Spatially Enhancing Business Data with
`Geocoding Solutions
`
`A MapInfo White Paper
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 001
`
`

`

`Geocoding Solutions
`
`2
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 002
`
`

`

`Geocoding Solutions
`
`3
`
`Contents
`
`Overview…………………………………….…………………………………4
`Three Geocoding Approaches…………….……………………………….4
`Geocoding on the Desktop.................................................................5
`Client/Server Geocoding ....................................................................5
`Server-only Geocoding.......................................................................7
`Important Geocoding Features................................ ............................. 8
`Batch or Interactive Processing..........................................................8
`Accuracy Levels .................................................................................9
`Intelligent Data Cleaning ....................................................................9
`Reliable Matching...............................................................................9
`MapMarker: The MapInfo Geocoding Solution…………………...……11
`Customizable Programming Interface .............................................. 11
`MapMarker Accuracy Level Options................................................. 12
`Current, Refreshed Base Data ......................................................... 13
`Conclusions ................................ ................................ ......................... 13
`Glossary of Terms…………………………………………………………..14
`About MapInfo................................ ................................ ...... Back Cover
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 003
`
`

`

`Geocoding Solutions
`
`4
`
`Overview
`
`• • Use geography to
`uncover hidden
`relationships
`among business
`data
`
`• • Street address-
`level geocoding
`meets the spatial
`enhancement
`needs of most
`businesses
`
`Using geography and maps to illustrate geographic relationships among business data is
`important for businesses that want to maximize the hidden potential of their data.
`Mapping and spatial analysis reveals the trends, patterns and opportunities that otherwise
`are lost when sifting through huge databases of information. In order to take advantage
`of the power of mapping and spatial analysis, data must first be enhanced through
`geocoding.
`Geocoding is the process of assigning latitude and longitude coordinates to data. Most
`business data contains a geographic component such as an address or a ZIP Code(cid:226) , and
`a geocoder simply codifies that component to allow spatial analysis or visual display of
`the information on a map.
`Geocoders, like most business software solutions, come in various formats—each with
`numerous capabilities and differing levels of effectiveness. Some are stand-alone
`solutions that allow businesses to geocode large database files, while others come
`included in mapping packages and are ideal for the individual analyst working with local
`data. Most businesses that want to exploit the spatial attributes of their business data will
`find that street-address level geocoding meets their needs. Others may need to geocode
`to less specific levels, such as state boundaries, county boundaries or ZIP Code centroid.
`All geocoders, regardless of how they are packaged, allow users to exploit the spatial
`component of their data, so organizations that are considering a geocoding investment
`must evaluate what type of geocoding approach best fits their infrastructure and which
`geocoding features address their business needs.
`
`Three Approaches to Address Geocoding
`
`When considering the implementation of a geocoding solution, a business must choose a
`geocoder that allows them to leverage the way they already do business rather than one
`that requires them to adapt to new processes. This paper presents three distinct
`geocoding approaches. A business can choose to implement one or
`all of the following geocoding methods, which are differentiated by whether the
`geocoding engine is provided via a server or resides on the desktop, as determined by
`specific spatial enhancement needs.
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 004
`
`

`

`Geocoding Solutions
`
`5
`
`Geocoding on the Desktop
`
`• • Geocoders can
`come included in
`end-user mapping
`applications
`or can be
`implemented
`as stand-alone
`solutions
`
`Traditional desktop mapping applications, such as market analysis or site selection
`applications, rely on an end-user geocoding scenario—whether it is bundled into the
`application or a stand-alone solution—where all work is done on the individual
`computer. Users determine which data is to be geocoded by choosing the desired
`data table, and the geocoder assigns latitude and longitude coordinates to those
`records for placement on a map in the mapping application. The user stores the
`geocoded table on the desktop for future reference and use.
`
`Geocoding Engine
`Geocoding Engine
`
`Geocoding requests
`
`Geocoded Data
`
`Geocoders that are included in mapping packages often require that data be
`translated into a specific format before it is geocoded, but the process can be
`unwieldy for organizations that rely on
`prior investments in large databases. A
`stand-alone solution is more practical
`for businesses that want to geocode
`large volumes of data. Businesses that
`want to geocode their pre-existing
`databases should consider a stand-alone
`geocoding package that features open
`database connectivity (ODBC), so users
`can easily geocode large volumes of pre-
`existing data without first having to
`translate their data into another format.
`Users of this type of geocoding approach
`can geocode data in batch mode for quick
`processing or in interactive mode to
`leverage the user’s localized knowledge of a specific geographic area. When operating
`interactively, the geocoder requests the user’s input for hard-to-match addresses in order
`to increase the hit rate—the chance that the records are matched to the correct
`geographic areas on a map.
`
`Geocoder Interface
`
`Desktop Computer
`
`In the stand-alone geocoding scenario, all work is done on the individual
`computer, where all software, data and geocoded records are stored.
`
`Client/Server Geocoding
`In the client/server geocoding approach, the geocoding work is done by a server, rather
`than the standalone geocoder or mapping application on the desktop. Requests of the
`server are made via a “thin client”, such as an OCX (embedded object), Active X
`application, or any application created in an integrated development environment. This
`approach allows geocoding to be distributed to several users throughout an organization
`without having to purchase or program a geocoding or mapping application for each
`user. Geocoding is an adjunct function to the application with which the user is actually
`working—the primary client application is programmed to access the geocoding
`function when it recognizes a geographic component (i.e., an address).
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 005
`
`

`

`Geocoding Solutions
`
`6
`
`• • Client/Server
`Geocoding
`implementations
`allow enterprise-
`wide information
`sharing for the
`ideal network
`solution
`
`Client Computer running
`Visual Basic Application
`
`Client Computer running
`PowerBuilder Application
`
`Client Computer running
`C Program
`
`OLE Automation API
`OLE Automation API
`
`OLE Automation API
`OLE Automation API
`
`Geocoding OCX
`Geocoding OCX
`
`Geocoding OCX
`Geocoding OCX
`
`This approach is ideal for an Intranet/Internet geocoding solution, allowing several users
`access to data simultaneously. A Web browser or custom-designed interface facilitates
`communication between the users and the geocoding server. For instance, an
`Emergency 911 application is designed to allow operators to visualize address locations
`when fielding emergency calls, but the location of the caller must be geocoded before it
`appears on a map. In the client/server approach, the information is automatically
`geocoded by the server when the caller’s location is typed into the desktop computer.
`The client/server approach
`places control over address-
`based data and any resulting
`geocoded results into the
`hands of developers. A
`developer who wants to
`provide a user with a
`specific geocoding function
`using an OCX, for example,
`can determine exactly what
`the application does once it
`geocodes a record. Since an
`OCX supports an OLE
`automation interface, the
`programmer can design it to
`automatically pass the
`record to the geocoding
`server when data is entered
`into the system by the user,
`pass the geocoded
`information back to the
`OCX, and display the
`information
`on a map at a specific
`Developers can choose to implement geocoding as a client/server solution, depending upon
`predetermined zoom level.
`their organizations’ level of needs. A flexible API allows programmatic control over geocoding
`In the above example, the
`functionality.
`911 operator would simply type in an address location and would receive a map
`display of the area, based on predetermined criteria programmed by the
`application developer.
`
`RPC over TCP/IP
`
`RPC API
`RPC API
`
`Geocoding Server
`Geocoding Server
`
`C API
`C API
`
`Geocoding Engine
`Geocoding Engine
`
`Server Computer
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 006
`
`

`

`Geocoding Solutions
`
`7
`
`• • Server-only
`Geocoding
`automatically
`attaches spatial
`data to
`information from
`several disparate
`sources
`
`When operating in a server implementation, geocoding software and data, as well as add-
`on data such as demographics, can be maintained and updated with no effect on the
`individual user. The client/server approach to geocoding is easy for developers to set up
`and allows more centralized programmatic control.
`
`Server-only Geocoding
`In the server-only approach, geocoding is integrated into the business data-entry process.
`The user enters or updates records through a corporate database that are then
`automatically geocoded by the server, with no user interaction. Whenever a user enters a
`record that contains an address, it is geocoded by the server and stored in the database.
`This server-only approach is accomplished using an embedded module that is
`programmed to recognize any records entered by the user containing a geographic
`component, query the geocoding server, and assign coordinates to the information. This
`implementation differs from the client/server approach in that there is no client
`application. That is, the user does not receive any geocoded information back from the
`server to a desktop application. This approach can be thought of as “application
`neutral”; many different types of applications could simultaneously enter or update rows
`in the database—even in the same data table—and every input would be automatically
`geocoded. The data is simply entered into the corporate database as a row, where it is
`then automatically assigned geographic coordinates. It is accessed and managed as any
`other corporate data would be—it has simply been appended to reflect its spatial
`component.
`
`Data containing
`geographic
`components
`
`Geocoding module
`Geocoding module
`
`Database
`
`GUI
`
`Data
`
`Server computer
`
`Input data
`
`Input data
`
`Input data
`
`In a server-only implementation, the embedded geocoding module detects input data
`containing geographic components (e.g., address or ZIP Code) and geocodes it before
`storing it in the corporate database
`
`In situations that require
`geocoding of one row of records
`at a time, such as point-of-sale
`(POS) geocoding of customer
`addresses, this approach is the
`most practical. It is the preferred
`method for businesses that want
`to distribute geocoding capability
`to several clients throughout an
`organization, such as
`POS registers, without
`compromising data integrity.
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 007
`
`

`

`Geocoding Solutions
`
`8
`
`Batch geocoding is an important feature in this approach as it is in the end-user
`approach: before specifying that every insert or update be geocoded, a business would
`likely want to batch geocode its existing records. An ODBC server implementation of
`geocoding would allow a business to add a spatial column to
`all of its core data in one step on the server.
`
`Important Geocoding Features
`
`When considering a geocoding solution, a business must consider which geocoding
`approach will best fit its data analysis needs. Cost, ease of development and
`implementation, and customizability are all important aspects to take into account. In
`addition there are several vital features that a geocoder should offer, regardless of the
`approach an organization decides to take.
`
`Batch or Interactive Processing
`Users should be given the option to geocode large batches of data in one step or
`interactively. In batch mode, a geocoder will assign spatial coordinates to groups
`of records according to
`predetermined criteria, such as street-
`level address or ZIP Code centroid.
`The user sets the default criteria, and
`the geocoder does all the work. In
`interactive mode, the geocoder asks
`for the user’s input to geocode hard-
`to-match addresses. Interactive
`processing may be more time-
`consuming, but, by notifying the user
`whenever it fails to match a record,
`the geocoder working in interactive
`processing mode improves the hit
`rate to ensure that all business
`records are properly placed on a map.
`
`Users can choose whether to geocode in batch mode or interactively, and decide
`whether to match records to street address or ZIP Code level.
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 008
`
`

`

`Geocoding Solutions
`
`9
`
`• • Options increase
`match accuracy
`by letting the
`user determine
`the desired level
`of geocoding
`
`• • A comprehensive
`and current
`address
`dictionary allows
`the geocoder to
`clean dirty data
`and correct data-
`entry errors
`
`• • Frequent updates
`of base data
`improve address
`matching
`reliability
`
`Accuracy Levels
`Of course, it is important that a geocoder be accurate, but some geocoding instances do
`not require exact street-level address matching. A geocoder using TIGER data, for
`example, can locate geographic positions to within 167 feet, but this level of accuracy
`may not always be necessary. In market analysis applications, for instance, where
`demographic information could be aggregated to a generalized geographic area, a user
`may not need to map exact addresses. To ensure accuracy to the proper geographic level
`(i.e., street address, ZIP+4, ZIP Code, etc.), a geocoder should offer its users the ability
`to choose the desired level of accuracy. The wider the geographic area chosen by the
`user, the higher the hit rate will be. In any geographic analysis scenario, a geocoder that
`attaches US Census information to the various aggregate levels of data allows for
`demographic analysis at US Census levels.
`
`Intelligent Data Cleaning
`Data containing errors—called “bad” or “dirty” data—can present problems for some
`geocoders. Errors can result from various causes, such as poor reporting of information
`or typos in the data entry process. For instance, a record could be erroneously input as
`“1 Maine Street” instead of “1 Main Street”. A geocoder that cleans data intelligently
`would first check its address dictionary to see if there is indeed a Maine Street and/or a
`Main Street, then check for actual addresses before assigning coordinates to the record.
`The geocoder may find, for instance, that Maine Street does not exist, but there is a Main
`Street. The address would then be geocoded to the proper place. Clean address data is
`vital in any direct mail operation, such as billing and marketing, and a good geocoder will
`clean the data to meet CASS-certification standards, so it is deliverable according to
`USPS standards and eligible for volume discount postage pricing.
`The same intelligence would correct improper information such as the use of “Av.”
`instead of “Ave.”, or “Rd.” instead of “Ave.”, etc. An intelligent geocoder will not only
`correct typos, but will also decipher alternative spellings (e.g., Foxborough/Foxboro) and
`names (e.g., Manhattan/New York City), eliminate extraneous words, and search for
`correct ZIP Codes where numbers may have been transposed or omitted.
`
`Reliable Matching
`The process of comparing and matching entered records to a geographic profile is based
`on statistical probability, so a good geocoder matches input data to actual address
`information based on the probability that what is entered into the system represents a
`real-world location. This can be especially difficult in areas that are experiencing high
`growth and development. The geocoder, then, must be equipped with current,
`comprehensive address data—the same type of data used by the USPS, which updates its
`data monthly. The quality of the geocoder’s base data and the frequency with which it is
`updated is a major variable in the quality of a geocoding package.
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 009
`
`

`

`Geocoding Solutions
`
`10
`
`Intelligent data cleaning and interactive processing minimize false positive matches by checking
`input records against an address dictionary and requesting user input for hard-to-match
`addresses.
`
`Though no geocoder can match 100% of addresses, complete and updated data
`minimizes the chance that
`an input record would be
`matched to an incorrect
`location—called a false
`positive match—which often
`occurs when an address
`dictionary is incomplete or
`outdated. In the previous
`example, Maine St. could
`be a newly constructed
`street, but a geocoder with
`an incomplete or outdated
`address dictionary trying to
`match the entry “1 Maine
`St.” could return a false
`positive match of “1 Main
`St.” even though both
`streets exist in the area.
`That is, the geocoder
`reflects a match, though an
`incorrect one. If the
`address dictionary had been
`updated, the record would
`
`have been plotted to the correct address.
`If no exact match can be found, a good geocoder will conduct a “fuzzy” search, where
`nearby localities will be searched to see if the address exists in a neighboring town or
`similar ZIP Code area. For instance, in the example above, if neither Main St. nor Maine
`St. existed in the prescribed ZIP Code area, the geocoder will look in nearby ZIP Codes
`for a match. The intelligent matching process improves the hit rate of the geocoder; that
`is, the more reliable the address dictionary, the higher probability that the address will be
`mapped.
`A geocoder should also allow users to choose whether to use a built-in address dictionary
`or their own data. A user may have perfect up-to-date address information about their
`localized area which would prove more reliable than
`US Census or USPS data. For instance, a user of a one-hour delivery application
`attempting to deliver a package to 1 Maine St. in the above example may not find Maine
`St. in the geocoder’s address dictionary, but may find it in their own updated data. The
`user who cannot choose between the address dictionary and their own data would not be
`able to geocode to the correct location, thereby decreasing the chance of delivering the
`package on time. Similarly, the geocoder’s address dictionary should be extensible. That is,
`the user should be able to insert such street additions as well as update name changes in
`the address dictionary without having to wait for update releases.
`
`• • Fuzzy searches
`increase the
`geocoder’s hit
`rate
`
`• • An extensible
`address
`dictionary allows
`users to update
`base data with
`new or revised
`information
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 010
`
`

`

`Geocoding Solutions
`
`11
`
`MapMarker – The MapInfo Geocoding Solution
`
`MapMarker is the premier geocoding solution from MapInfo that includes all the
`important features and functions of a complete geocoder. MapMarker is available as a
`Windows DLL or UNIX(cid:226) Shared Library, and can run on Windows(cid:226) 95, Windows NT(cid:226)
`and Sun(cid:226) platforms.
`
`Web Browser
`
`Web Server
`Web Server
`
`MapMarker OCX
`MapMarker OCX
`
`CGI Program Instance
`CGI Program Instance
`
`MapMarker OCX
`MapMarker OCX
`
`CGI Program Instance
`
`MapMarker OCX
`MapMarker OCX
`
`CGI Program Instance
`CGI Program Instance
`
`Customizable Programming Interface
`MapMarker offers a flexible application programming interface (API) for custom
`development that allows programmers to create a geocoding solution that fits individual
`business needs. For a specific
`desktop geocoding solution, the
`MapMarker C API allows developers
`to create a client program for full
`control over geocoding functionality.
`MapMarker v3.0 supports ODBC, so
`business users can geocode and store
`data tables on the desktop directly
`from their Oracle(cid:226) , MS Access,
`Sybase(cid:226) or Informix(cid:226) database. And
`with batch or interactive processing,
`the user
`can choose whether to geocode
`thousands of records in one pass
`or one record at a time.
`MapMarker can also be set up to
`operate as an enterprise network or
`Internet/intranet application.
`
`MapMarker Geocoding Engine
`MapMarker Geocoding Engine
`
`MapMarker Server
`MapMarker Server
`
`MapMarker can be implemented as an OCX to allow a true Internet/intranet
`geocoding solution
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 011
`
`

`

`Geocoding Solutions
`
`12
`
`• • Flexible API
`allows
`development of
`custom stand-
`alone,
`client/server or
`server-only
`geocoding
`solutions
`
`MapMarker is available as an OCX, so it can communicate via an OLE Automation
`API. This way it works as an object embedded in a client program created using any
`integrated development environment, such as PowerBuilder, Visual Basic or Delphi. The
`MapMarker OCX allows more client flexibility while decreasing set-up time and cost by
`allowing developers to create a solution using familiar programming languages. In
`addition, the MapMarker OCX can often be used straight out of the box, precluding the
`need for any programming at all.
`For a server implementation, the geocoding power of MapMarker is available as the
`MapInfo Geocoding DataBlade module, which allows businesses to geocode all their
`data stored on the INFORMIX-Universal Server. With the MapInfo Geocoding
`DataBlade module, developers can incorporate the geocoding process as a standard part
`of their data entry process, speeding up the geocoding process. Geocoded data is also
`stored on the INFORMIX-Universal Server, and managed along with the rest of a
`business’ core data.
`
`MapMarker Accuracy Level Options
`MapMarker matches data to street address, ZIP+4 or ZIP Code level, depending upon
`specific business needs. Complete with display maps, MapMarker uses current US
`Census information and refreshed TIGER data to geocode business data to user-
`specified criteria. MapMarker
`Plus is enhanced with Business
`Location Research (BLR)
`street-level data for
`applications requiring extreme
`accuracy, such as overnight
`routing. For applications
`where street-level matching is
`not necessary, such as market
`analysis applications,
`MapMarker ZIP+4 is the
`perfect choice for spotting
`aggregate data trends.
`
`MapMarker matches records to street address, ZIP+4 and ZIP Code levels for accurate
`geocoding. Geocoded points can then be placed on a map and analyzed spatially.
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 012
`
`

`

`Geocoding Solutions
`
`13
`
`• • Bi-monthly
`updates of the
`MapMarker
`address
`dictionary
`ensures data is
`always accurate
`
`Conclusions
`
`• • MapMarker is the
`complete
`geocoding
`solution from
`MapInfo
`Corporation
`
`Current, Refreshed Base Data
`MapMarker offers a refreshed address dictionary, so business data will be geocoded
`using 1996 USPS data and ZIP+4 locations from Geographic Data Technologies
`(GDT). With the MapMarker Maintenance program, data will be updated on a bi-
`monthly basis to keep up with USPS changes and to ensure CASS-certification of
`addresses in corporate databases.
`
`Geocoding is the first step in the spatial enhancement of business data. A geocoding
`solution can be implemented as a desktop, client/server or server-only solution,
`depending upon the specific needs of a business. MapMarker from MapInfo
`Corporation is the complete geocoding solution that offers businesses the flexibility of
`each of these implementations while allowing the user to geocode large files of data in
`batch mode or interactively. The MapMarker extensible address dictionary is refreshed
`bi-monthly, providing current data for improved accuracy. With options like MapMarker
`ZIP+4 and MapMarker Plus, users needing various types and levels of geocoding are
`assured of the most complete, reliable geocoding solution on the market.
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 013
`
`

`

`Geocoding Solutions
`
`14
`
`Glossary of Terms
`
`• Address dictionary: the base data set containing USPS address information used
`in a geocoding solution
`
`• Batch processing: in geocoding, assigning coordinates to all records in large data
`files in one pass
`
`• Dirty data: data containing errors (e.g., misspellings, omissions, transposed
`numbers, etc.)
`
`• Extensible address dictionary: allows insertion and storage of new, revised and
`updated address information
`
`• False positive: input record matched to an incorrect location
`
`• Fuzzy search: in geocoding, searching nearby localities for unmatched addresses
`
`• Geocoding: the process of attaching longitude and latitude coordinates to data;
`spatial enhancement
`
`• Hit rate: the percentage of input records matched to a geographic location
`
`•
`
`•
`
`Interactive processing: in geocoding, assigning coordinates to hard-to-match
`individual records based on user-defined criteria
`
`Intelligent data cleaning: in the address matching process, the act of comparing
`input data to an address dictionary in order to minimize unmatched and false
`positive matches
`
`• Matching: in geocoding, the process of comparing input records to a geographic
`profile and assigning to a geographic location
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 014
`
`

`

`Geocoding Solutions
`
`15
`
`About MapInfo
`
`MapInfo Corporation, headquartered in Troy, New York, is the worldwide leader in
`business mapping solutions. The company’s products are available on desktop systems,
`servers, network systems including the Internet and intranets, and as the mapping object
`in Microsoft Office. Nearly 200,000 users in virtually every industry use MapInfo
`software to organize, manage, visualize and analyze information for decision-making.
`The software has been translated into 18 languages and is sold in 58 countries through
`multiple distribution channels. MapInfo Corporation is on the World Wide Web at
`http://www.mapinfo.com.
`
`HEADQUARTERS
`MapInfo Corporation
`One Global View
`Troy, New York 12180-8399
`U.S.A.
`
`
`
` 518.285.6000
`Tel:
` 518.285.6060
`Fax:
` 1.800.327.8627
`Sales:
`Federal Sales: 1.800.619.2333
`Sales Fax:
` 518.285.6070
`Cust. Support: 1.800.552.2511
`http://www.mapinfo.com
`
`EUROPEAN
`MapInfo Limited
`Contennial Court
`Easthampstead Road
`Bracknell
`Berkshire RG12 1YQ
`England
`
`Tel: 44.1344.482888
`Fax: 44.1344.482777
`
` GERMANY
`
` MapInfo GmbH
` Auf der Krautweide 32
` 65812 Bad Soden
`
` Germany
`
`
` Tel: 49.6196.67000
` Fax: 49.6196.670011
`
`
`JAPAN
`MapInfo (Japan) Corporation
`Suite 405
`
`AIOS Gotanda Building
`1-10-7 Higashi-Gotanda
`Shinagawa-Ku
`
`Tokyo141
`Japan
`
`
`
`
`
`Tel: 81.3.3440.8610
`Fax: 81.3.3440.8620
`
`AUSTRALIA
`MapInfo Australia Pty Ltd
`Level 4
`170 Pacific Highway
`Greenwich NSW 2065
`Australia
`
`Tel: 61.2.437.6255
`Fax: 61.2.439.1773
`
`All rights reserved. MapInfo, MapMarker and the MapInfo logo are registered trademarks of MapInfo Corporation in the United States. All
`other marks, trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
` 81088 2/97
`
`(cid:211) 1997 MapInfo Corporation
`
`1.800.327.8627
`
`WhatsApp LLC
`Exhibit 1020
`Page 015
`
`