hae
`10,000
`i
`MN
`
`Microsoft
`
`Fully updated with the latest
`7
`technologies, terms, and acronyms
`Easy to read, expertly
`illustrated
`Definitive coverage of hardware,
`software, the Internet, and more!
`
`Micron Ex. 1048,p. 1
`Micron v. Vervain
`
`Computer
`Dictionary
`
`Fifth Editio
`
`IPR2021-01550
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`Micron Ex. 1048, p. 1
`Micron v. Vervain
`IPR2021-01550
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267
`004'.03--dc21
`
`2002
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT
`
`7 6 5 4 3 2
`
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-41929
`
`Micron Ex. 1048, p. 2
`Micron v. Vervain
`IPR2021-01550
`
`

`

`start/stop transmission
`
`stationery
`stationery2
`
`start/stop transmission n. See asynchronous
`transmission.
`startup n. See boot1.
`startup application n. On the Macintosh, the application
`that takes control of the system when the computer is
`turned on.
`STARTUP.CMD n. A special-purpose batch file stored in
`the root directory of the startup disk in OS/2—the OS/2
`equivalent of an MS-DOS AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
`startup disk n. See system disk.
`startup ROM n. The bootstrap instructions coded into a
`computer’s ROM (read-only memory) and executed at
`startup. The startup ROM routines enable a computer to
`check itself and its devices (such as the keyboard and disk
`drives), prepare itself for operation, and run a short pro-
`gram to load an operating-system loader program. See
`also boot1, power-on self test.
`startup screen n. A text or graphics display that appears
`on the screen when a program is started (run). Startup
`screens usually contain information about the software’s
`version and often contain a product or corporate logo.
`star-wired ring n. A network topology in which hubs and
`nodes connect to a central hub in typical star fashion, but
`the connections within the central hub form a ring. Star-
`wired ring is a combination of star and ring topologies.
`state n. See status.
`stateful adj. Of or pertaining to a system or process that
`monitors all details of the state of an activity in which it
`participates. For example, stateful handling of messages
`takes account of their content. Compare stateless.
`stateless adj. Of or pertaining to a system or process that
`participates in an activity without monitoring all details of
`its state. For example, stateless handling of messages
`might take account of only their sources and destinations
`but not their content. Compare stateful.
`statement n. The smallest executable entity within a pro-
`gramming language.
`state-of-the-art adj. Up to date; at the forefront of cur-
`rent hardware or software technology.
`static1 adj. In information processing, fixed or predeter-
`mined. For example, a static memory buffer remains
`invariant in size throughout program execution. The oppo-
`site condition is dynamic, or ever-changing.
`
`static2 n. In communications, a crackling noise caused
`by electrical interference with a transmitted signal. See
`also noise (definition 2).
`static allocation n. Apportionment of memory that
`occurs once, usually when the program starts. The mem-
`ory remains allocated during the program’s execution and
`is not deallocated until the program is finished. See also
`allocate, deallocate. Compare dynamic allocation.
`static binding n. Binding (converting symbolic
`addresses in the program to storage-related addresses) that
`occurs during program compilation or linkage. Also
`called: early binding. Compare dynamic binding.
`static buffer n. A secondary sound buffer that contains
`an entire sound; these buffers are convenient because the
`entire sound can be written once to the buffer. See also
`streaming buffer.
`static electricity n. An electrical charge accumulated in
`an object. Although generally harmless to humans, the
`discharge of static electricity through an electronic circuit
`can cause severe damage to the circuit.
`static RAM n. A form of semiconductor memory (RAM)
`based on the logic circuit known as a flip-flop, which
`retains information as long as there is enough power to run
`the device. Static RAMs are usually reserved for use in
`caches. Acronym: SRAM. See also cache, RAM, synchro-
`nous burst static RAM. Compare dynamic RAM.
`static routing n. Routing based on a fixed forwarding
`path. Unlike dynamic routing, static routing does not
`adjust to changing network conditions. Compare dynamic
`routing.
`static Web page n. Web page that displays the same
`content to all viewers. Usually written in hypertext
`markup language (HTML), a static Web page displays
`content that changes only if the HTML code is altered. See
`also dynamic Web page.
`station n. 1. In the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN specifica-
`tion, a single, often mobile, node. 2. See workstation.
`stationery1 adj. Describing a type of document that,
`when opened by the user, is duplicated by the system; the
`copy is opened for the user’s modification while the origi-
`nal document remains intact. Stationery documents can be
`used as document templates or boilerplates. See also boil-
`erplate, template (definition 5).
`stationery2 n. A stationery document. See also
`stationery1.
`
`S
`
`497
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`Micron Ex. 1048, p. 3
`Micron v. Vervain
`IPR2021-01550
`
`

`

`volatile memory
`
`V series
`
`volatile memory n. 1. Memory, such as RAM, that loses
`its data when the power is shut off. Compare nonvolatile
`memory. 2. Memory used by a program that can change
`independently of the program, such as memory shared by
`another program or by an interrupt service routine.
`volt n. The unit used to measure potential difference or
`electromotive force. One volt is defined as the potential
`across which 1 coulomb of charge will do 1 joule of work,
`or the potential generated by 1 ampere of current flowing
`through 1 ohm of resistance. See also electromotive force.
`voltage n. See electromotive force.
`voltage regulator n. A circuit or circuit component that
`maintains a constant output voltage despite variations in
`input voltage.
`volts alternating current n. The measure of the peak-to-
`peak voltage swing of an electrical signal. Acronym: VAC.
`volume n. 1. A disk or tape that stores computer data.
`Sometimes, large hard disks are divided into several vol-
`umes, each of which is treated as a separate disk. 2. The
`loudness of an audio signal.
`volume label n. A name for a disk or tape. MS-DOS sys-
`tems, which seldom use disk names except in directory
`listings, use the term volume label. Apple Macintosh sys-
`tems, which often refer to disks by name, use the term vol-
`ume name.
`volume name n. See volume label.
`volume reference number n. See volume serial number.
`volume serial number n. The optional identifying vol-
`ume number of a disk or tape. MS-DOS systems use the
`term volume serial number. Apple Macintosh systems use
`the term volume reference number. A volume serial num-
`ber is not the same as a volume label or volume name.
`Compare volume label.
`VON n. Acronym for voice on the net. A broad category of
`hardware and software technology for real-time voice and
`video transmission over the Internet. The term was coined
`by Jeff Pulver, who formed a group called the VON Coali-
`tion, which opposes regulation of VON technology and
`promotes VON to the public.
`von Neumann architecture n. The most common struc-
`ture for computer systems, attributed to the mathematician
`John von Neumann. It uses the concept of a program that
`can be permanently stored in a computer and manipulated
`or made self-modifying through machine-based instruc-
`tions. Sequential processing is characteristic of von Neu-
`
`mann architecture. Parallel architectures have evolved to
`improve on the encumbrances of sequential instructions.
`See also parallel computer.
`von Neumann bottleneck n. Competition between data
`and instructions for CPU time. Mathematician John von
`Neumann was the first to show that a computer based on
`architecture linking a single processor with memory will
`actually spend more time retrieving data from memory
`than processing it. The bottleneck arises when the proces-
`sor has to trade off between executing a large number of
`instructions per second and reading in a large amount of
`data in the same time. See also CPU.
`VPD n. Acronym for virtual printer device driver. See vir-
`tual device driver.
`VPN n. See virtual private network.
`VR n. See virtual reality.
`VRAM n. See video RAM.
`VRC n. Acronym for vertical redundancy check. A
`method for checking the accuracy of transmitted data.
`VRC generates an extra bit (parity bit) for each character
`transmitted. The parity bit indicates whether the character
`contains an odd or an even number of 1 bits. If its value
`does not match the type of the character, that character is
`assumed to be incorrectly transmitted. See also parity.
`Compare LRC.
`VRML n. Acronym for Virtual Reality Modeling Lan-
`guage. A scene description language for creating 3-D inter-
`active Web graphics similar to those found in some video
`games, allowing the user to “move around” within a graphic
`image and interact with objects. VRML, a subset of Silicon
`Graphics’ Inventor File Format (ASCII), was created by
`Mark Pesce and Tony Parisi in 1994. VRML files can be
`created in a text editor, although CAD packages, modeling
`and animation packages, and VRML authoring software are
`the tools preferred by most VRML authors. VRML files
`reside on an HTTP server; links to these files can be embed-
`ded in HTML documents, or users can access the VRML
`files directly. To view VRML Web pages, users need a
`VRML-enabled browser or a VRML plug-in for Internet
`Explorer or Netscape Navigator. See also 3-D graphic,
`HTML document, HTTP server (definition 1).
`v-root n. See virtual root.
`V series n. The series of ITU-T (formerly CCITT) rec-
`ommendations relating to modems and modem communi-
`cations over the public phone system, including signaling,
`coding, and circuit characteristics. See the table.
`
`558
`
`V
`
`Micron Ex. 1048, p. 4
`Micron v. Vervain
`IPR2021-01550
`
`