OVER
`10,000
`ENTRIES
`
`Microsoft
`
`Page 001
`
`~ Computer
`ictionar
`
`Fifth Editio
`
`Fully updated with the latest
`technologies, terms, and acronym
`Easy to read, expertly illustrated
`Definitive coverage of hardware,
`software, the Internet, and more!
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1009
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1009
`Page 001
`
`

`

`Speak the language
`of computers and the
`Internet with the
`MICROSOFT COMPUTER
`DICTIONARY!
`
`Comprehensive content:
`Covers everything from
`smartphones to super(cid:173)
`servers, 10Base2 to ;-)
`
`Defines and illustrates:
`Helpful diagrams and
`drawings complete the
`picture for complex topics
`
`Relevant to all:
`Whether you're a home user
`or an industry professional,
`you'll find terms and
`concepts essential to your
`understanding
`
`To learn more about
`Microsoft Presse products, visit:
`microsoft.com/ mspress
`
`Computers/ Reference
`
`IS BN 0-7356 - 1495-4
`
`90000
`
`U.S.A.
`$29.99
`$43.99
`Can ada
`[Recommended]
`
`7
`
`90 145 14954
`
`1
`
`9 780735 614956
`
`Part No. X0B-41956
`
`Microsoft·
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1009
`Page 002
`
`

`

`Microsoft·
`
`Microsoft*
`
`,
`
`■
`
`om u er
`1c 1onar
`Fifth Edition
`
`■
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1009
`Page 003
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267 2002
`004'.03--dc21
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT
`
`7 6 5 4 3 2
`
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd .
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available fr<;>m the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa(cid:173)
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, Directlnput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS ,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places.
`and e:ents depicted_ herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X0S-41929
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1009
`Page 004
`
`

`

`Apple Filing Protocol
`
`application binary interface
`
`CII
`
`0
`
`I IL I . _I
`.:.
`• •
`
`-
`
`.. .,
`. • • ·-
`' J , j ,_I
`11 __ 1 ""!'
`
`1
`
`0
`
`Apple Extended Keyboard.
`
`Apple Fillng Protocol 11. See AFP.
`
`Apple key 11. A key on Apple keyboards labeled with an
`outline of the Apple logo. On the Apple Extended Key(cid:173)
`board, this key is the same as the Command key, which
`functions similarly to the Control key on IBM and com(cid:173)
`patible keyboards. It is generally used in conjunction with
`a character key as a shortcut to making menu selections or
`starting a macro.
`
`Apple MacIntosh 11. See Macintosh.
`
`Apple Newton 11. See ewton.
`
`AppleScrlpt 11. A script language developed by Apple
`Computer, Inc., for Macintosh computers running under
`the Mac OS to execute commands and automate functions.
`See also script.
`
`AppleShare 11. A file server software developed by Apple
`Compu~er, Inc., that works with the Mac OS and allows
`one Macintosh computer to share files with another on the
`ame network. See also file server, Mac OS.
`
`applet 11. A program that can be downloaded over the
`Internet and executed on the recipient's machine. Applets
`are often written in the Java programming language and
`run within brow er software, and they are typically u ed to
`customize or add interactive elements to a Web page.
`
`AppleTalk n. An inexpensive local area network devel(cid:173)
`oped by Apple Computer, Inc., for Macintosh computers
`that can be used by Apple and non-Apple computers to
`communicate and share resources such as printers and file
`ervers. on-Apple computers must be equipped with
`AppleTalk hardware and suitable software. The network
`
`uses a layered set of protocols similar to the ISO/OSI ref(cid:173)
`erence model and transfers information in the form of
`t,ackets called frames. AppleTalk supports connections to
`other AppleTalk networks through devices known as
`bridges, and it supports connections to dissimilar networks
`through devices called gateways. See also bridge, frame
`(definition 2), gateway.
`
`AppleTalk Phase 2 11 . The extended AppleTalk Internet
`model designed by Apple Computer, Inc. , that supports
`multiple zones within a network and extended addressing
`capacity.
`
`AppleWorks 11. A suite of productivity applications, for(cid:173)
`merly known as ClarisWorks, distributed by Apple Com(cid:173)
`puter, Inc., and shipped on the iMac computer. Apple Works/
`ClarisWorks is an integrated product that includes support
`for word processing, spread heets, databases, drawing,
`painting, charting, and the Internet.
`
`appliance 11. 1. See server appliance. 2. See information
`appliance. 3. A device with a single or limited purpose
`with functionality. This functionality is similar to a simple
`consumer appliance.
`
`appliance server 11. 1. An inexpensive computing device
`used for specific ta ks including Internet connectivity or
`file-and-print services. The server is usually easy to use
`but does not possess the capabilities or software of a typi(cid:173)
`cal server for general office use. 2. See server appliance.
`
`application 11. A program designed to assist in the perfor(cid:173)
`ing,
`mance of a specific task, such as word proce
`accounting, or inventory management. Compare utility.
`
`application binary Interface 11. A set of instructions that
`specifies how an executable file interacts with the hardware
`
`31
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`

`

`authoring language
`
`authoring language n. A computer language or applica(cid:173)
`tion development system designed primarily for creating
`programs, databases, and materials for computer-aided
`instruction (CAI). A familiar example in relation to micro(cid:173)
`computers is PILOT, a language used to create lessons.
`See also CAI, PILOT.
`
`authoring software n. A type of computer program used
`for creating Web pages and other hypertext and multime(cid:173)
`dia applications. Authoring software provides a way to
`define relationships between different types of objects,
`including text, graphics, and sound, and to present them in
`a desired order. This type of program is sometimes known
`as authorware, although the latter name is generally asso(cid:173)
`ciated with a specific product from Macromedia. Also
`called: authoring tool.
`
`authoring system n. Application software that ena~les
`the operator to create and format a document for a specific
`kind of computer environment. An authoring system,
`especially for multimedia work, often consists of several
`applications within the framework of a single, controlling
`application. See also authoring language.
`
`authority n. A DNS server responsible for resolving
`names and IP addresses of sites and resources on the Inter(cid:173)
`net at a particular level of authority: top-level domain, sec(cid:173)
`ond-level domain, or subdomain.
`
`authorization n. In reference to computing, especially
`remote computers on a network, the right granted an indi(cid:173)
`vidual to use the system and the data stored on it. Authori(cid:173)
`zation is typically set up by a system administrator and
`verified by the computer based on some form of user iden(cid:173)
`tification, such as a code number or password. Also
`called: access privileges, permission. See also network,
`system administrator.
`
`authorization code n. See password.
`
`autoanswer n. See answer mode.
`
`autoassociative adj. In data reduction or clustering,
`autoassociative models use the same set of variables as
`both predictors and targets . In autoassociative neural net(cid:173)
`works, each pattern presented serves as both the input and
`output pattern. Autoassociative networks are typically
`used for tasks involving pattern completion. See also arti(cid:173)
`ficial intelligence, cluster analysis, neural networks, oper(cid:173)
`ator associativity, pattern recognition.
`
`autoloader
`
`fJ
`
`autoattendant adj. A term used to describe a store-and(cid:173)
`forward computer system that replaces the traditional
`switchboard operator, directing telephone calls to their
`correct extensions or voice mail. Autoattendant systems
`may implement voice prompts, touch-tone menus, or
`voice recognition features to send calls to their proper des(cid:173)
`tinations. Compare interactive voice response systems.
`
`AutoCorrect n. A function in Microsoft Word for Win(cid:173)
`dows that automatically corrects errors and makes other
`substitutions as soon as a user types text. For example,
`AutoCorrect can be set up to fix misspellings, such as teh
`for the, or to change "straight" (" ") quotation marks to
`"smart" (" ") quotation marks. The user can select which
`AutoCorrect features to enable. See also smart quotes.
`
`autodial n. A feature enabling a modem to open a tele(cid:173)
`phone line and initiate a call by transmitting a stored tele(cid:173)
`phone number as a series of pulses or tones.
`
`AUTOEXEC.BAT n. A special-purpose batch file (set of
`commands) that is automatically carried out by the MS(cid:173)
`DOS operating system when the computer is started or
`restarted. Created by the user or (in later versions of MS(cid:173)
`DOS) by the operating system at system installation, the file
`contains basic startup commands that help configure the
`system to installed devices and to the user's preferences.
`
`AutolP n. Short for automatic Internet Protocol addressing.
`A technique used by a device to obtain a valid IP address
`without a DHCP server or other IP-configuration authority.
`With AutoIP, a device randomly chooses an IP address from
`a set of reserved addresses and queries the local network to
`determine whether another client already is using that
`address. The device repeats the steps of picking and verify(cid:173)
`ing until an unused address is found. AutoIP, based on an
`Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Draft, is
`used in Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) networking. See
`also UPnP networking.
`
`autokey n. See typematic.
`
`autoload vb. To make some type of resource available
`without it having to be specifically requested. A program,
`for example, might autoload fonts or fi les as they are
`needed. Similarly, a CD-ROM drive might autoload audio
`discs or automatically start a setup program on a software
`CD-ROM. See also AutoPlay.
`
`autoloader n. A device that automatically prepares a dis(cid:173)
`kette, CD, or other storage medium for use.
`
`43
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`
`

`

`data
`
`data compaction
`
`data n. Plural of the Latin datum, meaning an item of infor(cid:173)
`mation. In practice, data is often used for the singular as well
`as the plural form of the noun. See also datum. Compare
`information.
`Data Access Objects n. A data access interface that
`communicates with Microsoft Jet and ODBC-compliant
`data sources to connect to, retrieve, manipulate, and
`update data and the database structure. Acronym: DAO.
`
`data acquisition n. The process of obtaining data from
`another source, usually one outside a specific system.
`
`data aggregate n. A collection of data records. It usu(cid:173)
`ally includes a description of the placement of the data
`blocks and their relation to the entire set.
`data attribute n. Structural information about data that
`describes its context and meaning.
`
`data bank n. Any substantial collection of data.
`
`database n. A file composed of records, each containing
`fields together with a set of operations for searching, sort(cid:173)
`..
`ing, recombining, and other functions . Acronym: DB.
`
`database administrator n. One who manages a data(cid:173)
`base. The administrator determines the content, internal
`structure, and access strategy for a database, defines secu(cid:173)
`rity and integrity, and monitors performance. Acronym:
`DBA. Also called: database manager.
`database analyst n. One who provides the analytic
`functions needed to design and maintain applications
`requiring a database.
`database designer n. One who designs and implements
`functions required for applications that use a database.
`
`database engine n. The program module or modules
`that provide access to a database management system
`(DBMS).
`
`database machine n. 1. A peripheral that executes data(cid:173)
`base tasks, thereby relieving the main computer from per(cid:173)
`forming them. 2. A database server that performs only
`database tasks .
`database management system n. A software interface
`between the database and the user. A database manage(cid:173)
`ment system handles user requests for database actions
`and allows for control of security and data integrity
`requirements. Acronym: DBMS. Also called: database
`manager. See also database engine.
`database manager n. See database administrator, data(cid:173)
`base management system.
`
`database publishing n. The use of desktop publishing or
`Internet technology to produce reports containing infor(cid:173)
`mation obtained from a database.
`database server n. A network node, or station, dedi(cid:173)
`cated to storing and providing access to a shared database.
`Also called: database machine.
`database structure n. A general description of the for(cid:173)
`mat of records in a database, including the number of
`fields, specifications regarding the type of data that can be
`entered in each field , and the field names used.
`data bit n. In asynchronous communications, one of a
`group of from 5 to 8 bits that represents a single character
`of data for transmission. Data bits are preceded by a start
`bit and followed by an optional parity bit and one or more
`stop bits. See also asynchronous transmission, bit, com(cid:173)
`munications parameter.
`data buffer n. An area in memory where data is tempo(cid:173)
`rarily stored while being moved from one location to
`another. See also buffer 1•
`data bus n. See bus.
`
`data cable n. Fiber-optic or wire cable used to transfer
`data from one device to another.
`data capture n. 1. The collection of information at the
`time of a transaction. 2. The process of saving on a storage
`medium a record of interchanges between a user and a
`remote information utility.
`data carrier n. See carrier (definition 1).
`Data Carrier Detected n. See DCD (definition 1).
`
`data chaining n. The process of storing segments of data
`in noncontiguous locations while retaining the ability to
`reconnect them in the proper sequence.
`data channel n. See channel (definition 1).
`
`data closet n. See wiring closet.
`data collection n. 1. The process of acq uiring source
`documents or data. 2. The grouping of data by means of
`classification, sorti ng, ordering, and other organizing
`methods.
`datacom n. Short for data com munications. See
`communications.
`data communications n. See communications.
`
`data compaction n. See data compression.
`
`141
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`
`

`

`hot swapping
`
`HTML
`
`hot swapping 11. See hot plugging.
`
`HotSync 11. Software application from Palm that permits
`data synchronization between a Palm handheld computing
`device and another computing device, such a a laptop or
`personal computer. The synchronization occurs via a cable
`connection or wirelessly (for example, via infrared signals).
`
`HotWlred 11. A Web site affiliated with Wired magazine
`that contains news, gossip, and other information about
`the culture of the Internet.
`
`housekeeping 11. Any of various routines, such as updat(cid:173)
`ing the clock or performing garbage collection, designed
`to keep the system, the environment within which a pro(cid:173)
`gram run , or the data structures within a program in good
`working order.
`
`El
`
`hover button 11. Text or an image on a Web page, usu(cid:173)
`ally in the form of a button, that changes appearance
`when a cursor passes over it. The hover button may
`change color, blink, display a pop-up with additional
`information, or produce other similar effects. Hover but(cid:173)
`tons are usually implemented through ActiveX objects
`and cripting, although hover behavior can also be set
`through HTML attributes.
`
`HPC 11. See handheld PC.
`
`HPFS 11. Acronym for High Performance File System. A
`file system available with OS/2 versions 1.2 and later. See
`also FAT file system, NTFS.
`
`HPGL 11. Acronym for Hewlett-Packard Graphics Lan(cid:173)
`guage. A language originally developed for images des(cid:173)
`tined for plotters. An HPGL file consist of instructions
`that a program can use to reconstruct a graphical image.
`
`HPIB 11. Acronym for Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus. See
`general-purpose interface bus.
`
`HPPCL 11. Acronym for Hewlett-Packard Printer Control
`Language. See Printer Control Language.
`
`HP / UX or HP-UX 11. Acronym for Hewlett-Packard
`UNIX. A version of the UNIX operating system specifi(cid:173)
`cally designed to be run on Hewlett-Packard's worksta(cid:173)
`tions. See also UNIX.
`
`.hqx 11. A file extension for a file encoded with BinHex.
`See also BinHex.
`
`HREF n. Short for hypertext reference. An attribute in an
`HTML document that defines a link to another document
`on the Web. See also HTML.
`
`HSB 11. Acronym for hue-saturation-brightness. A color
`model in which hue is the color itself as placed on a color
`wheel, where 0° is red, 60° is yellow, 120° is green, 180°
`is cyan, 240° is blue, and 300° is magenta; saturation is
`the percentage of the specified hue in the color; and
`brightness is the percentage of white in the color. Also
`called: HLS, HSY, hue. See also color model. Compare
`CMY, RGB .
`
`HSM 11. Short for Hierarchical Storage Management. A
`technology for managing online data and data storage in
`which the medium on which the information resides is
`linked to the frequency with which the information is
`accessed. By migrating data to and from primary (rapidly
`accessed but expensive) and secondary (slower but less
`expensive) storage, HSM maintains often-used informa(cid:173)
`tion on primary storage media and less frequently used
`data on econdary storage such as tape or an optical juke(cid:173)
`box. Although information resides on different storage
`media, all of it appears to be on line and remains accessi(cid:173)
`ble to the user. When users request data residing on sec(cid:173)
`ondary storage, HSM moves the information bac)c to the
`primary storage medium.
`
`HSV 11. Acronym for hue-saturation-value. See HSB.
`
`H-sync 11. See horizontal synchronization.
`
`HTCPCP 11. Acronym for Hyper Text Coffee Pot Con(cid:173)
`trol P rotoco l. A protocol defined in jest as an April Fools'
`Day spoof of open Internet standards. HTCPCP/ I .0 was
`proposed in RFC 2324 on April 1, I 998 by Larry Mas inter
`of Xerox PARC. In this RFC, Masinter described a proto(cid:173)
`col for controlling, monitoring, and diagnosing coffee pots.
`
`.htm 11. The MS-DOS/Windows 3.x file extension that
`identifies Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files,
`most commonly used as Web pages. Because MS-DOS
`and Windows 3.x cannot recognize file exten ions longer
`than three letters, the .html extension is truncated to three
`letters in those environments. See also HTML.
`
`.html 11. The file extension that identifies Hypertext
`Markup Language (HTML) files, most commonly used as
`Web pages. See also HTML.
`
`HTML 11. Acronym for Hypertext Markup Language. The
`markup language used for documents on the World Wide
`Web. A tag-based notation language used to format docu(cid:173)
`ments that can then be interpreted and rendered by an
`Internet browser. HTML is an application of SGML (Stan(cid:173)
`dard Generalized Markup Language) that uses tags to
`mark elements, such as text and graphics, in a document to
`
`258
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`Page 008
`
`

`

`HTML attribute
`
`HTTPS
`
`indicate how Web browsers should display these elements
`to the user and should respond to user actions such as acti(cid:173)
`vation of a link by means of a key press or mouse click.
`HTML 2, defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force
`(IETF), included features of HTML common to all Web
`browsers as of 1994 and was the first version of HTML
`widely used on the World Wide Web. HTML+ was pro(cid:173)
`posed for extending HTML 2 in 1994, but it was never
`implemented. HTML 3, which also was never standard(cid:173)
`ized or fully implemented by a major browser developer,
`introduced tables. HTML 3.2 incorporated features widely
`implemented as of early 1996, including tables, applets,
`and the ability to flow text around images. HTML 4, the
`latest specification, supports style sheets and scripting lan(cid:173)
`guages and includes internationalization and accessibility
`features . Future HTML development will be carried out by
`the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Most Web
`browsers, notably Netscape Navigator and Internet
`Explorer, recognize HTML tags beyond those included in
`the present standard. See also .htrn, .html, SGML, tag
`(definition 3), Web browser.
`
`HTML attribute n. A value within an HTML tag that
`assigns additional properties to the object being defined.
`Some HTML editing software assigns some attributes
`automatically when you create an object such as a para(cid:173)
`graph or table.
`
`HTML code fragment n. HTML code that you add to a
`Web page to create features such as a script, a counter, or a
`scrolling marquee. Often used in the context of webrings
`to add a link and standard graphics or automation to an
`individual page to indicate membership.
`
`HTML document n. A hypertext document that has been
`coded with HTML. See Web page.
`
`HTML editor n. A software program used to create and
`modify HTML documents (Wet, pages). Most HTML edi(cid:173)
`tors include a method for inserting HTML tags without
`actually having to type out each tag. A number of HTML
`editors will also automatically reformat a document with
`HTML tags, based on formatting codes used by the word
`processing program in which the document was created.
`See also tag (definition 3), Web page.
`
`HTML extensions n. A feature or setting that is an exten(cid:173)
`sion to the formal HTML specification. Extensions may
`not be supported by all Web browsers, but they may be
`used widely by Web authors. An example of an extension
`is marquee scrolling text.
`
`HTML page n. See Web page.
`
`HTML server control n. An ASP.NET server control that
`belongs to the System.Web.UI.HtrnlControls namespace. An
`HTML server control maps directly to an HTML element
`and is declared on an ASP.NET page as an HTML element
`marked by a runat=server attribute. In contrast to Web server
`controls, HTML server controls do not have an <asp:Con(cid:173)
`trolName> tag prefix. See also Web server control.
`
`HTML source n. See source (definition 2).
`
`HTML source file n. See source (definition 2).
`
`HTML tag n. See tag (definition 3).
`
`HTML validation service n. A service used to confirm
`
`that a Web page uses valid HTML according to the latest Cl
`
`standard and/or that its hyperlinks are valid. An HTML
`validation service can catch small syntactical errors in
`HTML coding as well as deviations from the HTML stan-
`dards. See also HTML.
`
`HTTP n. Acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The
`protocol used to carry requests from a browser to a Web
`server and to transport pages from Web servers back to the
`requesting browser. Although HTTP -is almost universally
`used on the Web, it is not an especially secure protocol.
`
`HTTPd n. Acronym for Hypertext Transfer P rotocol Dae(cid:173)
`mon. A small , fast HTTP server that was available free
`from NCSA. HTTPd was the predecessor for Apache.
`Also called: HTTP Daemon. See also Apache, HTTP
`server, NCSA (definition 1).
`
`HTTP Daemon n. See HTTPd.
`
`HTTP Next Generation n. See HTTP-NG.
`
`HTTP-NG n. Acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol
`Next Generation. A standard under development by the
`World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for improving per(cid:173)
`formance and enabling the addition of features such as
`security. Whereas the current version of HTTP establishes
`a connection each time a request is made, HTTP-NG will
`set up one connection (which consists of separate channels
`for control information and data) fo r an entire session
`between a particular client and a particular server.
`
`HTTPS n. 1. Acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol
`Secure. A variation of HTTP that provides for encryption
`and transmission through a secure port. HTTPS was
`devised by Netscape and allows HTTP to run over a secu(cid:173)
`rity mechanism known as SSL (Secure Sockets Layer). See
`also HTTP, SSL. 2. Web server software for Windows NT.
`Developed by the European Microsoft Windows NT Aca(cid:173)
`demic Centre (EMWAC) at the University of Edinburgh,
`
`259
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`Page 009
`
`

`

`n prefix See nano-.
`
`NACN n. See North American Cellular Network.
`
`nagware n. Slang for computer shareware that, on start(cid:173)
`ing or before closing, displays a prominent reminder to
`pay for the program. See also shareware.
`
`NAK 11. Acronym for negative acknowledgement. A con(cid:173)
`trol code, ASCII character 21 (hexadecimal 15), transmit(cid:173)
`ted to a sending station or computer by the receiving unit
`as a signal that transmitted information has arrived incor(cid:173)
`rectly. Compare ACK.
`
`NAK attack n. Acronym for negative acknowledgement
`attack. A hacker attack that uses the negative acknowl(cid:173)
`edgement control code character to enter a seemingly
`secure system. A NAK attack uses weaknesses in the sys(cid:173)
`tem handling NAK replies that may leave it temporarily
`unprotected. See also NAK.
`
`m
`
`naked PC n. A per onal computer sold without an operat(cid:173)
`ing system (OS) installed. The purchaser of a naked PC
`must then choose and install an OS before the computer
`can be used. Naked PCs are chiefly purchased by users
`with some degree of expertise with computer equipment
`who may want to install a version of Linux or an offshoot
`OS . Computer and software manufacturers have expressed
`concern over the possibility of software piracy with the
`sale of naked PCs.
`
`.name n. One of seven new top-level domain names
`approved in 2000 by the Internet Corporation for Assigned
`Names and Numbers (!CANN), .name i meant for regis(cid:173)
`tration by individuals for personal Web sites. The seven
`new domain names became available for use in the spring
`of 2001.
`
`Name Binding Protocol n. See NBP.
`
`named anchor n. In HTML, a tag within a document that
`can act as a destination for a hyperlink. Named anchors
`are useful because they allow a link to a specific location
`within a document. Also called: named target. See also
`anchor (definition 2), HTML, hyperlink.
`
`named entity n. See character entity.
`
`named pipes 11 . In programming, one-way (simplex) or
`two-way (duplex) connections used to transfer data
`between processes. Named pipes are portions of memory
`set aside for temporary data storage. They are created by
`server processes and can be used simultaneously by more
`than one client process, each accessing a separate instance
`with its own buffers and handles. Named pipes can be
`used to transfer data either locally or on a network.
`
`named target n. See named anchor.
`
`name server n. See CSO name server, DNS server.
`
`namespace 11. 1. A grouping of one or more names that
`represent individual objects within the group in a shared
`computing environment, such as a network. The names
`within a name pace are unique, are created according to
`the same rules, and can be resolved into a particular iden(cid:173)
`tifying item of information, such as an IP address or a
`network device. A namespace can be either flat-a single
`collection of unique names-or hierarchical, as is the
`Internet's DNS (Domain Name System), which is based
`on a treelike structure that is refined through successive
`levels beginning with the root server and the Internet's
`top-level domains (.com, .net, .org, and so on). In every(cid:173)
`day terms, a namespace is comparable to a telephone
`book, in which each name is unique and resolves to the
`phone number and address of a particular individual,
`business, or other entity. 2. A means of identifying ele(cid:173)
`ments and attributes in an XML document by assigning
`them a two-part name with the first part being the
`namespace and the second part being the functional
`name. A namespace identifies a set of names to prevent
`confusion when multiple objects with identical functional
`names are taken from different sources and brought
`together in the same XML document. Namespaces typi(cid:173)
`cally reference a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
`because each URI will be unique.
`
`name-value pair n. 1. In the Perl programming language,
`a data set in which the data is associated with a name. See
`also Perl. 2. ln CGI programming, one of the data items
`collected from an HTML form by the browser and passed
`
`356
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1009
`Page 0010
`
`

`

`refresh
`
`registry
`
`reuse a disk that already contains programs or data, effec(cid:173)
`tively destroying the existing contents.
`
`refresh vb. 1. To retrace a video screen at frequent inter(cid:173)
`vals, even if the image does not change, so as to keep the
`phosphors irradiated. 2. To recharge dynamic random
`access memory chips (DRAMs) so that they continue to
`retain the information stored in them. Circuitry on the
`memory board automatically performs this function. See
`also refresh cycle.
`
`refreshable adj. In programming, referring to a program
`module capable of being replaced in memory without
`affecting processing of the program or the information
`being used by the program.
`
`refresh cycle n. The process in which controller circuitry
`provides repeated electric pulses to dynamic random access
`memory chips in order to renew the stored electric charges
`in those locations that contain binary I. Each pulse is one
`refresh cycle. Without constant refreshing, dynamic semi(cid:173)
`conductor RAM loses any information stored in it-as it
`does when the computer is turned off or when the power
`fai ls. See also dynamic RAM, static RAM.
`
`refresh rate 11. In reference to video hardware, the fre(cid:173)
`quency with which the entire screen is redrawn to main(cid:173)
`tain a constant, flicker-free image. On TV screens and
`raster-scan monitors, the electron beam that lights the
`phosphor coating on the inner surface of the screen typi(cid:173)
`cally refreshes the entire image area at a rate of about 60
`hertz, or 60 times per second. Interlaced monitors, which
`redraw alternate lines during each sweep of the electron
`beam, actually refresh any particular line only 30 times
`per second. Because odd and even lines are refreshed on
`successive sweeps, however, the effective refresh rate is 60
`times per second. See also refresh (definition I).
`
`REGEDIT 11. See Registry Editor.
`
`regenerate vb. See rewrite.
`
`regeneration buffer 11. See video buffer.
`
`regenerator 11. See repeater.
`
`region 11. 1. An area dedicated to or reserved for a particu(cid:173)
`lar purpose. 2. In video programming, a contiguous group
`of pixels that are treated as a unit. On the Apple Macin(cid:173)
`tosh, for example, a region is an area in a grafPort that can
`be defined and manipulated as an entity. The visible work(cid:173)
`ing area within a window is an example of a region. See
`also grafPort.
`
`region code 1