. While entities such as Facebook, Flickr, and
`
`Shutterfly provided certain functionality, those solutions lacked the ability to easily
`
`organize and navigate through these digital files. Id., 1:43-49, 13:1-7. Accordingly,
`
`the ‘376 patent discloses and claims methods of organizing and displaying digital
`
`files “allow[ing] people to organize, view, preserve and share these files with all the
`
`memory details captured, connected and vivified via an interactive interface”;
`
`creating an easy-to-navigate a web of memories. Id., 1:55-60, 12:12-17. As such, the
`
`claimed methods “save[] a user significant time, provide[] significant information
`
`with minimal screen space, and provide[] an appealing and customizable interface
`
`that will enhance the user experience.” Id., 2:49-53; 13:20-24.
`
`1
`
`

`

`
`
`A. The ‘376 Patent “Views”
`The ’376 patent is directed to inventive methods for organizing and displaying
`
`digital files, such as digital photographs and videos. Ex. 2025, ¶52. To this end, the
`
`‘376 patent discloses methods “allow[ing] people to organize, view, preserve and
`
`share these files with all the memory details captured, connected and vivified via an
`
`interactive interface.” Ex. 1001, 1:55-60; Ex. 2025, ¶52.1
`
`For example, referring to FIG. 41, the ‘376 patent discloses a map view
`
`including “an interactive map.” Ex. 1001, 29:26-49; Ex. 2025, ¶53.
`
`
`1 Pursuant to p. 51 of the Trial Practice Guide, Patent Owner withdraws its reliance
`
`on the Declaration of Rajeev Surati, Ph.D (Ex. 2001) submitted with the
`
`preliminary response.
`
`2
`
`

`

`
`
`Ex. 1001, FIG. 41
`
`
`
`In the map view, “individual or groups of Digital Files are illustrated as photo
`
`thumbnails (see indicators 0874 and 0875)) on the map.” Ex. 1001, 29:33-40. The
`
`geographic map is interactive in that the user can, for example, “narrow the map
`
`view by either using the Zoom in/Zoom out bar (0876) on the left or simply selecting
`
`the map.” Ex. 1001, 29:38-40, FIG. 41; Ex. 2025, ¶54.
`
`The ‘376 patent also discloses that in the “map view” (FIG. 41), “the user can
`
`select the thumbnail to see all the Digital Files with the same location (as seen FIG.
`
`34 (indicator 1630)).” Ex. 1001, 29:35-37; Ex. 2025, ¶54. FIG. 34 includes an
`
`example of the “[first/second] location view” claimed in the ‘376 patent.
`
`3
`
`

`

`
`
`Ex. 1001, FIG. 34 (excerpted and annotated)
`
`
`
`In this location view, “a single location (1630) is illustrated,” which includes “[t]he
`
`individual location name” and “[t]humbnails of each Digital File within the specific
`
`collection.” Ex. 1001, 24:25-30. Thus, the map view and location view allow users
`
`to efficiently and intuitively locate and display digital files associated with a
`
`particular location. Ex. 2025, ¶58.
`
`The ‘376 patent additionally discloses a people view for organizing digital
`
`files. Ex. 2025, ¶¶59-61. FIG. 32 includes one example of a people view. Ex. 1001,
`
`22:54-64; Ex. 2025, ¶61.
`
`
`
`4
`
`

`

`
`
`Ex. 1001, FIG. 32 (excerpted and annotated)
`
`B.
`The Claimed Methods Provide Easy Navigation of These Views
`The claimed methods of the ‘376 patent allow a user to easily create and
`
`navigate an interconnected web of these growing numbers of digital files, i.e., their
`
`memories. Ex. 2025, ¶64.
`
`The claims require arranging the views in a particular manner with each view
`
`having particular selectable elements. Id., ¶65. The claims then require a particular
`
`flow through the views based on selection of identifying elements, allowing the user
`
`to see only the desired useful information, e.g., photo/video files of particular people
`
`in the user’s web of memories, particular locations where digital files were taken,
`
`and/or the numbers of those photos associated with people and/or locations. Id. The
`
`claimed flow of views and methods provide the ease of navigation and organization
`
`previously lacking in the prior art as discussed below. Id.
`
` SUMMARY OF PETITIONER’S REFERENCES
`Petitioner relies on three references: A3UM (Ex. 1005), Belitz (Ex. 1006), and
`
`Rasmussen (Ex. 1025). Each reference is discussed below.
`
`A3UM is a compilation of over 700 HTML files relating to Aperture 3, a
`
`photo editing and management tool designed for professional photographers. Ex.
`
`1005, 2; Ex. 2025, ¶72. According to A3UM, “[w]hen you first open Aperture, you
`
`see the following areas” shown in the screenshot below. Ex. 1005, 6; Ex. 2025, ¶73.
`
`5
`
`

`

`
`
`Ex. 1005, 6 (annotated)
`
`
`
`This screen includes a toolbar at the top (red), the inspector pane (with tabs for the
`
`metadata, and adjustments inspectors) (orange), and a projects view (blue). Id.
`
`1.
`The Browser/Viewer
`In one case described by A3UM, the interface includes a “Viewer” and
`
`“Browser.” Ex. 1005, 46; Ex. 2025, ¶¶75-76.
`
`6
`
`

`

`
`
`Ex. 1005, 46
`
`
`
`The Browser can take multiple forms. One form is the “filmstrip view” shown
`
`above where the window is split between the Browser and Viewer. Ex. 1005, 48; Ex.
`
`2025, ¶¶76-77. The filmstrip includes a single row of thumbnails and several
`
`controls. Id.
`
`
`
`Ex. 1005, 48
`
`7
`
`

`

`
`
`There is also a grid view, where images are shown as thumbnails arranged in
`
`columns and rows within the Browser, as opposed to a single row like the filmstrip.
`
`Ex. 1005, 49; Ex. 2025, ¶78.
`
`2.
`The Toolbar
`“The toolbar is a collection of buttons and tools located at the top of the
`
`Aperture main window” that is shown “by default.” Ex. 1005, 64; Ex. 2025, ¶81.
`
`The toolbar includes a variety of default buttons, such as the ones shown below. Ex.
`
`1005, 64-65; Ex. 2025, ¶¶82-84.
`
`Ex. 1005, 65
`
`
`
`In certain circumstances, selecting the Faces button causes a Faces view to be
`
`displayed, while selecting the Places causes a Places view to be displayed. Ex. 1005,
`
`65; Ex. 2025, ¶85. Both of these views are discussed below.
`
`3.
`The Inspector Pane
`The Inspector pane includes tabs to switch between the Library, Metadata,
`
`and Adjustments inspectors. Ex. 1005, 54; Ex. 2025, ¶86.
`
`8
`
`

`

`
`
`Ex. 1005, 54
`
`
`
`The Library inspector “provides a number of ways to view items in the library,”
`
`including certain Faces and Places views. Ex. 1005, 55; Ex. 2025, ¶87. The Metadata
`
`inspector “displays an image’s caption text, keywords, version number, filename,
`
`and file size,” among other things. Ex. 1005, 58; Ex. 2025, ¶88.
`
`4.
`Places and Faces Views
`As set forth below, A3UM describes various views associated with both faces
`
`and places. The various views interplay with each other in different manners, causing
`
`different views and content to be displayed. For instance, only certain Places views
`
`will be displayed in connection with selected Faces views and vice-versa. Similarly,
`
`not all views can be accessed from each of the other views, such that screenshots
`
`from disparate sections of A3UM may not be related to, or even accessible from,
`
`other screenshots disclosed in A3UM.
`
`9
`
`

`

`
`
`a.
`Places
`A3UM describes various “Places” view, where “[i]mages organized by
`
`location using the Places feature are represented by pins on the Places view map at
`
`the locations where the images were taken.” Ex. 1005, 81; Ex. 2025, ¶90.
`
`A3UM describes two separate ways to access a Places view: (1) “by
`
`select[ing] Places in the Library inspector,” causing a map to appear with locations
`
`marked for all tagged images in the library or (2) by “select[ing] an item in the
`
`Library inspector, then click[ing] the Places button in the toolbar,” causing a map to
`
`appear with locations for a specific library item. Ex. 1005, 81; Ex. 2025, ¶91. A
`
`screenshot of an example “Places” view resulting from selecting the Places button
`
`in the Toolbar (evidenced by the selected library shown near the bottom of the
`
`Library pane) is shown below.
`
`10
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`Ex. 1005, 30
`
`The Browser (described above) can be displayed with the map in the Places
`
`view as shown in the image below. Selecting one of the images in the Browser causes
`
`a location label to appear above the corresponding pin on the map. Ex. 1005, 435-
`
`36; Ex. 2025, ¶93.
`
`Ex. 1005, 436 (annotated)
`
`
`
`A3UM also provides that when a user selects a pin on the map, “[t]he selected
`
`pin turns orange, and the images or images associated with the location marked by
`
`the orange pin are selected in the Browser.” Ex. 1005, 436; Ex. 2025, ¶94.
`
`11
`
`

`

`
`
`Ex. 1005, 437
`
`
`
`b.
`Faces
`A3UM also describes a “Faces” feature, which uses “the face detection and
`
`face recognition technology included in Aperture, to identify and track people
`
`through all the images in your library.” Ex. 1005, 28; Ex. 2025, ¶95. The “[p]eople
`
`to whom you’ve assigned names are represented by snapshots in Faces view.” Ex.
`
`1005, 28; Ex. 2025, ¶95.
`
`Similar to the Places feature, A3UM describes two distinct variations of the
`
`“Faces” feature. One way to navigate to a “Faces” view is by “[s]electing Faces in
`
`the Library inspector,” (indicated as the selected link near the top of the library pane
`
`12
`
`

`

`
`
`on the left of image) which “displays the faces of all the people in images in the
`
`library who have been assigned names.” Ex. 1005, 28; Ex. 2025, ¶96. An example
`
`screenshot is shown below.
`
`Ex. 1005, 419
`
`
`
`Another way to navigate to a “Faces” view is by “[s]electing an item in the
`
`Library inspector (indicated by the selected item further down the Library pane
`
`shown below) and then clicking the Faces button in the toolbar displays the faces of
`
`all the people in the images in that selected item.” Ex. 1005, 28; Ex. 2025, ¶97. An
`
`example is shown below.
`
`13
`
`

`

`
`
`Ex. 1005, 29
`
`
`
`A3UM also describes the ability to view images only for a specific person.
`
`Specifically, A3UM states “[w]hen you double-click a person’s snapshot in Faces
`
`view, all the confirmed images of that person appear at the top of the Faces browser,
`
`and all the suggested images of the person appear in a separate section below the
`
`confirmed images.” Ex. 1005, 79; Ex. 1005, ¶99.
`
`14
`
`

`

`
`
`Ex. 1005, 79
`
`
`
`A3UM states “[y]ou can click a suggested image to accept it or reject it as a match.”
`
`Ex. 1005, 419.
`
`B.
`Belitz (Ex. 1006)
`Belitz is directed to a user interface for displaying “special locations” on a
`
`map. Ex. 1006, Title, ¶¶ 2, 4, 19, 71; Ex. 2025, ¶¶100-01. Belitz states that “it would
`
`be useful to be able to a present a user with an overview of associated images to
`
`special locations which enables [the] user to clearly see the associations. Ex. 1006,
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`¶4. Figs. 4(a) – (b) are screenshots of a device. Id., ¶36.
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`15
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`Ex. 1006 at FIGS. 4a-b
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`
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`The screenshots above have a graphical object 410 that indicates a location
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`408 on the map 409. Ex. 1006, ¶51.
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`C. Rasmussen (Ex. 1025)
`Rasmussen is directed to a digital map including a “combined map scale and
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`measuring tool.” Ex. 1025, 4:44-45; Ex. 2025, ¶102. “The combined map scale and
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`measuring tool has two general modes of operation: scale mode and tool mode.” Ex.
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`1025, 4:44-45. When “[i]n the scale mode, the scale indicates the correct scale” for
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`the map. Id. at 4:45-46. A user can utilize the “tool mode” to “meaur[e] the distance
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`between two user selected points.” Id. at 9:37-38. As explained in Rasumussen, “[i]f
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`the user clicks to the tool 205b endpoints of the line between them, an information
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`window . . . opens to show information about the map locations marked by the tool
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`205b endpoints.” Id. at 10:17-22. In one embodiment, the information window
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`“includes latitude/longitude and/or geocode information.” Id. at 10:26-27.
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`16
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`Rasmussen’s Fig. 2 depicts a digital map including such an information window.
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`Ex. 2025, ¶102.
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`Ex. 1025 at FIG. 2
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`
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`As depicted in Rasmussen’s Fig. 2, the information window 215 includes a “point
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`name,” a “Lat/Lon” value, a “Geo Code” value, and “Driving Directions” selection.
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`Ex. 1025, Fig. 2; Ex. 2025, ¶103.
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` LEVEL OF SKILL IN THE ART
`Petitioner contends that a person of ordinary skill in the art (“POSITA”)
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`“would have had (1) at least a bachelor’s degree in computer science, computer
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`17
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`
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`engineering, or electrical engineering, and (2) at least one year of experience
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`designing graphical user interfaces for applications such as photo management
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`systems.” Petition, 9 (citing Ex. 1003, ¶¶41-43). For purposes of this response,
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`Patent Owner does not dispute Petitioner’s proposed level of skill.
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` CLAIM CONSTRUCTION
`For purposes of this Response, Patent Owner agrees that the claims can be
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`afforded their plain and ordinary meaning and that no construction is necessary.
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`Petition, 13; Nidec Motor Corp. v. Zhongshan Broad Ocean Motor Co., 868 F.3d
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`1013, 1017 (Fed. Cir. 2017).
`
` PETITIONER HAS NOT MET ITS BURDEN
`Petitioner has not met its burden of showing purported obviousness over
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`A3UM (Ex. 1005) in view of Belitz (Ex. 1006) and Rasmussen (Ex. 1025).
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`Petitioner has not met its burden because (1) it has not demonstrated that A3UM
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`were a publicly available printed publication; and (2) it has not shown that the
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`challenged claims would be obvious over A3UM in view of Belitz and/or
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`Rasmussen.
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`A.
`Petitioner Has Not Established That A3UM Qualifies as Prior Art
`Petitioner relies on A3UM as a “printed publication” reference and alleges
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`that it was publicly available (1) through the Aperture 3 product user manual
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`18
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`webpage of the Apple.com website, and (2) on the installation DVD for the Aperture
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`3 retail product. Petition, 13-14; Ex.1020, ¶8.
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`Petitioner, however, has failed to establish that A3UM qualifies as printed
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`publication prior art by a preponderance of the evidence. See Instradent USA, Inc. v.
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`Nobel Biocare Services AG, IPR2015-01786, Paper 106 at 33 (PTAB Feb. 15, 2017).
`
`First, Petitioner’s reliance on the Aperture 3 user manual webpage fails because
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`Petitioner has not demonstrated that the webpage met the requisite threshold for
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`public accessibility applied by the Federal Circuit and the Board. Further, even if
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`Petitioner sufficiently demonstrated public accessibility, Petitioner has nevertheless
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`failed to credibly establish that the version of A3UM submitted to the Board (Ex.
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`1005) accurately represents what a visitor to the user manual webpage would have
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`seen before June 2010.
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`Petitioner’s alternative reliance on A3UM’s alleged presence on the Aperture
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`3 installation DVD also fails because the A3UM HTML file set on the Aperture 3
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`installation DVD was “hidden” or “invisible,” and therefore not publicly accessible.
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`Finally, access to A3UM through the installed Aperture 3 application on a computer
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`does not constitute a printed publication.
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`1.
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`Petitioner Has Not Established that the Website Version of
`A3UM was Publicly Accessible to a POSITA
`The Board based its Institution Decision on Petitioner’s assertion that the
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`website version of A3UM set forth in Ex. 1005 was available at the Aperture 3
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`19
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`product user manual webpage of the Apple.com website. ID, 12. Petitioner’s reliance
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`on the Aperture 3 product user manual webpage fails because Petitioner has not
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`demonstrated that the alleged contents of the webpage met the requisite threshold
`
`for public accessibility applied by the Federal Circuit and the Board.
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`Public accessibility is the “touchstone” in determining printed publication
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`status. Blue Calypso, LLC v. Groupon, Inc., 815 F.3d 1331, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2016).
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`The mere presence of a reference on a webpage is insufficient to establish public
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`accessibility. Acceleration Bay, LLC v. Activision Blizzard Inc., 908 F.3d 765, 772
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`(Fed. Cir. 2018); Samsung Elecs. Co. v. Infobridge Pte. Ltd., 929 F.3d 1363, 1369
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`(Fed. Cir. 2019). Instead, a patent challenger must show that “persons interested and
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`ordinarily skilled in the subject matter or art, exercising reasonable diligence, can
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`locate” the reference. Acceleration Bay, 908 F.3d at 772. That a person could have
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`theoretically
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`located a reference on
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`the Internet demonstrates “technical
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`accessibility” but not “public accessibility.” Id. at 773. Thus, the key inquiry relevant
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`to A3UM is whether a POSITA—here an interested and experienced graphical user
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`interface designer—would have found the Aperture 3 user manual page (where
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`A3UM was allegedly available) by exercising reasonable diligence. Acceleration
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`Bay, 908 F.3d at 772; see also Ex. 1003, ¶42. Petitioner has failed to establish that
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`such a POSITA would. Instead, the evidence shows that: (1) a POSITA exercising
`
`reasonable diligence would not have known to search for Aperture 3 or A3UM, and
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`20
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`
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`(2) a POSITA exercising reasonable diligence would not have found the website
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`version of A3UM on Apple.com.
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`a.
`
`An Interested POSITA Exercising Reasonable
`Diligence Would Not Have Known to Look for A3UM
`Petitioner claims a POSITA in 2010 “would have known to visit
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`www.Apple.com for information about Aperture 3 and could have readily located
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`A3UM on the Apple.com website.” Petition, 17 (citing Ex. 1003, ¶¶99-103).
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`Petitioner relies on Dr. Terveen opining that Apple was “well-known” in 2010 and
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`that a person “interested in learning about Apple software” would have visited
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`www.Apple.com and then allegedly proceeded to the Aperture 3 user manual page.
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`Ex, 1003, ¶101. But this is the wrong inquiry. The issue is not whether a POSITA
`
`interested in Apple software would have visited Apple.com and A3UM—that pre-
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`supposes a POSITA would have known of Apple.com and/or Aperture 3’s relevance.
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`Instead, here, Petitioner was required to establish a POSITA would have known to
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`navigate to Apple.com and then look for the Aperture 3 user manual page in search
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`of A3UM. Acceleration Bay, 908 F.3d at 772
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`Even if an unspecified group of consumers knew of Aperture 3 during the
`
`relevant timeframe, there is no evidence those consumers were POSITAs or that an
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`interested POSITA would have known of Aperture 3 or had any motivation to look
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`for it. The “Aperture” product name is not descriptive of photo management
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`technology and Petitioner has not offered evidence that a POSITA would have
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`21
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`identified Aperture 3 by querying common terms, such as “photo,” using an Internet
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`search engine.2 Notably, Dr. Terveen—a proffered technical expert and self-
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`proclaimed POSITA—readily conceded that he had never even heard of Aperture 3
`
`at the relevant time despite otherwise being familiar with “quite a few systems that
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`did photo management.” Ex. 2023, 49:4-50:11, 51:9-20, 52:2-4. His first and only
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`knowledge of Aperture 3 and A3UM was when it was provided to him by
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`Petitioner’s counsel in 2021—more than 10 years later. Id. All told, Petitioner offers
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`no evidence a POSITA would have known of or sought information regarding
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`Aperture 3. See, e.g., Nautilus, Inc. v. Icon Health Fitness Inc., IPR2017-01363,
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`Paper 33 at 18 (PTAB Nov. 28, 2018) (noting a lack of evidence that a POSITA
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`“knew of” the relevant product).
`
`b.
`
`A POSITA Exercising Reasonable Diligence Would
`Not Find the Website Version of A3UM on Apple.com
`Even if a POSITA navigated to Apple.com, Petitioner has nevertheless failed
`
`to establish that a POSITA exercising reasonable diligence would have actually
`
`found the Aperture 3 user manual page. According to Petitioner and its witnesses,
`
`
`2 Mr. Birdsell testified that it would not have been common to navigate to A3UM on
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`the Apple website; rather, the common use case was for a user to conduct an internet
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`search. Ex. 2026, 67:13-20. However, a user would have needed to know to search
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`for “Aperture 3,” as discussed herein.
`
`22
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`the Aperture 3 user manual page could be found only after executing several steps
`
`such as knowing to search for ‘Aperture’ or ‘Aperture 3’ in the search box or by
`
`navigating through a