Microsoft
`
`
`Computer
`Dictionar
`Fifth Edition
`
`
`
`
` 5
`
`
`
`LN AeeeeLecOmMCNmcLeciG
`technologies, terms, and acronyms
`° Easy to read, expertly illustrated
`« Definitive coverage of hardware,
`reyaas)hegl ome icaleplolemee elemeele)ged)
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`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267
`004'.03--dc21
`
`2002
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT
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`7 6 5 4 3 2
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`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd.
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`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com.
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`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-41929
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`

`

`D
`
`data flow
`
`data management
`
`data flow or dataflow n. 1. The movement of data
`through a system, from entry to destination. 2. In parallel
`processing, a design in which a calculation is made either
`when all necessary data is available (data-driven process-
`ing) or when other processors request the data (demand-
`driven processing). See also parallel processing.
`data fork n. In Macintosh files, the part of a stored docu-
`ment that contains user-supplied information, such as the
`text of a word-processing document. A Macintosh file can
`have a data fork, a resource fork (which contains informa-
`tion such as program code, font data, digitized sound, or
`icons), and a header. All three parts are used by the operat-
`ing system in file management and storage. See also
`resource (definition 2), resource fork.
`data format n. The structure applied to data by an appli-
`cation program to provide a context in which the data can
`be interpreted.
`data frame n. A packet of information transmitted as a
`unit on a network. Data frames are defined by the network’s
`data-link layer and exist only on the wire between network
`nodes. See also data-link layer, frame (definition 2).
`data glove n. A data input device or controller in the
`form of a glove fitted with sensors that convert movement
`of the hand and fingers into commands. See also virtual
`reality.
`datagram n. One packet, or unit, of information, along
`with relevant delivery information such as the destination
`address, that is sent through a packet-switching network.
`See also packet switching.
`data independence n. The separation of data in a data-
`base from the programs that manipulate it. Data indepen-
`dence makes stored data as accessible as possible.
`data integrity n. The accuracy of data and its conformity
`to its expected value, especially after being transmitted or
`processed.
`data interchange format n. A format consisting of
`ASCII codes in which database, spreadsheet, and similar
`documents can be structured to facilitate their use by and
`transfer to other programs. Acronym: DIF. See also ASCII.
`data item n. See data element.
`data library n. A cataloged collection of data files on disk
`or in another storage medium.
`data link n. A connection between any two devices
`capable of sending and receiving information, such as a
`
`computer and a printer or a main computer and a termi-
`nal. Sometimes the term is extended to include equip-
`ment, such as a modem, that enables transmission and
`receiving. Such devices follow protocols that govern data
`transmission. See also communications protocol, data-
`link layer, DCE (definition 1), DTE.
`Data Link Connection Identifier n. A virtual circuit on
`frame relay networks that permanently identifies the path
`to a particular destination. See also frame relay, virtual
`circuit.
`Data Link Control n. See DLC.
`data link escape n. In data transmission, a control char-
`acter that changes the meaning of the characters immedi-
`ately following it.
`data-link layer n. The second of seven layers in the ISO/
`OSI reference model for standardizing computer-to-com-
`puter communications. The data-link layer is one layer
`above the physical layer. Its concern is packaging and
`addressing data and managing the flow of transmissions. It
`is the lowest of the three layers (data-link, network, and
`transport) involved in actually moving data between devices.
`See the illustration. See also ISO/OSI reference model.
`
`ISO/OSI MODEL
`
`ISO/OSI Layer
`Application
`(highest level)
`Presentation
`
`Session
`
`Transport
`Network
`
`Data-link
`
`Physical
`
`Focus
`Program-to-program transfer
`of information
`Text formatting and display, code
`conversion
`Establishing, maintaining, and
`coordinating communication
`Accurate delivery, service quality
`Transport routes, message
`handling and transfer
`Coding, addressing, and
`transmitting information
`Hardware connections
`
`F0Dgn02.epsData-link layer on ISO/OSI reference model.
`data management n. The control of data from acquisi-
`tion and input through processing, output, and storage. In
`microcomputers, hardware manages data by gathering it,
`moving it, and following instructions to process it. The
`operating system manages the hardware and ensures that
`
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