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`
`[00162]
`
`[00163]
`
`realized using capacitor elements, distributed capacitance, networks, arrays, series and parallel
`may
`be fixed or variable and may be
`combinations of capacitances, and the like. The capacitance
`as well as resonant
`uscd to vary impedance matching
`frequency opcrating conditions.
`Itis to be understood that the inductance and capacitance in an
`or a combination of lumped and
`resonator 102 may be lumped,distributed,
`electromagnetic
`resonators may be realized by
`distributed inductance and capacitance and that electromagnetic
`combinations of the various elements, techniques and effects described herein.
`resonators 102 may be include inductors, inductances,
`Electromagnetic
`as well as additional circuit elements such as
`resistors, diodes, switches,
`capacitors, capacitances,
`amplifiers, diodes, transistors, transformers, conductors, connectors andthe like.
`Resonant Frequency of an
`Resonator
`[00164]
`Electromagnetic
`resonator 102 may have a
`[00165] An
`characteristic, natural,
`electromagnetic
`resonant
`frequency determinedby its physical properties. This resonant
`frequencyis the
`at which the energy stored by the resonator oscillates between that stored by the
`frequency
`on the capacitor, C) and that stored by the
`where gq is the charge
`electric field, Wz, (We=q°/2C,
`wherei is the current
`through the inductor, Z) of the resonator.
`magnetic field, Wr, (Wp=Li’/2,
`In the absence of any losses in the system, energy would continually be exchanged between the
`at
`electric field in the capacitor
`104 and the magnetic field in the inductor 108. The frequency
`which this energy is exchanged may be called the characteristic frequency, the natural frequency,
`or the resonant
`frequency of the resonator, and is given by a,
`=
`
`or
`
`w=2nf
`
`le’
`
`The resonant
`
`frequency of the resonator may be changed by tuning the
`[00166]
`inductance, L, and/or the capacitance, C, of the resonator. The resonator
`frequency may be
`as
`to operate at the so-called ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) frequencies
`design
`specified by the FCC. The resonator
`frequency may be chosen to mect certain ficld limit
`rate
`(SAR) limit specifications, electromagnetic compatibility
`specifications, specific absorption
`(EMC) spccifications, clectromagnetic interference (EMI) specifications, component size, cost or
`performance specifications, and the like.
`Factor of an
`
`[00167] Quality
`
`Electromagnetic
`
`Resonator
`
`30
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`orbe lost by
`The energy in the resonators 102 shown in
`Fig. 6 may decay
`[00168]
`intrinsic losses including absorptive losses (also called ohmic orresistive losses) and/or radiative
`or
`losses. The Quality Factor,
`Q, of the resonator, which characterizes the energy decay, is
`to these losses. Absorptive losses may be caused by the finite conductivity
`inversely proportional
`of the conductor used to form the inductor as well as
`by losses in other elements, components,
`connectors, and the like, in the resonator. An inductor formed from lowloss materials may be
`referred to as a
`“high-Q inductive element’ and elements, components, connectors andthe like
`with low losses may be referred to as
`In
`having “high resistive Q’s’’.
`general, the total absorptive
`loss for a resonator may be calculated as the appropriate series and/or parallel combination of
`resistive losses for the various elements and components that make up the resonator. Thatis, in
`the absence of any significant radiative or
`component/connection losses, the Q of the resonator
`may be given by, Qaas,
`
`Quns
`
`=
`
`aoL
`RRabs
`
`where @, is the resonant
`
`frequcncy, LZ, is the total inductance of the resonator and the resistance
`for the conductor used to form the inductor, for example, may be given by R,,, =/p/A, (/is the
`is the resistivity of the conductor matcrial, and 4 is the cross-scctional arca
`length of the wire,
`over which current flowsin the wire).
`alternating currents, the cross-sectional area over
`For
`which current flows may be less than the physical cross-sectional area of the conductor owing
`resonators may be composed of conductors with high
`the skin effect. Therefore, high-O magnetic
`conductivity, relatively large surface areas and/or with specially designed profiles (e.g.
`Litz
`to minimize proximity effects and reduce the AC resistance.
`resonator structures may include high-Q inductive elements
`The magnetic
`[00169]
`or
`composed of high conductivity wire, coated wire, Litz wire, ribbon, strapping
`resonators may be self-resonant,
`paint, gels, traces, and the like. The magnetic
`include external coupled elements such as
`capacitors, inductors, switches, diodes, transistors,
`resonators may include distributed. and lumped
`transformers, and the like. The magnetic
`general, the QO of the resonators will be determined by the Q’s of
`capacitance and inductance. In
`all the individual components of the resonator.
`to
`to inductance, 1, resonators may be designed
`Because Q is proportional
`[00170]
`increase Z, within certain other constraints. One way to increase L, for example, is to use more
`
`to
`
`wire)
`
`plates, tubing,
`
`or
`
`they may
`
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`than one turn of the conductor to form the inductor in the resonator.
`Design techniques and trade-
`on the application, and a wide variety of structures, conductors, components,
`offs may depend
`resonators.
`and resonant
`frequcncics may be chosen in the design of high-Q magnctic
`Inthe absence of significant absorption losses, the O of the resonator may be
`[00171]
`=
`, where Ryaa is the
`determined primarily by the radiation losses, and given by, Q.,,
`@L/R,,,
`radiative loss of the resonator and may dependon the size of the resonator relative to the
`frequency, @, or
`resonators discussed above,
`For the magnetic
`wavelength, A, of operation.
`R,,, ~(x/4)* (characteristic of magnetic dipole radiation), where x
`radiative losses may scale as
`is a characteristic dimension of the resonator, such as the radius of the inductive element shown
`, where c is the speed of light and fis
`as defined above. The size
`in Fig. 6b, and where 4=c/ f
`resonator may be muchless than the wavelength of operation
`of the magnetic
`may be very small. Such structures may be referred to as
`resonators. Radiation
`sub-wavelength
`may be a loss mechanism for non-radiative wireless energy transfer systems and designs may be
`chosento reduce or minimize R,<g. Note that a
`high-Q,aq may be desirable for non-radiative
`
`so radiation losses
`
`[00172]
`
`wireless energy transfer schemes.
`Note too that the design of resonators for non-radiative wireless energy
`designed for communication or far-field energy transmission
`transfer differs from antennas
`purposes. Specifically, capacitively-loaded conductive loops may be used as resonant antennas
`are
`in cell phones), but those operate in the far-field regime wherethe radiation Q’s
`to be small to make the antenna efficient at
`radiating energy. Such designs
`intentionally designed
`are not
`appropriate for the efficient near-field wireless energy transfer technique disclosed in this
`
`(for example
`
`application.
`
`[00173]
`
`losses is
`
`The quality factor of a resonator
`including both radiative and absorption
`R,,,)- Note that there may be a maximum Q valucfor a
`+
`Q=L/(R,,,
`resonator and that resonators may be designed with special consideration given
`resonator, the materials and elements used to construct the resonator, the operating frequency,
`7 shows a
`the connection mechanisms, andthe like, in order to achieve a
`resonator.
`high-Q
`Fig.
`plot of Q of an
`(in this case a coil with a diameter of 60 cm made
`resonator
`exemplary magnetic
`of copper pipe with an outside diameter (OD) of 4 cm) that may be used for wireless power
`transmission at MHz
`frequencies. The absorptive O (dashed line) 702 increases with frequency,
`
`particular
`
`to the size of the
`
`32
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`to
`
`R,,,)/2L,
`
`while the radiative Q (dotted line) 704 decreases with frequency, thus leading the overall Q
`peak 708 at a
`resonator is greater than
`particular frequency. Note that the Q of this exemplary
`100 over a wide frequency range. Magnetic
`over a
`resonators may be designed
`to have high-Q
`range of frequencies and system operating frequency may set to any frequency in that range.
`Whenthe resonator is being described in termsof loss rates, the O may be
`[00174]
`as described previously. The intrinsic decay
`rate is the
`defined using the intrinsic decay rate, 27}
`rate at which an
`uncoupled and undriven resonator loses energy. For the magnetic
`resonators
`+
`abs
`described above, the intrinsic loss rate may be given byT =(R,,.
`and the quality
`factor, Q, of the resonator is given by Q=0@/2T.
`Note that a
`quality factor related only
`or aS
`if the resonator is not
`
`[00175]
`denoted a8
`
`specified (e.g.
`
`Ownechanism,
`resonator
`
`Q7,
`specified,
`1). For example, Q),aq7is the quality factor for resonator 1 related to its
`
`to a
`
`specific loss mechanism may be
`mechanism, If the resonatoris
`
`radiation losses.
`
`[00176]
`
`Electromagnetic Resonator Near-Fields
`resonators used in the near-ficld wireless cnergy
`The high-Q clectromagnctic
`[00177]
`transfer system disclosed here may be sub-wavelength objects. That is, the physical dimensions
`of the resonator may be much smaller than the wavelength corresponding
`to the resonant
`resonators may have most of the energy in the region
`frequency. Sub-wavelength magnetic
`surrounding the resonator stored in their magnetic near-ficlds, and these ficlds may also be
`or
`described as
`non-propagating because they do not radiate away from the resonator.
`stationary
`The extent of the near-ficld in the arca
`sct
`surrounding the resonatoris typically
`by the
`so it may extend well beyond the resonator itself for a
`resonator.
`wavelength,
`sub-wavelength
`The limiting surface, where the ficld behavior changes from near-ficld behavior to far-ficld
`behavior may be called the “radiation caustic”.
`The strength of the ncar-ficld is reduced the farther one
`gets away from the
`[00178]
`resonator. While the field strength of the resonator near-fields decays away from the resonator,
`the fields may still interact with objects brought into the general vicinity of the resonator. The
`on a
`some of which may be
`to whichthe fields interact depends
`variety of factors,
`degree
`controlled and designed, and some of which may not. The wireless energy transfer schemes
`resonators is such that one
`described herein may be realized whenthe distance between coupled
`resonator lies within the radiation caustic of the other.
`
`33
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`[00180]
`
`being
`
`resonators may be similar to
`The near-field profiles of the electromagnetic
`[00179]
`resonators or oscillators. Such field profiles may be
`those commonly associated with dipole
`described as
`omni-directional, meaning the magnitudes of the ficlds arc non-zcroin all directions
`away from the object.
`Resonator
`Characteristic Size of An Electromagnetic
`resonators of sufficient Q may
`Spatially separated and/or offset magnetic
`[00181]
`than have been seen
`achieve efficient wireless energy transfer over distances that are much larger
`in the prior art, even if the sizes and shapes of the resonator structures are different. Such
`to achieve more efficient energy transfer than was achievable
`resonators may also be operated
`over shorter range distances. We describe such resonators as
`with previous techniques
`capable of mid-range energytransfer.
`[00182] Mid-range distances may be defined as distancesthat are
`larger than the
`characteristic dimension of the smallest of the resonators involved in the transfer, where the
`distance is measured from the center of one resonator structure to the center of a
`spatially
`separated second resonatorstructure. In this definition, two-dimensional resonators are
`spatially
`separated whenthe areas circumscribed by their inductive elements do not intersect and three-
`dimensional resonators are
`spatially separated when their volumes do not intersect. A two-
`dimensionalresonatoris spatially separated from a three-dimensional resonator whenthe area
`circumscribed by the former is outside the volumeofthe latter.
`8 shows some
`resonators with their characteristic dimensions
`
`[00183]
`example
`Fig.
`labeled. It is to be understood that the characteristic sizes 802 of resonators 102 may be defined
`in terms ofthe size of the conductor and the area circumscribed or enclosed by the inductive
`element in a
`resonator and the length of the conductor forming the capacitive element
`magnetic
`of an electric resonator. Then, the charactcristic size 802 of a resonator 102, x44, may be equal
`to the radius of the smallest sphere that can fit around the inductive or
`capacitive element of the
`or electric resonator
`respectively, and the center of the resonator structure is the center
`magnetic
`of the sphere. The characteristic thickness 804, feza,, of a resonator 102 may be the smallest
`or
`possible height of the highest point of the inductive or
`capacitive element in the magnetic
`respectively, measured from a flat surface on which it is placed. The
`resonator
`capacitive
`characteristic width 808 of a resonator 102, Werar, may be the radius of the smallest possible
`or electric resonator
`circle through which the inductive or
`capacitive element of the magnetic
`
`34
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`in a
`
`straight line. For
`example, the characteristic width
`respectively, may pass while traveling
`808 of a
`resonator may be the radius of the cylinder.
`cylindrical
`In this inventive wircless cnergy transfer technique, energy may be exchanged
`[00184]
`over a wide range of distances, but the techniqueis distinguished by the ability
`to
`efficiently
`or
`recharging devices over
`exchange useful energy for powering
`mid-range distances and
`between resonators with different physical dimensions, components and orientations. Note that
`andefficient energy transfer may
`while & may be small in these circumstances, strong coupling
`.
`resonators to achieve a
`Thatis, incrcascs in QO
`high U, U
`be realized by using high-Q
`=kJ/Q,O,
`may be uscdto at Icast partially
`overcome decreases in A, to maintain uscful energy transfer
`efficiencies.
`
`Notc too that whilc the near-field of a
`
`resonator may be described as
`[00185]
`single
`on
`omni-directional, the efficiency of the energy exchange between two resonators may depend
`the relative position and oricntation of the resonators. That is, the efficiency of the energy
`exchange may be maximized for particular relative orientations of the resonators. The sensitivity
`to the relative position and orientation of two
`of the transfer efficiency
`uncompensated
`resonators may be captured in the calculation of either & or «. While coupling may be achieved
`between resonators that arc offsct and/or rotated relative to cach other, the efficiency of the
`onthe details of the positioning and on any feedback, tuning, and
`exchange may depend
`
`Ry
`
`[00187]
`
`compensation techniques implemented during operation.
`[00186] High-Q Magnetic Resonators
`In the near-field regime of a
`sub-wavelength capacitively-loaded loop
`(x«A), the resistances associated with a circular conducting loop inductor
`resonator
`magnetic
`are
`composed of N turns of wire whose radiusis larger than the skin depth,
`approximately
`=
`wherep is the resistivity of the conductor
`u,Po/2-Nx/a and R,,, =2/6-7,N? (wx/c),
`.
`~ 1202 © is the impedanceof free space.
`The inductance, Z, for such a N-turn
`material and 7,
`loop is approximately N’ times the inductance of a
`single-turn loop given previously. The quality
`+
`factor of such a resonator, O= wl.
`is highest for a
`particular frequency determined
`Ria),
`/(R,,
`at lower frequencies the Q is
`by the system parameters (Fig. 4). As described previously,
`determined primarily by absorption losses and at
`higher frequencies the Q is determined
`primarily by radiation losses.
`
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`[00188] Note that the formulas given above are
`approximate and intended to illustrate
`the functional dependenceof Rass, R-aq and L on the physical parameters of the structure. More
`accurate numcrical calculations of thesc paramctcrs that take into account deviations from the
`a non-uniform current/charge distribution along the
`strict quasi-static limit, for example
`conductor, may be useful for the precise design of a resonatorstructure.
`[00189] Note that the absorptive losses may be minimized by using low loss
`conductors to form the inductive elements. The loss of the conductors may be minimized by
`using large surface area conductors such as conductive tubing, strapping, strips, machined
`objects, plates, and the like, by using specially designed conductors such as Litz wire, braided
`wires, wires of any cross-section, and other conductors with low proximity losses, in which case
`the frequency scaled behavior described above may be different, and by using low resistivity
`materials such as
`One
`high-purity copper and silver, for example.
`advantage of using conductive
`as the conductor at
`higher operating frequenciesis that it may be cheaper and lighter than
`tubing
`a similar diameter solid conductor, and may havesimilar resistance because most of the current
`to the skin effect.
`is traveling along the outer surface of the conductor owing
`a
`rough estimate of achievable resonator
`To get
`designs made from copper
`[00190]
`one may calculate
`wire or copper tubing and appropriate for operation in the microwave regime,
`frequency for a resonator
`composed of one circular inductive
`the optimum Q and resonant
`(p=/.69-10° Qm) with various cross sections. Then for an
`element (N=/) of copper wire
`inductive element with characteristic size x=/ cm and conductor diameter a2=1 mm, appropriate
`for a cell phone for example, the quality factor peaks
`Q=1225 whenf=380 MHz. For x=30 cm
`at
`and a=2 mm, an inductive element size that
`might be appropriate for a
`or a houschold
`laptop
`f=17 MHz. For a
`source inductive element that might be located in the
`robot, O=//03
`larger
`x=1 m and a=4 mm, QO
`may
`MHz. Note that a
`as
`as
`at
`ceiling for cxamplc,
`O=1315
`be
`high
`f=5
`at AXx=50-80.
`numberof practical examples yield expected quality factors of O=/000-1500
`Measurements of a wider variety of coil shapes, sizes, materials and operating frequencies
`
`described above show that Q’s >100 maybe realized for a
`resonator
`variety of magnetic
`structures
`using commonly available materials.
`As described above, the rate for energy transfer between two resonators of
`[00191]
`a distance D between their centers, may be given
`characteristic size x; and x2, and separated by
`« .
`an
`To give
`example of howthe defined parameters scale, consider the cell phone, laptop,
`
`at
`
`by
`
`than
`
`36
`
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`resonator
`
`examples from above, at three (3) distances; D/x=10, 8, 6. In the examples
`and ceiling
`considered here, the source and device resonators are the same
`size, x;=x2, and shape, and are
`oriented as shownin
`In the cell phone example, @/ 2 =3033, 1553, 655
`Fig. 1(b).
`respectively.
`resonator
`In the laptop example,
`@/ 24 =7131, 3651, 1540
`respectively and for the ceiling
`at the
`example, @/2« =6481, 3318, 1400. The corresponding coupling-to-loss ratios peak
`frequency wherethe inductive element Q peaks and are «/T' =0.4, 0.79, 1.97 and 0.15, 0.3, 0.72
`and 0.2, 0.4, 0.94 for the three inductive element sizes and distances described above. An
`source in the
`m inductor(e.g.
`example using different sized inductive elements is that of an
`x;=1
`ceiling) and an
`at a distance D=3 m
`x7=30 cm inductor (e.g. household robot on the floor)
`room
`In this example, the strong-coupling figure of merit, UV
`=«/./U.P, =0.88, for
`(e.g.
`height).
`efficiency of approximately 14%, at the optimal operating frequency of/=6.4
`MHz. Here, the
`optimal system operating frequency lies between the peaks of the individual resonator
`Q’s.
`Inductive clements may be formed for usc in
`resonators. We
`[00192]
`high-Q magnetic
`have demonstrated a
`resonators based on copper conductorsthat are
`variety of high-O magnetic
`formed into inductive clements that enclose a surface. Inductive clements may be formed using
`variety of conductors arranged in a
`variety of shapes, enclosing any size or
`shaped area, and they
`turn or
`turn clements. Drawings of cxcmplary inductive clements 900A-B
`may be single
`multiple
`a
`a
`are shown in Fig. 9. The inductive elements may be formed to enclosea
`circle,
`rectangle,
`a
`a
`that follows the contour of a
`shape with rounded corncrs, a
`square,
`particular
`triangle,
`a
`a dedicated space within a structure or
`or
`structure or
`shape that follows, fills,
`device,
`utilizes,
`device, and the like. The designs may be optimized for size, cost, weight, appearance,
`performance, and thelike.
`These conductors may be bent or formedinto the desired size, shape, and
`[00193]
`andsizes
`numberof turns. However, it may be difficult to
`accurately reproduce conductor shapes
`manual
`In addition, it may be difficult to maintain uniform or desired center-
`using
`techniques.
`to-center
`turns of the inductive elements.
`spacings between the conductor segments in adjacent
`Accurate or uniform spacing may be important
`in
`determining the self capacitance of the
`structure as well as any proximity effect induced increases in ACresistance, for example.
`resonator
`[00194] Molds may be used to
`replicate inductor elements for high-Q
`In addition, molds may be used to
`accurately shape conductors into any kind of shape
`
`an
`
`designs.
`
`apart
`
`a
`
`shape
`
`37
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`without creating kinks, buckles or other potentially deleterious effects in the conductor. Molds
`may be used to form the inductor elements and then the inductor elements may be removed from
`the forms. Once removed,these inductive clements may be built into cnclosurcs or devices that
`resonator. The formed elements may
`or instead remain in
`may house the high-Q magnetic
`also
`the mold used to form them.
`
`The molds may be formed using standard CNC (computer numerical control)
`[00195]
`or
`or
`milling tools or any other known techniques for cutting
`forming grooves in blocks.
`routing
`The molds may also or instead be formed using machining techniques, injection molding
`vacuum
`
`techniques, casting techniques, pouring techniques,
`
`techniques, thermoforming
`andthe like.
`
`techniques, cut-in-place techniques, compression forming techniques
`The formed element may be removed from the mold or it may remain in the
`[00196]
`mold. The mold may
`be altered with the inductive element inside. The mold may be covered,
`machined, attached, painted and the like. The mold and conductor combination may be
`structure or device. The grooves cut into the molds may be any
`integrated into another housing,
`to form conducting tubing, wire, strapping, strips, blocks, and
`dimension and may be designed
`the like into the desired inductor shapes and sizes.
`resonators may contain more than
`The inductive elements used in magnetic
`[00197]
`loop and may spiral inward or outward or up or downor in some combination ofdirections.
`resonators may have a
`variety of shapes, sizes and numberof turns and
`general, the magnetic
`they may be composedofa
`variety of conducing materials.
`they may be enclosed in an
`resonators may be free standing
`The magnetic
`[00198]
`enclosure, container, sleeve or
`resonators may include the form used to
`housing. The magnetic
`makethe inductive element. These various forms and enclosures may be composed of almost
`any kind of material. Low loss materials such as
`Teflon, REXOLITE, styrene, and the like may
`be preferable for some
`applications. These enclosures may contain fixtures that hold the
`inductive elements.
`
`one
`
`In
`
`or
`
`resonators may be composedof self-resonant coils of copper wire or
`[00199] Magnetic
`resonators
`composed of self resonant conductive wire coils may include
`coppertubing. Magnetic
`a wire of length /, and cross section radius a, wound into a helical coil of radius x, height 4, and
`numberof turns N, which may for example be characterized as N=VI? —A? /22x.
`
`38
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
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`Page 1009
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`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1002
`Page 1009
`
`

`

`WO 2010/093997
`
`PCT/US2010/024199
`
`frequency,/;
`
`that
`
`so that x is about 30 cm, #
`resonator structure may be configured
`A
`[00200]
`magnetic
`is about 20 cm, a is about 3 mm andNis about 5.25, and, during operation,
`a power source
`resonator may drive the resonator at a resonant
`to the magnetic
`frequency, f, where fis
`coupled
`about 10.6 MHz. Where x is about 30 cm, / is about 20 cm, a is about | cm and N is about 4, the
`frequency, /; where fis about 13.4 MHz. Where x is about 10 cm, A
`resonator may be driven at a
`is about 3 cm, a is about 2 mm and Nis about 6, the resonator may be driven at a
`where fis about 21.4 MHz.
`High-Q inductive elements may be designed using printed circuit board traces.
`[00201]
`Printed circuit board traces may have a
`to
`variety of advantages compared
`mechanically formed
`they may be accurately reproduced and easily integrated using
`inductive elements including
`established printed circuit board fabrication techniques, that their AC resistance may be lowered
`custom
`designed. conductor traces, and that the cost of mass-producing them may be
`using
`significantly reduced.
`High-Q inductive elements may be fabricated using standard PCB
`[00202]
`techniques
`on any PCB material such as FR-4 (epoxy E-glass), multi-functional epoxy, high performance
`epoxy, bismalaimide triazine/epoxy, polyimide, Cyanate Ester, polytetraflouroethylene (Teflon),
`FR-2, FR-3, CEM-1, CEM-2, Rogers, Resolute, and the like. The conductor traces may be
`formed on
`printed circuit board materials with lower loss tangents.
`traces may be composed of copper, silver, gold, aluminum,
`The conducting
`[00203]
`of
`or other cured materials. The
`nickel and the like, and they may be composed
`paints, inks,
`circuit board may be flexible and it may be a flex-circuit. The conducting
`by chemical deposition, etching, lithography, spray deposition, cutting, and the like. The
`traces may be applied
`to form the desired patterns and they may be formed using
`conducting
`crystal and. structure
`growth techniques.
`The dimensions of the conducting traces, as well as the number of layers
`[00204]
`containing conducting traces, the position, size and shape of those traces and the architecture for
`to achieve or
`interconnecting them may be designed
`optimize certain system specifications such
`as resonator
`resonator size, resonator material and fabrication costs, U, U,), and the like.
`QO, Oy),
`As an
`a three-turn high-Q inductive element 1001A was fabricated
`[00205]
`example,
`as shown in
`four-layer printed circuit board using the rectangular copper trace pattern
`Fig.
`10(a). The coppertrace is shown in black and the PCB in white. The width and thickness of the
`
`traces may be formed
`
`on a
`
`39
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1002
`Page 1010
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1002
`Page 1010
`
`

`

`WO 2010/093997
`
`PCT/US2010/024199
`
`single layer
`
`was 5.3 4 H.A
`
`single layer
`
`m
`
`was
`
`1 cm
`
`m
`
`(400 mils) and 43 y» m
`coppertraces in this cxample
`(1.7 mils)
`approximatcly
`trace on a
`respectively. The edge-to-edge spacing between turns of the conducting
`was
`approximately 0.75 cm
`(300 mils) and each board layer thickness was
`approximately 100
`was
`on each layer of the board and the
`(4 mils). The pattern shownin
`Fig. 10(a)
`repeated
`conductors were connected in parallel. The outer dimensions of the 3-loop
`structure were
`approximately 30 cm
`by 20 cm. The measured inductance of this PCB loop
`using this inductor element and tunable capacitors had a
`resonator
`quality factor, Q, of
`magnetic
`resonance
`550 at its designed
`frequency of 6.78 MHz. The resonant
`frequency could be tuned by
`resonator.
`changing the inductance and capacitance values in the magnetic
`a two-turn inductor 1001B wasfabricated on a
`As another example,
`[00206]
`four-layer
`printed circuit board using the rectangular coppertrace pattern shown in
`Fig. 10(b). The copper
`trace is shown in black and the PCB in white. The width and height of the coppertraces in this
`(300 mils) and 43 « m
`were
`0.75 cm
`(1.7 mils) respectively. The edge-
`example
`approximately
`trace on a
`was
`to-cdge spacing between turns of the conducting
`0.635
`approximatcly
`cm
`(250 mils) and each board layer thickness was
`(4 mils). The pattern
`approximately 100.
`was
`on each layer of the board and the conductors were connected
`shownin Fig. 10(b)
`repeated
`structure were
`7.62 cm
`parallel. The outer dimensions of the two-loop
`in
`26.7
`approximately
`by
`cm. The measured inductance of this PCB loop
`was 1.3 yu H. Stacking
`two boards together with
`a vertical separation of approximately 0.635 cm
`(250 mils) and connecting the two boards in
`a PCB inductor with an inductance of approximately
`3.4 4 H. A
`series produced
`magnetic
`using this stacked inductor loop and tunable capacitors had a
`resonator
`quality factor, O, of 390
`resonance
`at its designed
`frequency of 6.78 MHz. The resonant
`frequency could be tuned by
`resonator.
`changing the inductance and capacitance values in the magnetic
`The inductive elements may be formed using magnetic materials of any size,
`[00207]
`shape thickness, and the like, and of materials with a wide range of permeability and loss values.
`These magnetic materials may be solid blocks, they may enclose hollow volumes, they may be
`formed from many smaller pieces of magnetic material tiled and or stacked together, and they
`may be integrated with conducting sheets or enclosures made from highly conducting materials.
`Wires may be wrapped around the magnetic materials to generate the magnetic near-field. These
`wires may be wrapped around one or more than oneaxis ofthe structure.
`Multiple wires may be
`
`40
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1002
`Page 1011
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1002
`Page 1011
`
`

`

`WO 2010/093997
`
`PCT/US2010/024199
`
`parallel,
`
`or in series,
`
`or via a switch to
`
`dipole
`
`perpendicular
`
`planar
`a
`
`wrapped around the magnetic materials and combined in
`form customized near-field patterns.
`resonator may include 15 turns of Litz wire wound around a
`The magnetic
`[00208]
`19.2 cm x 10 cm x 5 mm tiled block of 3F3 ferrite material. The Litz wire may be wound around
`the ferrite material in any direction or combination of directions to achieve the desire resonator
`performance. The numberof turns of wire, the spacing betweenthe turns, the type of wire, the
`size and shape of the magnetic materials and the type of magnetic material are all design
`parameters that may be varied or
`optimized for different application scenarios.
`resonators
`using magnetic material structures
`[00209] High-O Magnetic
`magnetic materials assembled to form an
`to use
`It may be possible
`open
`[00210]
`magnetic circuit, albeit one with an air gap on the order of the size of the whole structure, to
`realize a
`resonatorstructure. In these structures, high conductivity materials are wound
`magnetic
`arounda structure made from magnetic material to form the inductive element of the magnetic
`resonator.
`Capacitive elements may be connected to the high conductivity materials, with the
`frequency then determined as described above. These magnetic
`resonant
`resonators have their
`momentin the plane of the two dimensional resonatorstructures, rather than
`as is the case for the capacitively-loaded inductor loop
`resonators.
`to it,
`diagram of a
`resonator structure is shown in
`<A
`Fig. 11(a). The
`[00211]
`single planar
`resonator structure is constructed of a core of magnetic material 1121, such as ferrite with
`or
`wrapped around the core 1121. The structure may be
`loops of conducting material 1122
`loop
`used as the source resonator that transfers power and the device resonator that captures energy.
`to a
`Whenused as a source, the ends of the conductor may be coupled
`power source.
`Alternating
`electrical current
`flowing through the conductor loops excites alternating magnetic fields. When
`to a
`the structure is being used to reccive power, the ends of the conductor may be coupled
`powerdrain or load. Changing magnetic fi