UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`COOLIT SYSTEMS, INC.,
`Petitioner,
`
`v.
`
`ASETEK DANMARK A/S,
`Patent Owner.
`
`U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196 to Eriksen
`
`Case No. IPR2021-01196
`
`Title: COOLING SYSTEM FOR A COMPUTER SYSTEM
`
`DECLARATION OF HIMANSHU POKHARNA, PH.D.
`
`ACTIVE 58301716
`
`CoolIT Systems, Inc. Ex. 1003 Page 1 of 129
`CoolIT Systems, Inc. v. Asetek Danmark A/S
`IPR2021-01196
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`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196
`IPR2021-01196 (Pokharna Decl.)
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`I. 
`
`II. 
`
`INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 
`A. 
`Introductions and Qualifications ........................................................... 1 
`B.  Materials Considered and Basis for Opinions ....................................... 4 
`LEGAL STANDARDS ................................................................................... 6 
`A. 
`Priority Date .......................................................................................... 6 
`B. 
`Claim Construction ............................................................................... 6 
`C. 
`Anticipation and Obviousness ............................................................... 7 
`PERSON OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART ........................................ 12 
`III. 
`IV.  OVERVIEW OF THE ’196 PATENT AND RELEVANT
`PROSECUTION HISTORY ......................................................................... 14 
`A. 
`The ’196 Patent (Ex-1001) .................................................................. 14 
`B. 
`Prosecution History of the ’196 Patent ............................................... 20 
`V.  OVERVIEW OF PRIOR ART ...................................................................... 21 
`A.  Duan (Ex-1004) ................................................................................... 21 
`B. 
`Duan-1 (Ex-1005) ................................................................................ 21 
`C.  Wu (Ex-1006) ...................................................................................... 22 
`D.  Admitted Prior Art (“APA”) ............................................................... 22 
`VI.  CLAIM CONSTRUCTION .......................................................................... 23 
`A. 
`“reservoir” ........................................................................................... 23 
`B. 
`“chamber” ............................................................................................ 23 
`C. 
`“double-sided chassis” ........................................................................ 23 
`D. 
`“stator” ................................................................................................. 24 
`E. 
`“either a first end or a second end of the thermal exchange
`chamber” ............................................................................................. 24 
`“an inlet … positioned below a center of the impeller” ...................... 25 
`“wherein the first passage is configured to direct the cooling
`liquid from the outlet of the pump chamber into the thermal
`exchange chamber between a first end and a second end of the
`thermal exchanger chamber” ............................................................... 30 
`
`F. 
`G. 
`
`
`
`
`
`-i-
`
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196
`IPR2021-01196 (Pokharna Decl.)
`
`
`b) 
`
`c) 
`
`d) 
`
`H.  Other Terms ......................................................................................... 31 
`VII.  ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 31 
`A.  Duan Renders Obvious Claims 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 16, 17, and 19. ............... 32 
`1. 
`Claim 1 ...................................................................................... 32 
`a) 
`Claim Element [1-PRE]: “A liquid cooling system
`for cooling a heat-generating component of a
`computer, comprising:” ................................................. 32 
`Claim Element [1a]: “a reservoir configured to
`circulate a cooling liquid there-through,” ...................... 33 
`Claim Element [1b]: “the reservoir including: a
`pump chamber housing an impeller and defined at
`least in part by an impeller cover and a double-
`sided chassis, the impeller being positioned on one
`side of the chassis and a stator of the pump is
`positioned on an opposite side of the chassis,” ............. 37 
`Claim Element [1c]: “wherein the pump chamber
`includes: an inlet defined by the impeller cover
`positioned below a center of the impeller
`configured to enable a cooling liquid to flow into
`the center of the pump chamber;” ................................. 43 
`Claim Element [1d]: “an outlet defined by the
`impeller cover positioned tangentially to the
`circumference of the impeller.” ..................................... 45 
`Claim Element [1e]: “the reservoir including: . . . a
`thermal exchange chamber configured to be
`disposed between the pump chamber and a heat-
`generating component when the system is installed
`on a heat-generating component;” ................................. 49 
`
`e) 
`
`f) 
`
`
`
`
`
`-ii-
`
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196
`IPR2021-01196 (Pokharna Decl.)
`
`
`g) 
`
`Claim Element [1f]: “the reservoir including: . . . a
`heat-exchanging interface forming a boundary wall
`of the thermal exchange chamber, the heat-
`exchanging interface has an outer surface
`configured to be placed in thermal contact with a
`surface of a heat-generating component and an
`inner surface that defines a plurality of channels
`that direct the flow of the cooling liquid within the
`thermal exchange chamber;” ......................................... 54 
`Claim Element [1g]: “a heat radiator adapted to
`pass the cooling liquid therethrough, the heat
`radiator being fluidly coupled to the reservoir via
`fluid conduits, the heat radiator being configured
`to dissipate heat from the cooling liquid;” .................... 59 
`Claim Element [1h]: “a first passage fluidly
`coupling the pump chamber and the thermal
`exchange chamber, wherein the first passage is
`configured to direct the cooling liquid from the
`outlet of the pump chamber into the thermal
`exchange chamber between a first end and a
`second end of the thermal exchanger chamber.” ........... 61 
`Claim 2: “The cooling system of claim 1, wherein the
`thermal exchange chamber includes at least one second
`passage configured to direct the cooling liquid out of the
`thermal exchange chamber, the at least one second
`passage is positioned at either a first end or a second end
`of the thermal exchange chamber.” .......................................... 63 
`Claim 3: “The cooling system of claim 1, wherein the
`double-sided chassis shields the stator from the cooling
`liquid in the pump chamber.” .................................................... 68 
`Claim 4: “The liquid cooling system of claim 1, wherein
`the heat-exchanging interface is formed of copper.” ................ 70 
`Claim 6: “The liquid cooling system of claim 1, wherein
`the double-sided chassis defines a recess configured to
`house the stator.” ....................................................................... 71 
`Claim 7: “The liquid cooling system of claim 6, wherein
`the recess forms at least part of a pump volute.” ...................... 74 
`
`h) 
`
`i) 
`
`2. 
`
`3. 
`
`4. 
`
`5. 
`
`6. 
`
`
`
`
`
`-iii-
`
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196
`IPR2021-01196 (Pokharna Decl.)
`
`
`7. 
`
`B. 
`
`
`
`
`
`b) 
`
`5. 
`
`6. 
`
`b) 
`
`8. 
`
`9. 
`
`2. 
`
`3. 
`
`4. 
`
`Claim 9: “The liquid cooling system of claim 1, wherein
`the plurality of channels is defined by a plurality of fins.” ...... 76 
`Claim 16 .................................................................................... 78 
`a) 
`Claim elements [16-PRE] through [16-g] are
`identical to claim elements [1-PRE] through [1-g]. ...... 78 
`Claim Element [16h]: “wherein the stator is
`brushless and configured to drive the impeller.” ........... 80 
`Claim 17 / 19: “The cooling system of claim [1 / 16],
`wherein the stator windings are isolated from the cooling
`liquid in the reservoir.” ............................................................. 81 
`Duan in View of Wu Renders Obvious Claims 4, 5, 8, 10-15,
`and 18. ................................................................................................. 81 
`1. 
`Claim 4: “The liquid cooling system of claim 1, wherein
`the heat-exchanging interface is formed of copper.” ................ 81 
`Claim 5: “The liquid cooling system of claim 1, further
`comprising a clip having legs configured to secure the
`double-sided chassis, and the heat-exchanging interface
`to a heat generating component.”.............................................. 82 
`Claim 8: “The liquid cooling system of claim 1, further
`comprising a fan configured to direct air through the heat
`radiator, the fan being driven by a motor separate from
`the motor of the pump.” ............................................................ 83 
`Claim 10 .................................................................................... 85 
`a) 
`Claim elements [10-PRE] through [10-g] are
`identical to claim elements [1-PRE] through [1-g],
`respectively. ................................................................... 85 
`Claim Element [10h]: “a set of four mounting legs
`configured to secure the heat exchanging interface
`to a heat-generating component of a computer” ........... 87 
`Claim 11: “The cooling system of claim 10, wherein the
`double-sided chassis shields the stator from the cooling
`liquid in the reservoir.” ............................................................. 88 
`Claim 12: “The liquid cooling system of claim 10,
`wherein the heat-exchanging interface is formed of
`copper.” ..................................................................................... 88 
`-iv-
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196
`IPR2021-01196 (Pokharna Decl.)
`
`
`7. 
`
`Claim 13: “The liquid cooling system of claim 10,
`wherein the double-sided chassis defines a recess
`configured to house the stator.” ................................................ 88 
`Claim 14: “The liquid cooling system of claim 10, further
`comprising a fan configured to direct air through the heat
`radiator, the fan being driven by a motor separate from
`the motor of the pump.” ............................................................ 89 
`Claim 15: “The liquid cooling system of claim 10,
`wherein the plurality of channels is defined by a plurality
`of fins.” ...................................................................................... 89 
`10.  Claim 18: “The cooling system of claim 10, wherein the
`stator windings are isolated from the cooling liquid in the
`reservoir.” .................................................................................. 89 
`11.  Motivation/rationale to combine Duan and Wu ....................... 89 
`Duan in View of APA Renders Obvious Claims 5, 8, 10-15,
`and 18. ................................................................................................. 91 
`1. 
`Claim 5: “The liquid cooling system of claim 1, further
`comprising a clip having legs configured to secure the
`double-sided chassis, and the heat-exchanging interface
`to a heat-generating component.” ............................................. 91 
`Claim 8: “The liquid cooling system of claim 1, further
`comprising a fan configured to direct air through the heat
`radiator, the fan being driven by a motor separate from
`the motor of the pump.” ............................................................ 94 
`Claim 10 .................................................................................... 95 
`Claim 11: “The cooling system of claim 10, wherein the
`double-sided chassis shields the stator from the cooling
`liquid in the reservoir.” ............................................................. 96 
`Claim 12: “The liquid cooling system of claim 10,
`wherein the heat-exchanging interface is formed of
`copper.” ..................................................................................... 96 
`Claim 13: “The liquid cooling system of claim 10,
`wherein the double-sided chassis defines a recess
`configured to house the stator.” ................................................ 96 
`Claim 14: “The liquid cooling system of claim 10, further
`comprising a fan configured to direct air through the heat
`radiator, the fan being driven by a motor separate from
`the motor of the pump.” ............................................................ 97 
`-v-
`
`
`8. 
`
`9. 
`
`2. 
`
`3. 
`4. 
`
`5. 
`
`6. 
`
`7. 
`
`C. 
`
`
`
`
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196
`IPR2021-01196 (Pokharna Decl.)
`
`
`8. 
`
`9. 
`
`4. 
`
`5. 
`
`6. 
`
`7. 
`
`2. 
`3. 
`
`Claim 15: “The liquid cooling system of claim 10,
`wherein the plurality of channels is defined by a plurality
`of fins.” ...................................................................................... 97 
`Claim 18: “The cooling system of claim 10, wherein the
`stator windings are isolated from the cooling liquid in the
`reservoir.” .................................................................................. 97 
`D.  Duan in View of Duan-1 Renders Obvious Claims 5, 10-13, 15,
`and 18. ................................................................................................. 98 
`1. 
`Claim 5: “The liquid cooling system of claim 1, further
`comprising a clip having legs configured to secure the
`double-sided chassis, and the heat-exchanging interface
`to a heat-generating component.” ............................................. 98 
`Claim 10 .................................................................................. 102 
`Claim 11: “The cooling system of claim 10, wherein the
`double-sided chassis shields the stator from the cooling
`liquid in the reservoir.” ........................................................... 103 
`Claim 12: “The liquid cooling system of claim 10,
`wherein the heat-exchanging interface is formed of
`copper.” ................................................................................... 103 
`Claim 13: “The liquid cooling system of claim 10,
`wherein the double-sided chassis defines a recess
`configured to house the stator.” .............................................. 103 
`Claim 15: “The liquid cooling system of claim 10,
`wherein the plurality of channels is defined by a plurality
`of fins.” .................................................................................... 104 
`Claim 18: “The cooling system of claim 10, wherein the
`stator windings are isolated from the cooling liquid in the
`reservoir.” ................................................................................ 104 
`8.  Motivation/rationale to combine Duan and Duan-1 ............... 104 
`Duan in View of APA and Further in view of Wu Renders
`Obvious Claim 12. ............................................................................. 105 
`1. 
`Claim 12: “The liquid cooling system of claim 10,
`wherein the heat-exchanging interface is formed of
`copper.” ................................................................................... 106 
`Duan in View of Duan-1 and Further in view of Wu Renders
`Obvious Claims 12 and 14. ............................................................... 106 
`-vi-
`
`
`E. 
`
`F. 
`
`
`
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196
`IPR2021-01196 (Pokharna Decl.)
`
`
`1. 
`
`Claim 12: “The liquid cooling system of claim 10,
`wherein the heat-exchanging interface is formed of
`copper.” ................................................................................... 106 
`Claim 14: “The liquid cooling system of claim 10, further
`comprising a fan configured to direct air through the heat
`radiator, the fan being driven by a motor separate from
`the motor of the pump.” .......................................................... 107 
`VIII.  CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 107 
`
`
`2. 
`
`
`
`
`
`-vii-
`
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196
`IPR2021-01196 (Pokharna Decl.)
`
`
`I.
`
`I, Himanshu Pokharna, Ph.D., declare:
`INTRODUCTION
`A.
`Introductions and Qualifications
`1.
`Counsel for CoolIT Systems, Inc. (“CoolIT”) has retained me as an
`
`expert to offer my opinion regarding the validity of claims 1-19 (“Challenged
`
`Claims”) of U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196 (the “’196 patent”). I submit this declaration
`
`based on my knowledge and in support of CoolIT’s inter partes review Petition
`
`against the ’196 patent.
`
`2.
`
`I am an engineer with 25 years of global experience in a variety of
`
`leadership roles. My educational, research and work experience has revolved
`
`primarily around energy, materials, and thermal technologies. I have expertise in
`
`creating product strategy by mapping technology competencies to emerging market
`
`opportunities. My background allows me to be comfortable in the deepest of
`
`technical discussions with engineers to broad, board-level business deliberations. I
`
`have a proven track record of successfully introducing new energy / mechanical /
`
`thermal technologies across a broad array of computing, energy and military /
`
`aerospace products. I am experienced in building and leading teams of engineers,
`
`technicians and business people across geographies.
`
`3.
`
`I am currently the Founder and Director of Deep Materials Inc., a
`
`company devoted to developing thermal management components such as thermal
`
`
`
`-1-
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`IPR2021-01196 (Pokharna Decl.)
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`interface materials and heat sinks for computing and consumer electronic systems.
`
`In addition, I serve as a founder and board member of Inficold which is developing
`
`thermal energy storage systems for refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment
`
`with emphasis on cold storage and milk cooling. I also have other interests including
`
`being a principal of Deeia Inc., a consulting business providing thermal design
`
`support to clients such as Google, Facebook, and startups for thermal design of
`
`consumer electronics and computing devices.
`
`4.
`
`I received a Bachelor of Technology and a Master of Technology
`
`(equivalent to a B.S. and an M.S. in the United States, respectively) in mechanical
`
`engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. I also earned a Ph.D.
`
`in Nuclear Energy Engineering from Purdue University in 1997. My Ph.D. thesis
`
`focused on modeling of two-phase flow dynamics in heat transfer systems and
`
`specifically developed analytical models for the simultaneous flows of water and
`
`water vapor in a system during heat absorption. Examples of such systems are
`
`boiling water reactors. In addition, I have an MBA degree from the Wharton School
`
`of the University of Pennsylvania.
`
`5.
`
`I have worked in various capacities in the electronics industry since
`
`1997. My experience includes leading a team of over 25 engineers at Intel
`
`Corporation in the development of thermal management technology for laptop
`
`computers. My areas of expertise include thermal management of electronics and
`
`-2-
`
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`IPR2021-01196 (Pokharna Decl.)
`
`energy systems. I have published more than 15 peer-reviewed scientific articles and
`
`have made many presentations at scientific and industrial conferences, including
`
`several keynote addresses at industry forums such as the Taiwan Thermal
`
`Management Association (“TTMA”) annual meetings, with the primary emphasis
`
`being heat-pipe development. I have over sixty issued or pending patents.
`
`6.
`
`Prior to my team management responsibility at Intel, I specifically
`
`worked on liquid cooling of computing systems and demonstrated one of the first
`
`two-phase liquid cooling pumped loop coolers in a thin and light laptop computer.
`
`This work resulted in a keynote address to the Second International Conference on
`
`Microchannel and Minichannels held in Rochester, NY (June 17-19, 2004).
`
`7.
`
`A copy of my Curriculum Vitae (“CV”), which describes my education,
`
`training, and experience in greater detail, is appended hereto as Exhibit A. My CV
`
`includes a list of publications I have authored, as well as a list of the patents on which
`
`I am a named inventor.
`
`8.
`
`I am being compensated for the time I spend working on this matter at
`
`my standard rate of $400 per hour. My compensation does not depend in any way
`
`upon the outcome of this proceeding, and I hold no financial interest in either CoolIT
`
`Systems, Inc. (“CoolIT”) or Asetek A/S Danmark (“Asetek”).
`
`-3-
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196
`IPR2021-01196 (Pokharna Decl.)
`
`B. Materials Considered and Basis for Opinions
`9.
`The analysis provided in this Declaration is based on my education as
`
`well as my experience in the field. In addition to relying upon my knowledge based
`
`on written materials and other information that was known as of May 6, 2005. In
`
`preparing this Declaration, I have considered the exhibits to the petition (Ex-1001 to
`
`Ex-1021), shown below.1
`
`Exhibit
`
`Description
`
`1001
`
`1002
`
`1004
`
`1005
`
`1006
`
`U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196 (“’196 patent”)
`
`File history of U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196 (“’196 FH”)
`
`U.S. Patent App. Pub. No. 2006/0185830 to Qiang-Fei
`Duan et al. (“Duan”)
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,325,591 to Qiang-Fei Duan et al.
`(“Duan-1”)
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,894,899 to Wu et al. (“Wu”)
`
`
`1 I understand that CoolIT has submitted expert declarations from Marc Hodes,
`
`Ph.D. in IPR2020-00522 and IPR2020-00524 to address subject matters that
`
`overlap with those being discussed in my Declaration (e.g., same or similar claim
`
`scopes or limitations, same prior art references, etc.). I have carefully reviewed
`
`Dr. Hodes’s declarations (IPR2020-00522, Exs. 1003 and 1020, and IPR2020-
`
`00524, Exs. 1003 and 1013) and have adopted materials from his declarations, to
`
`the extent I agree with, in this Declaration.
`
`-4-
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196
`IPR2021-01196 (Pokharna Decl.)
`
`
`Exhibit
`
`Description
`
`1007
`
`1008
`
`1009
`
`1010
`
`1011
`
`1012
`
`1013
`
`1014
`
`1015
`
`1016
`
`Institution Decision in IPR2020-00522 (Paper 9)
`entered August 24, 2020
`
`Institution Decision in IPR2020-00524 (Paper 9)
`entered August 24, 2020
`
`U.S. Patent No. 10,078,355 (“’355 patent”)
`
`U.S. Patent No. 9,733,681 (“’681 patent”)
`
`Claim Construction Order, filed on July 22, 2020 in
`Asetek Danmark A/S v. CoolIT Systems, Inc., No. 3:19-
`cv-00410-EMC (N.D. Cal.)
`
`Joint Supplemental Claim Construction and Pre-Hearing
`Statement Under Patent L.R. 4-3, filed on March 19,
`2021 in Asetek Danmark A/S v. CoolIT Systems, Inc.,
`No. 3:19-cv-00410-EMC (N.D. Cal.)
`
`Asetek’s Third Amended Disclosure of Asserted Claims
`and Infringement Contentions Relating to U.S. Patent
`Nos. 8,240,362; 10,078,354; 10,078,355; 10,613,601;
`and 10,599,601, served February 5, 2021 in Asetek
`Danmark A/S v. CoolIT Systems, Inc., Corsair Gaming,
`Inc., and Corsair Memory, Inc., No. 3:19-cv-00410-
`EMC (N.D. Cal.)
`
`Transcript of December 22, 2020 Hearing in Asetek
`Danmark A/S v. CoolIT Systems, Inc., Corsair Gaming,
`Inc., and Corsair Memory, Inc., No. 3:19-cv-00410-
`EMC (N.D. Cal.)
`
`Transcript of May 18, 2021 Hearing in Asetek Danmark
`A/S v. CoolIT Systems, Inc., Corsair Gaming, Inc., and
`Corsair Memory, Inc., No. 3:19-cv-00410-EMC (N.D.
`Cal.)
`
`Disclaimer in Patent Under 37 CFR 1.231(a)
`(disclaiming claims 8-16 of the ’681 patent)
`
`-5-
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 10,599,196
`IPR2021-01196 (Pokharna Decl.)
`
`
`Exhibit
`
`Description
`
`1017
`
`1018
`
`1019
`
`1020
`
`File history of U.S. Patent App. Pub. No. 2006/0185830
`to Qiang-Fei Duan et al. (“Duan FH”)
`
`First Amended Complaint for Patent Infringement, filed
`on January 22, 2021 in Asetek Danmark A/S v. CoolIT
`Systems, Inc., Corsair Gaming, Inc., and Corsair
`memory, Inc., No. 3:19-cv-00410-EMC (N.D. Cal.)
`(“Amended Complaint”)
`
`File history of U.S. Patent App. No. 16/796,086 to
`Eriksen
`
`Patent Owner’s Response in IPR2019-00524 (Paper 21)
`
`Patent Owner’s Response in IPR2019-00522 (Paper 23)
`
`1021
`
`II. LEGAL STANDARDS
`A.
`Priority Date
`10. Counsel for CoolIT has explained to me that I should assume the
`
`effective filing date of the ’196 patent is May 6, 2005. I have, therefore, applied this
`
`date in considering the prior art and the viewpoint of a person of ordinary skill in the
`
`art (“POSITA”).
`
`B. Claim Construction
`11.
`I am informed and understand that claim terms must be properly
`
`construed prior to assessing patentability. I also understand that the words of a claim
`
`are generally given their ordinary and customary meaning, which is the meaning the
`
`words would have to a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the invention.
`
`-6-
`
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`However, I also understand that the claims do not stand alone and that the customary
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`meaning should be harmonized, to the extent possible, with the patent specification
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`and the prosecution history of the patent. I also understand that extrinsic sources,
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`like dictionaries, handbooks, textbooks, etc., can “shed useful light” on the proper
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`construction of a claim term.
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`C. Anticipation and Obviousness
`12. The following sets forth my understanding of the legal principles of
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`anticipation from counsel. It is my understanding that, for a patent claim to be valid,
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`the claimed invention must be novel. I further understand that a patent claim is
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`anticipated if, as of the critical date (i.e., either the earliest claimed priority date (pre-
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`AIA) or the effective filing date (AIA)), each and every limitation recited in the
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`claim is found either expressly or inherently in a single prior art reference and
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`arranged in the prior art in the same way as it is claimed, such that the disclosure
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`effectively puts the public in possession of the invention. Finally, I understand that
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`for a prior art reference to inherently disclose a claim limitation, that claim limitation
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`must necessarily be present in the prior art reference.
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`13. The following sets forth my understanding of the legal principles of
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`obviousness from counsel. I understand that a patent claim is obvious if, as of the
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`critical date (i.e., either the earliest claimed priority date (pre-AIA) or the effective
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`filing date (AIA)), it would have been obvious to a person having ordinary skill in
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`the field of the technology (the “art”) to which the claimed subject matter belongs.
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`14.
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`I understand that the following factors should be considered in
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`analyzing obviousness: (1) the scope and content of the prior art; (2) the differences
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`between the prior art and the claims; and (3) the level of ordinary skill in the pertinent
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`art. I also understand that certain other facts known as “secondary considerations”
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`such as commercial success, unexplained results, long felt but unsolved need,
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`industry acclaim, simultaneous invention, copying by others, skepticism by experts
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`in the field, and failure of others may be utilized as indicia of non-obviousness. I
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`understand, however, that secondary considerations should be connected, or have a
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`“nexus,” with the invention claimed in the patent at issue.
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`15.
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`I understand that a reference qualifies as prior art for obviousness
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`purposes when it is analogous to the claimed invention. The test for determining
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`what art is analogous is: (1) whether the art is from the same field of endeavor,
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`regardless of the problem addressed, and (2) if the reference is not within the field
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`of the inventor’s endeavor, whether the reference still is reasonably pertinent to the
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`particular problem with which the inventor is involved.
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`16.
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`I understand that a person of ordinary skill in the art is assumed to have
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`knowledge of all prior art. I understand that one skilled in the art can combine
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`various prior art references based on the teachings of those prior art references, the
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`general knowledge present in the art, or common sense. I understand that a
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`motivation to combine references may be implicit in the prior art, and there is no
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`requirement that there be an actual or explicit teaching to combine two references.
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`Thus, one may take into account the inferences and creative steps that a person of
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`ordinary skill in the art would have employed to combine the known elements in the
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`prior art in the manner claimed by the patent at issue. I understand that one should
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`avoid “hindsight bias” and ex post reasoning in performing an obviousness analysis.
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`But this does not mean that a person of ordinary skill in the art for purposes of the
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`obviousness inquiry does not have recourse to common sense.
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`17.
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`I understand that when determining whether a patent claim is obvious
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`in light of the prior art, neither the particular motivation for the patent nor the stated
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`purpose of the patentee is controlling. The primary inquiry has to do with the
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`objective reach of the claims, and that if those claims extend to something that is
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`obvious, then the entire patent claim is invalid.
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`18.
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`I understand one way that a patent can be found obvious is if there
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`existed at the time of the invention a known problem for which there was an obvious
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`solution encompassed by the patent’s claims. I understand that a motivation to
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`combine various prior art references to solve a particular problem may come from a
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`variety of sources, including market demand or scientific literature. I understand
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`that a need or problem known in the field at the time of the invention can also provide
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`a reason to combine prior art references and render a patent claim invalid for
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`obviousness. I understand that familiar items may have obvious uses beyond their
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`primary purpose, and that a person of ordinary skill in the art will be able to fit the
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`teachings of multiple prior art references together like the pieces of a puzzle. I
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`understand that a person of ordinary skill is also a person of at least ordinary
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`creativity. I understand when there is a design need or market pressure to solve a
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`problem and there are a finite number of identified, predictable solutions, a person
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`of ordinary skill has good reason to pursue the known options within his or her
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`technical grasp. If this finite number of predictable solutions leads to the anticipated
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`success, I understand that the invention is likely the product of ordinary skill and
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`common sense, and not of any sort of innovation. I understand that the fact that a
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`combination was obvious to try might also show that it was obvious, and hence
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`invalid, under the patent laws. I understand that if a patent claims a combination of
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`familiar elements according to known methods, the combination is likely to be
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`obvious when it does not more than yield predictable results. Thus, if a person of
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`ordinary skill in the art can implement a predictable variation, an inventi