Ph.D.
`
`C. Wright,
`Kenneth
`Wallace,
`M.D.
`Sidney
`Charnsangavej,
`Chusilp
`C. Humberto
`Carrasco,
`Cesare
`Gianturco,
`M.D.
`
`M.D.
`M.D.
`
`Percutaneous
`An Experimental
`
`Endovascular
`Evaluation’
`
`Stents:
`
`of
`the
`
`the
`
`in-
`
`by
`
`endovascular
`expanding,
`Percutaneous,
`steel
`stainless
`of
`constructed
`stents
`were
`Stents
`pattern.
`in a zig-zag
`wire
`formed
`of
`time
`periods
`for
`varying
`were
`placed
`and
`ab-
`cava,
`vein,
`vena
`in
`the
`jugular
`adult
`dogs.
`five
`in each
`dominal
`aorta
`could
`be
`stents
`force
`of
`The
`dilating
`number
`size,
`wire
`different
`by
`controlled
`length.
`stent
`and
`of wire
`bends,
`and
`angle
`be
`could
`multiple
`stents
`In addition,
`after
`or one
`inside
`other
`placed
`one
`circumstance.
`depending
`on the
`the
`other,
`distended
`the
`vessels
`and
`The
`stents
`diameter.
`flow
`defects,
`their
`No
`creased
`narrowing,
`occlusion
`were
`or
`luminal
`the
`in any
`of
`stented
`vessels,
`even
`noted
`Side
`6 months.
`branches
`bridged
`after
`stents
`remained
`patent
`showed
`and
`the
`indication
`of narrowing.
`Stent
`wires
`no
`became
`encased
`by
`a proliferation
`of
`the
`tunica
`intima
`where
`they
`contacted
`the
`vessel
`wall.
`Encasement
`was
`slower
`and
`less
`extensive
`in
`the
`abdominal
`aorta.
`No
`vascular
`erosion
`or
`clot
`formation
`was
`found
`to be
`associated
`with
`any
`the
`stents.
`
`the
`
`on
`the
`
`I N 1969,
`
`Dotter
`steel,
`the
`
`stainless
`(1 ). This
`of wire
`significant
`small
`coils
`Three
`prosthesis
`can
`which
`require
`stents
`produced
`have
`deposition
`Recently,
`The
`or
`
`spirals
`(5).
`perforation,
`sis,
`disadvantage
`major
`requirement
`of
`ment.
`describe
`We
`stainless
`The
`in
`
`al.
`et
`wire
`first
`was
`Although
`stents.
`of
`narrowing
`passed
`could
`be
`reported
`laboratories
`of
`a
`constructed
`through
`be
`passed
`heated
`and
`ice water
`narrowing
`luminal
`wines
`(2-4).
`the
`stent
`expanding,
`use
`of
`were
`stable
`and
`providing
`associated
`a large-access
`
`reported
`stents
`report
`
`the
`on
`in
`placed
`nonoperative,
`of
`coils
`exhibited
`the
`lumen
`occurred
`percutaneously
`on
`the
`thermal
`
`experimental
`the
`popliteal
`endartenial
`long-term
`within
`them,
`(1).
`of
`
`use
`arteries
`
`type
`new
`a
`alloy,
`memory
`However,
`(2-4).
`for
`placement,
`4 weeks
`because
`
`of
`
`coiled,
`of
`dogs
`placement
`patency,
`and
`only
`
`of
`
`endo-
`nitinol,
`these
`they
`fibnin
`
`and
`of
`
`use
`shaped
`catheter
`saline
`within
`
`a
`
`spring,
`not
`did
`adequate
`with
`these
`applicator
`
`an
`
`was
`
`spirals
`stenosis,
`was
`
`steel
`produce
`technique
`endoprostheses
`introduction
`
`for
`
`reported
`thrombo-
`The
`used.
`the
`was
`place-
`
`and
`
`lan,
`need.
`tamed
`
`a new
`steel
`stent
`technique
`canine
`
`arteries
`
`of
`
`for
`
`percutaneous,
`type
`can
`be
`tailored
`that
`introduction
`and
`and
`veins
`also
`
`are
`
`vessel
`
`expanding,
`to
`the
`preliminary
`discussed.
`
`endovascu-
`and
`to
`results
`
`the
`ob-
`
`of
`
`MATERIALS
`
`AND
`
`METHODS
`
`terms:
`Index
`prostheses,
`
`Arteries,
`9.456
`
`prostheses,
`
`9.456
`
`#{149}Veins,
`
`Radiology
`
`1985;
`
`156:69-72
`
`1 From
`
`the Department
`
`of Radiological
`
`Sciences,
`
`M.D.
`
`Hos-
`Anderson
`at Houston,
`of Texas
`University
`Texas.
`Received
`Tumor
`Institute,
`Houston,
`pital
`and
`revision
`requested
`27, 1984;
`accepted
`and
`September
`March
`4, 1985.
`Pre-
`16;
`revision
`received
`November
`the
`70th
`Scientific
`Assembly
`and Annual
`sented
`of
`the Radiological
`Society
`of North
`America,
`Meeting
`D.C.,
`November
`25-30,
`1984.
`Dr.
`Washington,
`research
`supported
`part
`by
`the
`John
`in
`Wright’s
`Research
`Foundation,
`the George
`A. Cook
`Dunn
`Fund,
`research
`grant
`CA-l6672
`awarded
`morial
`the National
`Institute,
`Department
`of Health
`and
`Human
`© RSNA,
`See
`also
`issue.
`
`at
`
`and
`Cancer
`Services.
`1985
`the
`article
`
`this
`
`S.
`Me-
`
`by Palmaz
`
`et al.
`
`(pp.
`
`73-77)
`
`in
`
`inch)
`
`X 3.5
`cm in length
`(5.5
`X 2.0
`cm in
`diameter
`bent
`in
`a
`zig-zag
`time
`in the
`jugular
`of
`dogs
`(Table
`1) and
`five
`force, migration,
`paten-
`
`the
`
`in
`with
`was
`and
`12-F
`the
`flat-
`the
`
`the
`
`in
`
`the
`
`of
`
`fit
`
`the
`while
`and
`
`sizes
`in two
`constructed
`were
`stents
`Endovascular
`length
`cm in
`3.0
`and
`expanded
`fully
`cm in
`diameter
`wire
`(0.018
`steel
`stainless
`from
`fully
`expanded)
`varying
`periods
`for
`were
`placed
`1). They
`pattern
`(Fig.
`abdominal
`aorta
`of
`and
`postcava,
`and
`vein,
`precava
`with
`regard
`to ease
`of use,
`dilating
`were
`evaluated
`local
`and
`vascular
`changes.
`cy,
`thrombogenicity,
`were
`They
`study.
`in
`used
`dogs
`(20-26
`kg) were
`mongrel
`Five
`adult,
`pentobar-
`sodium
`of 30 mg/kg
`intravenous
`injection
`with
`an
`anesthetized
`femoral
`Ill.).
`The
`jugular
`vein,
`Abbott,
`North
`Chicago,
`bital
`(Nembutal;
`isolated.
`An
`incision
`was made
`artery
`were
`surgically
`vein,
`and
`femoral
`containing
`a 12-F Teflon
`catheter
`a 12-F Teflon
`sheath
`each
`vessel,
`and
`tip
`inserted.
`Under
`fluoroscopic
`monitoring,
`catheter
`a tapered
`was
`the
`just
`advanced
`beyond
`area
`interest.
`stent
`compressed
`was
`The
`within
`placed
`a Teflon
`cartridge
`that
`the
`adaptor
`of
`inside
`The
`sheath.
`12-F
`catheter
`was
`removed,
`the
`cartridge
`was
`placed
`adaptor,
`with
`sheath
`and
`the
`stent
`was
`advanced
`through
`sheath
`the
`12-F
`of
`end
`ended
`polyethylene
`tubing.
`When
`stent
`the
`reached
`the
`sheath,
`polyethylene
`tubing
`was
`held
`the
`was withdrawn.
`sheath
`freed
`This
`the
`stent,
`allowing
`to expand
`hug
`wall.
`In some
`it
`the
`vessel
`stents
`cases,
`were
`placed
`one
`inside
`another
`or one
`after
`another
`(Table
`1).
`Angiognaphy
`was
`performed
`immediately
`after
`the
`procedure,
`again
`after
`1
`week,
`and
`at monthly
`intervals,
`to document
`stent
`position
`and
`vascu-
`lan anatomy.
`dogs
`were
`killed
`the
`end
`of
`study
`by exsanguination
`at
`under
`deep
`pentobarbital
`anesthesia,
`a complete
`necropsy
`performed.
`
`then
`The
`sodium
`
`the
`and
`
`was
`
`by
`
`RESULTS
`
`No
`vascular
`
`difficulties
`stents.
`
`were
`They
`
`encountered
`were
`easy
`
`in
`use
`
`the
`
`placement
`could
`
`and
`
`to
`
`of
`
`the
`placed
`
`be
`
`endo-
`one
`
`69
`
`MEDTRONIC 1028
`
`

`

`inside
`No
`dogs
`The
`
`was
`the
`
`another
`distress
`during
`expansile
`found
`to
`diameter
`and
`each
`placed
`
`of
`
`be
`
`after
`in
`
`another.
`any
`of
`
`the
`
`of
`
`the
`on
`wire,
`
`stents
`stent
`the
`the
`of
`Spe-
`
`in-
`
`of
`and
`inside
`
`force
`
`one
`or
`observed
`study.
`strength
`dependent
`of
`stent
`in
`bends
`number
`the
`another.
`increased
`length,
`increased
`larger
`angle
`and
`increased
`
`stent
`diameter,
`bends,
`bends,
`used.
`made
`that
`
`was
`length,
`angle
`number
`stent,
`wire
`on
`stents
`expansile
`cifically,
`decreased
`with
`wine
`stent
`creased
`of wine
`number
`by wine
`formed
`of
`stents
`number
`Angiograms
`vessels
`showed
`tended
`the
`diameter.
`narrowing,
`vessels
`Blood
`patent
`remained
`narrowing
`of
`cation
`(Fig.
`2).
`months
`29
`with
`of
`noted
`stent
`long
`One
`postcava
`in
`during
`ally
`placement,
`occurred
`encountered
`tion.
`Postmortem
`cellular
`the
`
`the
`stents
`
`of
`the
`increasing
`defects,
`
`stented
`dis-
`their
`luminal
`noted.
`stents
`no mdi-
`after
`6
`
`was
`the
`
`by
`showed
`even
`was
`migration
`placed.
`30
`stents
`alone
`cm)
`placed
`1.6
`cm crani-
`following
`movement
`
`No
`on
`
`vessels,
`flow
`occlusion
`bridged
`and
`
`No
`the
`(5.5
`migrated
`first
`no
`
`the
`
`and
`
`the
`but
`
`week
`further
`complications
`no
`because
`of
`
`examinations
`proliferation
`stents
`where
`the
`vessel
`4 weeks
`following
`stents
`were
`almost
`covered
`while
`just
`beginning
`By
`12 weeks,
`with
`tissue
`vessel
`cell
`
`were
`migra-
`
`this
`
`wall
`
`3).
`
`showed
`occurred
`the
`wires
`(Fig.
`placement,
`completely
`aontic
`stents
`to be
`incor-
`stents
`were
`the
`wines
`After
`noted
`the
`of
`no
`the
`
`(30%)
`all
`where
`wall.
`
`growth
`that
`3b).
`was
`seen
`
`was
`bridged
`erosion
`and
`of
`
`any
`
`No
`noted,
`on
`
`the
`some
`segments
`(Fig.
`walls
`was
`
`6
`
`Figure
`
`1
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`Expanding
`a.
`Collapsed
`b.
`Stent
`fully
`
`stent.
`steel
`stainless
`beginning
`stent
`expanded
`after
`
`to exit
`being
`
`sheath.
`12-F Teflon
`pushed
`from sheath.
`
`___________
`
`1
`
`Table
`Summary
`
`of Vascular
`
`Stent
`
`Placement
`
`in Five Adult
`
`Dogs
`
`other
`the
`renal
`the
`other
`
`in abdomi-
`celiac,
`cranial
`arteries
`in precava
`
`bridging
`
`both
`
`of
`
`one
`right
`in
`the
`
`3.0
`
`5.5
`
`3.0
`
`5.5
`
`3
`
`3
`
`3
`
`2
`
`20
`
`20
`
`pre-
`other
`
`8 cm above
`inside
`the
`precava
`the
`celiac,
`renal
`arteries
`other
`in postcava
`
`crani-
`
`in precava
`placed
`
`2.3
`
`the
`arteries
`bridging
`
`cranial
`
`me-
`
`both
`
`renal
`
`Duration
`(mo)
`
`1
`
`3
`
`4
`
`5
`
`that
`around
`contacted
`Within
`venous
`(80%)
`were
`ponated.
`covered
`contacted
`months,
`on
`wine
`renal
`veins
`the
`vascular
`clot
`formation
`stents.
`Microscopically,
`found
`to
`be
`vessel
`wall
`of
`sion
`the
`mediately
`were
`covered
`tissue
`tive
`to
`that
`ness
`intima.
`stented
`of
`endothelium
`men.
`
`multiple
`by
`
`a
`that
`found
`
`located
`and
`encased
`tunica
`intima
`surrounding
`layers
`layer
`was
`
`were
`the
`exten-
`4).
`Im-
`wires
`
`stent
`deep
`
`of
`
`in
`Finally,
`lined
`
`the
`
`wines
`within
`an
`by
`(Fig.
`the
`endothelium
`of
`fibrous
`connec-
`similar
`in
`thick-
`adjacent
`un-
`the
`a single
`layer
`vascular
`lu-
`
`Stent
`Size
`Weight
`No.
`Used
`(cm)
`(kg)
`Placement
`Vascular
`_______________________________________________________________________
`22
`5.5
`5
`placed
`Two
`inside
`one
`the
`aorta
`nal
`bridging
`(AA)
`mesentenic,
`right
`and
`Two
`placed
`inside
`at
`level
`atrium
`One
`placed
`postcava
`renal
`veins
`jugular
`right
`in
`One
`placed
`placed
`one
`two
`cava,
`and
`8 cm above
`in left
`jugular
`One
`placed
`in AA bridging
`al mesenteric,
`and
`right
`Two
`placed
`one
`inside
`the
`bridging
`both
`renal
`veins
`Two
`placed
`one
`inside
`the other
`at
`level
`of right
`atrium,
`and
`one
`cm above
`the
`right
`atrium
`One
`placed
`in AA bridging
`senteric
`and
`both
`renal
`One
`placed
`in
`postcava
`veins
`another
`after
`one
`Four
`placed
`ning
`at T-11 (diaphragm)and
`One
`placed
`in postcava
`at
`phragm
`inside
`One
`placed
`level
`of L-4-L-5
`in postcava
`another
`after
`Two
`placed
`one
`renal
`veins
`and
`hepatic
`between
`the
`the
`celiac,
`One
`placed
`in AA bridging
`al mesentenic,
`and
`phrenicoabdominal
`arteries
`Two
`placed
`at
`level
`Two
`placed
`bridging
`
`26
`
`21
`
`5.5
`
`3.0
`
`5.5
`
`5
`
`3
`
`5
`
`of
`
`one
`right
`one
`both
`
`in AA begin-
`ending
`at L-5
`of dia-
`
`level
`
`last
`
`long
`
`stent
`
`in AA at
`
`crani-
`
`6
`
`the
`
`other
`
`in precava
`
`other
`
`in postcava
`
`inside
`atrium
`inside
`renal
`
`the
`veins
`
`DISCUSSION
`
`quine
`
`the
`
`use
`
`of
`
`ice water
`
`or
`
`hot
`
`saline
`
`reached
`
`the
`
`tip
`
`of
`
`the
`
`Teflon
`
`sheath,
`
`of
`
`a
`
`endo-
`expandable,
`various
`be made
`can
`stainless
`lengths
`from
`pattern.
`in
`zig-zag
`place
`percutaneously
`to
`arteries
`and
`do
`
`not
`
`ne-
`
`as
`F)
`(5,
`
`nitinol
`do
`introducer
`6).
`Two
`successful
`First,
`
`factors
`
`when
`
`coils
`as
`
`do
`
`(2-4),
`spring
`
`or
`
`a large
`steel
`
`(21-
`spirals
`
`were
`placement
`the
`distal
`
`important
`of
`
`end
`
`the
`of
`
`the
`
`the
`in
`stent.
`stent
`
`Percutaneous,
`vascular
`stents
`diameters
`and
`steel
`wire
`formed
`They
`are
`easy
`in
`and
`
`veins
`
`70
`
`#{149}Radiology
`
`used
`while
`stent
`
`tubing
`held
`
`the
`was
`the
`drawn;
`introducer.
`the
`the
`fully
`of
`larger
`than
`
`to
`the
`was
`Second,
`expanded
`that
`of
`
`the
`
`the
`was
`pushed
`the
`stent
`recipient
`
`stent
`with-
`from
`diameter
`had
`to
`vessel
`
`be
`
`July
`
`1985
`
`advance
`sheath
`not
`
`

`

`Figure
`
`2
`
`the
`if
`is not
`placed
`the
`
`expansile
`sufficient,
`one
`dilating
`
`in-
`
`in
`
`by
`
`blood
`a
`becomes
`wall
`intima
`This
`in
`has
`(5-
`
`in
`
`but
`
`the
`
`studies
`placement
`encasement
`migration,
`displacement
`not
`probable.
`1 month,
`for
`approximately
`the
`aortic
`covered
`
`stents
`(30%).
`to
`
`and
`
`wall.
`noted
`wire
`system
`obtained
`becomes
`Radiogra-
`by
`1 week
`sufficient
`occurred
`during
`possible
`was
`being
`After
`stents
`venous
`encased,
`80%
`only
`were
`This
`difference
`greater
`the
`due
`the
`aorta.
`in
`pressure
`contacting
`wires
`all
`stent
`completely
`encased.
`wall
`were
`into
`vascular
`incorporation
`but
`thrombogenicity
`(3),
`reduces
`on
`bare
`found,
`even
`the
`clot
`was
`This
`6 months.
`differs
`after
`showed
`spirals,
`which
`spo-
`steel
`attachment
`of
`thrombus
`cases
`infrarenal
`the
`development
`in
`2 weeks
`first
`the
`cava
`within
`(5). Occasional
`placement
`noted
`on
`stent
`growth
`was
`branches,
`especially
`However,
`all
`branches
`even
`when
`crossed
`This
`is
`similar
`by Maass
`reported
`
`the
`
`the
`
`to
`this
`
`in
`
`par-
`
`is
`
`3
`
`blood
`By
`the
`
`fol-
`cel-
`wires
`
`in
`
`6 months
`patency
`
`following
`of
`bridged
`arrows.
`
`placement
`side
`Additional
`
`of
`branches
`stents
`
`stents.
`and
`seen
`
`the
`
`lack
`to
`
`of
`the
`
`aortic
`night
`
`narrowing.
`of
`the
`
`aorta
`
`The
`are
`
`b.
`
`covered
`
`by
`
`of
`
`were
`
`renal
`one
`inside
`appear
`to
`
`veins
`
`be
`
`(arrows)
`other.
`the
`outside
`
`and
`Because
`vena
`
`the
`
`of
`
`lack
`stent
`cava.
`
`stents
`stainless
`the
`anywhere
`will
`
`in
`accommo-
`
`that
`
`narrowing
`
`for
`
`et
`
`to
`al.
`oth-
`(2-4).
`steel
`the
`
`In addition,
`ends.
`the
`of
`one
`stent
`strength
`be
`stents
`can
`several
`to
`another
`increase
`side
`at
`a specific
`point.
`force
`Following
`placement
`vessel,
`the
`stent
`gradually
`incorporated
`into
`the
`vascular
`a
`proliferation
`the
`tunica
`of
`where
`the
`contact
`the
`wires
`is
`similar
`has
`been
`to what
`other
`studies
`in which
`steel
`been
`placed
`the
`vascular
`7),
`differs
`from
`results
`with
`nitinol
`wire,
`which
`covered
`with
`fibnin
`(2-4).
`phic
`indicated
`that
`after
`of
`stent,
`intimal
`had
`prevent
`but
`week,
`first
`although
`place
`were
`while
`tially
`probably
`flow
`months,
`vessel
`This
`wall
`no
`wires
`from
`radic
`and
`vena
`lowing
`lular
`side
`bridging
`cava.
`the
`vena
`patent
`remained
`stents.
`by multiple
`obtained
`the
`results
`not
`been
`(5),
`but
`has
`endovascular
`en
`types
`of
`Thus
`it
`appears
`that
`stents
`can
`be
`placed
`vascular
`system
`date
`No
`during
`vessels
`this
`for
`from
`which
`luminal
`because
`stent
`No
`
`was
`the
`in
`6 months.
`results
`the
`(5)
`spirals
`endovascular
`shown
`within
`deposition
`
`noted
`stented
`Again,
`reported
`differs
`stents,
`produce
`4 weeks
`on
`the
`
`but
`
`to
`
`on
`were
`
`to
`the
`
`found
`they
`previously
`vascular
`because
`able
`of
`wall.
`mdi-
`
`and
`force
`the
`vascular
`evaluation
`
`them.
`luminan
`angiography
`even
`after
`similar
`to
`is
`steel
`spring
`nitinol
`the
`have
`been
`narrowing
`of
`fibrin
`(1-4).
`formation
`the
`stents
`at
`This
`similar
`results
`(1-4).
`was
`seen,
`probably
`were
`normal
`reducing
`against
`from
`
`was
`time
`to
`No
`
`wires
`clot
`the
`
`of
`any
`removed.
`reported
`erosion
`vessels
`the
`expand,
`wires
`stent
`Results
`
`is
`
`thus
`
`the
`
`this
`
`Angiograms
`a.
`Aortogram
`stent
`is
`located
`Angiogram
`caval
`narrowing
`wires
`were
`
`obtained
`showing
`located
`between
`in
`the
`vena
`cava.
`showing
`of
`vena
`cava
`even
`though
`two
`a layer
`of
`
`patency
`stents
`endothelium,
`
`bridged
`placed
`some
`
`immediate
`expansile
`determined
`was
`depending
`varies
`cause
`fully
`expanded
`of
`the
`ameten
`of
`the
`recipient
`to
`that
`relation
`the
`vessel,
`smaller
`(i.e.,
`pressure
`expansile
`the
`er
`the
`intrinsic
`and
`on
`stent)
`itself.
`of
`stent
`force
`can
`of
`stent
`force
`wire
`manipulating
`the
`angle
`ber
`and
`of wine
`stent
`length.
`Expansile
`with
`the
`of
`
`migration.
`of
`
`our
`
`for
`
`The
`be
`size,
`bends,
`force
`wire,
`
`pressure
`in
`
`to
`
`prevent
`The
`
`not
`it
`
`the
`
`the
`the
`
`use
`
`larger
`
`the
`
`stent
`be-
`di-
`in
`
`by
`num-
`the
`
`so
`
`of
`
`collapsed
`the
`diameter
`of
`a lang-
`use
`necessitates
`Decreasing
`for
`placement.
`the
`increasing
`length
`and
`angle
`or
`the
`wire
`bends
`also
`increases
`the
`bends
`force.
`Therefore,
`stainless
`stents
`can
`tailor-
`be
`to
`length,
`diameter,
`
`of
`by
`
`the
`does
`which
`stent,
`en
`catheter
`the
`stent
`number
`formed
`the
`dilating
`steel
`vascular
`regard
`made
`with
`force.
`and
`expansile
`stents
`Multiple
`on
`the
`depending
`interest
`area
`of
`stent,
`several
`after
`another
`
`be
`can
`circumstance.
`is
`longer
`can
`slight
`
`be
`
`employed
`If
`
`than
`placed
`overlap
`
`the
`one
`one
`
`at
`
`stents
`with
`
`the
`study
`on
`the
`stent
`vessel
`great-
`a given
`dilating
`dilating
`varied
`the
`and
`increases
`but
`
`Volume
`
`156
`
`Number
`
`1
`
`Radiology
`
`#{149}71
`
`

`

`(cid:1)_‘(cid:1)1
`
`A(cid:1)
`
`that
`
`cate
`have
`should
`These
`tions.
`of
`flow
`ment
`neighboring
`cava
`syndrome),
`cular
`patency
`loon
`dilatations,
`aortic
`aneurysms,
`incomplete,
`long,
`stenoses.
`
`after
`
`stents
`expanding
`these
`applica-
`clinical
`several
`reestablish-
`include
`may
`compressed
`veins
`in
`(superior
`tumor
`maintenance
`percutaneous
`dissecting
`repair
`of
`and
`correction
`irregular,
`vascular
`
`by
`vena
`vas-
`bal-
`
`of
`
`of
`
`U
`
`Ra-
`the
`A.
`
`from
`stent.
`bridging
`are
`devoid
`
`dog
`Note
`
`in
`that
`the
`of
`
`Fig.
`
`2. Stents
`stent
`wires
`celiac
`trunk,
`cell
`growth
`
`in
`
`had
`are
`the
`(arrows),
`
`been
`covered
`superior
`and
`
`6 months.
`for
`place
`where
`they
`only
`mesenteric
`artery,
`no
`narrowing
`of
`
`the
`contact
`some
`and
`vascular
`
`the
`
`collected
`
`the
`
`Specimens
`a.
`Abdominal
`vessel
`vertebral
`origins
`Two
`stents
`the
`
`b.
`
`wall.
`
`aortic
`Wires
`arteries
`can
`be
`seen.
`one
`stents
`placed
`where
`are
`covered
`stent
`wires
`bridging
`
`other
`the
`inside
`contact
`they
`the
`renal
`veins
`
`in the
`the
`vessel
`(arrows).
`
`vena
`cava
`wall.
`
`bridging
`Some
`cell
`
`both
`growth
`
`renal
`can
`
`veins.
`be
`seen
`
`The
`on
`
`Acknowledgments:
`B.S.,
`quel
`Collins,
`technical
`invaluable
`her
`secretarial
`for
`Davis
`of
`this manuscript.
`
`and
`
`The
`Irene
`assistance,
`help
`
`authors
`Szwarc,
`
`and
`the
`
`in
`
`thank
`for
`R.T.,
`Shirley
`preparation
`
`correspondence
`C. Wright,
`Sciences,
`M.D.
`6723
`
`Send
`Kenneth
`diological
`at Houston,
`mor
`Institute,
`Texas
`77030.
`
`requests
`reprint
`and
`Department
`Ph.D.,
`Box
`57, University
`Anderson
`Hospital
`Bertner
`Drive,
`
`to:
`of Ra-
`of Texas
`and
`Tu-
`Houston,
`
`References
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`placed
`long-term
`Invest
`
`coil-
`pa-
`Ra-
`
`grafts:
`artery.
`
`A
`
`al.
`mem-
`
`MK,
`nitinol
`Radi-
`
`Transluminally
`CT.
`Dotter
`tube
`endarterial
`spring
`popliteal
`in
`canine
`tency
`1969;
`4:329-332.
`diol
`et
`E,
`R, Salzman
`M, Kaplow
`Simon
`shaped
`thermal
`using
`cava
`filter
`vena
`1977;
`125:89-94.
`alloy.
`Radiology
`ory
`RW, McKinney
`CT, Buschmann
`Dotter
`expandable
`J.
`Transluminal
`Rosch
`stent
`grafting:
`preliminary
`report.
`coil
`1983;
`147:259-260.
`ology
`A,
`Lund
`G, Rysavy
`Cragg
`Castaneda-Zuniga
`W, Amplatz
`gical
`placement
`arterial
`a new
`technique
`using
`ology
`1983;
`147:261-263.
`Maass
`D, Zollikofer
`ning
`Radiological
`minally
`inserted
`an
`experimental
`rals.
`Radiology
`Maass
`D.
`panding
`1983;
`Surg
`Gianturco
`new vena
`evaluation.
`
`A.
`
`Figure
`
`4
`
`;
`
`.:i..:(cid:1),:.
`
`._
`
`#{149}(cid:1) (cid:1)
`
`;
`
`(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
`
`-
`
`.
`
`\(cid:1)‘(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1);:-
`
`(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)(cid:1) (cid:1)/1.
`
`(cid:1)(cid:1) (cid:1)
`
`.
`
`-,
`
`(cid:1),.-
`
`(cid:1)(cid:1) (cid:1)_‘(cid:1)_!:
`
`.‘.
`
`.
`
`,(cid:1)
`
`.
`
`4.
`
`5.
`
`6.
`
`7.
`
`‘r,
`
`Photomicrograph
`cased
`vena
`The
`large,
`wire
`was
`liferation
`endothelium
`Hemotoxylin
`
`caval
`discrete,
`located.
`of
`the
`lines
`and
`
`;(cid:1)
`
`-
`
`-
`
`...,-(cid:1).
`
`..(cid:1).
`
`.
`
`r(cid:1)
`
`of
`stent
`
`section
`a cross
`wire
`3 months
`endothelium-lined
`Note
`that
`the
`encasement
`tunica
`intima,
`and
`that
`the
`luminal
`surface
`of
`eosin,
`X100.
`
`made
`following
`space
`
`en-
`
`an
`through
`placement.
`the
`is where
`a pro-
`is due
`to
`single
`layer
`of
`vessel
`(arrow).
`
`a
`the
`
`F,
`
`J, Castaneda
`K.
`Nonsur-
`endoprostheses:
`nitinol
`wire.
`
`Radi-
`
`of
`
`F, Sen-
`Largiader
`CL,
`translu-
`of
`follow-up
`vascular
`endoprostheses:
`study
`using
`expanding
`1984;
`152:659-663.
`Reaction
`of
`the
`aortic
`metal
`implants.
`Thorac
`31 (special
`I): 38.
`issue
`C, Anderson
`JH, Wallace
`cava
`filter:
`experimental
`Radiology
`1980;
`137:835-837.
`
`spi-
`
`to ex-
`wall
`Cardiovasc
`
`A
`
`S.
`animal
`
`72
`
`#{149}Radiology
`
`July
`
`1985
`
`(cid:1)
`(cid:1)
`(cid:1)
`(cid:1)
`(cid:1)
`(cid:1)
`(cid:1)
`