Novel Wireless Power Supply System for Wireless Communication
`Devices in Industrial Automation Systems
`
`G . SCHEIBLE*, J. SCHUTZ*, C. APNESETH**
`ABB Corporate Research
`*Wallstadter Str. 59, 68526 Ladenburg, Germany
`Tel.: +49(0)6203 71 -6249, -6237, Fax.: +49(0)6203 71 6412
`**Bergerveien 12, 1361 Billingstad, Norway
`Tel.: C47 66 84 4444, Fax.: +47 66 84 3541
`
`E-Mail: guntram.scheihle@de.abb.com, iean.schutz~,de.abb.com,christoffer.apneseth~,no.abb.com
`
`Abstract - In recent years we have seen considerable
`advances in low power, integration and micro-systems
`technologies, enabling wireless communication for very
`small, affordable, lightweight and high performance
`devices. These technologies are still mainly used for
`consumer
`and office applications, but
`significant
`advantages can be obtained by applying the technologies
`to new areas. One area of particular interest industrial
`automation and control systems, such as robotics and
`factory automation.
`In this paper we discuss the main challenges involved with
`realizing a reliable, wireless, and energy antonornous
`communication system suited for industrial automation.
`Special emphasis is placed on providing an overview of
`suitable power supply possibilities and describing a novel
`magnetic medium frequency power supply concept
`enabling true wireless energy supply within cell-volumes
`of more than loom' with sufticiently small infrastructure.
`The novel resonant power supply concept uses medium
`frequencies (-ltOkH2)
`in a "coreless
`transformer",
`enabling the supply of devices within a certain volume,
`for example a production cell, surrounded by coils. By
`using omni-directional or rotating magnetic
`fields,
`together with three orthogonal receiver coils, it enables a
`shielding tolerant supply system with unique properties.
`Compared to primary battery technologies, the new
`approach offers approximately 50 times higher energy
`densities over the application lifetime.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`I.
`In recent years there has been quite a revolution within the
`area of electronics and micro-systems suited for sman
`industrial, process and energy distribution systems:
`Electronics have become very cheap, small, intelligent
`and communicative (e.g. wireless)
`Sensors have become significantly smaller and cheaper
`and often can be integrated
`Control and automation systems (e.g. PLC) including
`advanced communication are also much smaller, more
`"low power", cheaper and offer new flexibility and
`advanced engineering assistance.
`In each of these areas the costs have fallen dramatically and
`advanced
`technologies have been developed. New
`communication technologies have been introduced (e.g.
`
`WLAN and Bluetooth), offering new mechanisms for wireless
`connectivity and networking within a control system [l].
`
`A further revolution in the sensor and small actuator area is
`going to take place with micro- electro- mechanical- systems
`(MEMS), which
`integrate mechanical
`structures,
`multifunctional materials and microcircuits on one and the
`same chip. The vision is to create chips that sense, think, act
`and communicate[2].
`All these developments create a strong technology push for
`new wireless devices in industrial applications such as
`process control, discrete manufacturing, power distribution
`and in building automation and instrumentation.
`These performance improvements, at very low overall cost,
`may allow not only the replacement of existing devices but
`enable new
`technical and automation system options,
`providing increased system performance at reduced cost. For
`example the purchase cost of a typical industrial sensor may
`currently be less than 20 USD, but the overall cost including
`the engineering, installation, wiring, and maintenance in an
`application may typically cost more than 200 USD. These
`figures are significantly higher in difficult environments (e.g.
`MV applications, off-shore installation etc.).
`Therefore wireless devices can allow for:
`Significantly reduced installation , service cost or
`-
`- more devices (e.g. sensors) to be installed allowing
`superior applicationlprocess knowledge and control
`offer
`as
`the
`benefits,
`such
`Wireless
`devices
`mobilityiflexibility, reduced maintenance cost (due to wear
`and tear of cables), reduced weight, easy re-configuration and
`more. In many applications wired solutions (and energy
`transfer) are often not possible or suitable, especially in robot
`type applications or other mobile systems, but also in medium
`or high voltage applications with large isolation requirements.
`In several applications wires and related costs dominate the
`installation and service efforts.
`
`In section I1 we discuss the applications and requirements for
`a reliable, wireless and energy autonomous system suited for
`industrial automation Section 111 presents an overview of a
`wireless communication system develop to simultaneously
`address the low power requirements of an autonomous system
`and the real-time requirements of an industrial automation
`system. As a suitable ''wireless'' power supply should be
`similarly small, reliable and low cost to enable the creation of
`
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`fully wireless and energy autonomous devices. Therefore in
`section IV we provide an overview of suitable power supply
`possibilities for general use in industrial applications.
`The chosen wireless power system is described in more detail
`in section V and a novel magnetic power supply concept
`using medium frequencies in a coreless transformer is
`sketched in more detail. The novel resonant power supply
`concept provides a shielding tolerant supply system with
`unique properties by using rotating magnetic fields. Section
`VI provides practical results verifying the calculations and
`assumptions of the concept description in section V.
`
`11.
`
`APPLICATION DESCRIPTION AND
`REQUIREMENTS
`Although wireless communication has become increasingly
`reliable and cheap, the convenient supply of the necessary
`electrical auxiliary energy remains a major problem.
`However, in parallel with the introduction of new wireless
`technologies, the power consumption of electronics has been
`reduced significantly. Therefore, new possibilities for the
`supply of power will he realistic for some applications. There
`are two main categories of energy supply where autonomous
`power sources are needed:
`Autonomous systems: For example the supply of remote
`actuators and sensors in large chemical plants, industrial
`automation and control, or for temporary measurements
`like oil exploration, geo- or environmental measurements.
`The main problem in this case is to have a supply of
`energy (at favorable costs)
`Accessibility-limited systems: For example systems with
`a very high voltage potential or with moving parts as in
`robotics, electronics control or measurement equipment in
`generators, wellheads, turbines, etc. The main problem
`here can sometimes be reduced to transfer energy!
`For the latter, all of the supply possibilities for autonomous
`system can be used, but often additional possibilities exist
`(e.g. contactless systems such as rotating or high frequency
`isolation transformers, transfer via optical fibers etc.).
`The industrial use of autonomous systems would be
`advantageous for a variety of possible applications, for
`example in the following technical areas:
`Accessibility limited areas:
`High temperatures (turbines, dawn hales),
`.
`- Aggressive atmospheres
`High voltages (MV or HV equipment)
`.
`Extended systems
`.
`Widely spread plants (e.g. chemical)
`Systems with a large number of sensors
`- Robots,
`. Fully automated production machines
`Systems with changing system configuration
`Long term tests (fatigue tests),
`.
`. Measurements (data collection)
`Moving objects, units
`- mobile terminals
`- Robotparts,
`Product flow devicesicaniers.
`-
`
`*
`
`hi these examples fully wireless, energy autonomous devices
`would be extremely beneficial from a user point of view for
`example for:
`New applications (not possible with wires)
`Cheaper applications (reduced engineeringlwiring costs)
`Retrofit applications (additional hnctionality needed for
`older systems due to new requirements)
`
`Specifications and requirements:
`Cost, reliability and long lifetime are the key device selection
`factors in such systems. For industrial real time discrete
`automation (production machines, robotics) the following
`main requirements exist for mnst applications, e.g. sensors,
`actuators and their communication devices:
`- Maximum cycle time or latency: < lOms
`2 5 events pr second
`- Minimum repetition rate
`- Typ. lifetime:
`210 years
`Truly wireless, maintenance free (no power cableibattery)
`-
`Low cost (to maintain competitive advantage)
`-
`Small size (retrofit without redesign of
`-
`machinehnechanics )
`. High availability and reliability
`(comparable to, or better than wired)
`- High density of nodes
`1000’s per factory floor
`. Globally available frequency bands
`
`111.
`
`PROPOSED COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR
`REAL-TIME APPLICATIONS
`This section outlines design considerations and a proposed
`format for a wireless communication system applicable to
`real-time applications. The major principles for a system that
`has been realised is prestented. The detailed characteristics of
`the system fall beyond the scope of this paper.
`
`The design requirements for a wireless communication
`system for industrial automation differ significantly from
`those for existing commercial applications such as mobile
`telephony, wireless LAN (eg. IEEE 802.11b), and wireless
`for
`PAN (eg. Bluetooth). The communication needs
`automation are characterized by:
`Short messages
`Short telegram latency
`Extremely high reliability
`Large density of devices
`Ultra-low power consumption
`
`. Lowcost.
`
`In contrast existing systems are typically designed for:
`(a) connection-oriented communication (e.g. voice, streaming
`multi-media) and
`(b) transfer of large blocks of data without specific real-time
`requirements. There are also systems available for wireless
`data aqcuisition, but the current offerings provide slow update
`rates suitable only to slow processes.
`A number of technologies for wireless communications are
`available. This paper discusses wireless communication by
`radio. Other options exist such as optical communication
`(infra-red). Wireless communication by radio is by far the
`best option for system in wireless automation due to the
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`~
`
`possibility for high data rates and the need for communication
`without line-of-sight.
`
`Frequency Band
`An important consideration when choosing radio technology
`for wireless automation is the choice of frequency band. For
`un-licensed systems requiring global deployment without the
`need for configuration to fit local regulations, a number of
`open ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) bands exist. The
`most commonly preferred ISM bands today are the 433MHz,
`the 860MHz and the 2.4 GHz bands. The 433MHd86OMHz
`bands are popular with remote monitoring and control
`applications. The advantages with using these frequencies are
`the availability of low-power RF technology and the
`relatively low propagation losses (i.e. large range). However,
`the bandwidth is a severe restriction when applying these
`technologies to distributed systems that require real-time data
`and a high density of devices.
`
`The 2.4GHz ISM band is suitable for wireless automation due
`to its global availability and relatively high bandwidth
`(83,5MHz). In recent years there have been significant
`advancements in highly integrated, relatively low power and
`low-cost RF transceivers for this band. This is driven by
`standard technologies such as Bluetooth and IEEE 802.1 Ib.
`There is also a suitable frequency band at 5.5GHz, but the RF
`technology at this frequency is not yet mature.
`
`Network topology
`With the requirement for real-time communication combined
`with a high number and density of devices, the efficient use of
`the available bandwidth is important. This calls for a cellular
`network topology, with re-use of frequencies. A number of
`base stations can be distributed in the plant, with short-range
`communication with local sensorslactuators. As for cellular
`telephony networks in larger geographical areas, , the same
`bandwidth can be re-used in cells that are separated by a
`sufficiently large distance.
`The base stations are directly wired to the control network
`and communicate with the local wireless devices. [n typical
`applications the devices need only limited mobility, so there
`is not a need for roaming. This means that there may he a
`one-to-one connection between a wireless device and a base
`station. This simplifies the communication protocol, which
`does not require the network layer. This paper proposes a
`simple point-to-multipoint topology.
`
`Communication Environment
`The main threats to a reliable communication are:
`(a) interference from other wireless communication systems
`(b) frequency selective fading.
`It is necessary to design the system such that it can co-exist
`with systems such as Bluetooth and IEEE802.11 b, which also
`operate in the 2.4GHz band. Systems must also cope with the
`frequency-selective fading caused by multipath propagation
`of the radiowaves and resulting destructive combination.
`Two diversity techniques are commonly applied in
`wireless communication systems
`in order
`to combat
`frequency selective fading. These are antenna diversity
`
`techniques and spread spectrum technology (frequency
`diversity). Antenna diversity techniques are generally more
`expensive due to equipment cost and installation of multiple
`antennas. Additionally, antenna diversity techniques do not
`offer protection in terms of interfering systems.
`It is therefore necessary to apply a suitable spread spectrum
`technology, which may be combined with antenna diversity to
`ftuther improved system performance.
`
`Physical layer and Medium Access Control (MAC)
`In a system that needs to achieve the delivery of messages
`with a very high probability of success and high number of
`devices, the sharing of the communication medium
`is
`important. The techniques widely applied are Frequency
`Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Code Division Multiple
`Access (CDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access
`(TDMA).
`The technique most suitable for low-cost and low-power
`communication is TDMA. In combination with Frequency
`Hopping (FH) this can provide reliable communication with
`the possibility for low-cost and low-power implementation.
`
`Communication system description
`A wireless system has been design to meet the special needs
`of wireless in control and automation, as described above.
`The system uses TDM on the downlink, i.e the hasestation to
`device link. The downlink is used to continuously transmit
`synchronisation information, acknowledgements and control
`data to the devices. Each frame is 2048 us.
`for uplink
`The devices are granted one slot each
`communication per frame in a TDMA scheme.The frames on
`the uplink are synchronised to the downlink frames, but the
`channels are separated by a fixed frequency offset (Frequency
`Division Duplexing.)
`A simple transmission control protocol is applied.Telegrams
`received by the basestation are acknowledged. In case of a
`missing acknowledge, the device will re-transmit the
`telegram. The short frames allows for several re-transmissions
`within the permissible delay window, and a sufficiently high
`reliability can be obtained
`
`A special requirement for an energy-autonomous system is
`the extremely low-power requirement for communication.
`This is a challenge when combined with the real-time
`requirement. The use of the radio needs to be minimized. It is
`necessary to exploit the possibility of a more complex base
`station design. The system has a continuous downlink,
`offering synchronization information to sensors. When a
`sensor wakes up, it can immediately find synchronization,
`meaning less use of the receiver.
`
`A novel Frequency Hopping scheme has been developed,
`with unique properties that ensure a maximum likelihood of
`proper transfer within a given window of a few frames. The
`novel Frequency Hopping scheme guarantees that
`the
`frequencies used in successive frames are widely spread,
`providing robust communication in the presence of wideband
`interference or faded channels.
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`w. EVALUAT~ON
`OF POWER SUPPLY
`POSS~B~LIT~ES
`The resulting requirements for energy/power supply can
`vary quite a lot from application to application. Furthermore,
`to be usable in general, the device should be usable in any
`mounting positioxdorientation and while in motion, which
`must be taken into account when looking at radiated
`quantities such as PV (photovoltaic) and high frequency (HF)
`supplies (=shadowing/shielding). A main focus in developing
`autonomous applications is on power supply possibilities, as
`they often define the allowable powedenergy for the sensor
`and the communication actions. Batteries are used as
`comparison here; unfortunately developments in this area
`have not shown progress in the last ten years, especially
`regarding energy densities of primary batteries [4,5].
`
`General Design Aspects of Autonomous Systems
`For the reliable supply of autonomous systems at reasonable
`costs, there are two most important basic design rules:
`I. Reduce the energy consumption as far as possible!
`This can be achieved for most applications of interest here
`with energy minimized consumption, pulsed operation, and a
`kind of energy management. The use of existing conventional
`systems or parts thereof will normally lead to excessive
`energy consumption compared to newly developed systems
`with a focus on energy consumption minimization.
`11. Use hierarchical pulsed operation modes only
`Most applications normally allow the intense use of pulsed
`operation modes as data collection, actuation, processing,
`and communication are to be done at discrete times only.
`Speed must be reduced to the necessary minimum (e.g. in
`dependence of transients in the measurement signal). If the
`time behavior of the alternative energy is purely stochastic,
`100% reliability of the power supply cannot be guaranteed
`(e.g. photovoltaic) or can be guaranteed only at a very large
`oversizing.
`
`Power Distribution
`is currently
`industrial systems
`in
`Power distribution
`“conducted” with wires (exotic applications are also known
`with optical fibers, air ducts or a combination with
`conducting parts). Generally the necessary auxiliary energy
`for fully wireless devices can be either:
`Included in the system: Batteries incl. fuel cell,
`RTG ; with manuaVtime discrete (reoplacement
`Transmitted to the system:
`Optical, RF, acoustic, ...
`Taken out of the system environment
`light, heat, accelerationhibration, sensor effect,
`user activation
`Most industrial applications will need significantly higher
`reliability than consumer devices; Batteries are generally not
`acceptable, especially in factories with thousands of devices.
`With communication via wires, the power supply has never
`been a serious problem and also power consumption has been
`not a major concern when developing devices. This changes
`
`dramatically if wireless data transmission is considered
`Power supply is now a, or the, major problem [3].
`
`Alternative Power Sources
`In Table 1 energyipower supply estimates for a typical
`autonomous application in an industrial environment are
`shown. Assumptions were that 1/3rd of a typical application
`housing is usable (6cmz surface, 2,4cm3 of volume). The
`application should be operable for a reasonable time, e.g. five
`years have been assumed in the comparison.
`
`Other sources like flow, acceleration and vibration and those
`related to the sensed quantities have not been investigated, as
`these are only present in some sensor applications with a
`significant quantity and therefore will not be generally usable
`in a wide range of applications. Nuclear generators (e.g. RTG
`as used in pacemakers) are not considered due to likely
`objections.
`The comparison states the power levels achievable together
`with the determining size (aredvolume) and calculates the
`deliverable energy (density) for 5 years. From that an average
`power can be calculated which, together with a risk and cost
`estimation, allows the calculation of a figure of merit
`(=energy/cost/risk) for the supply possibilities. The risks are
`described in the last column of the table. A high energy
`density with low risk and cost gives the highest figure of
`merit! Best suited for the analysed automation application is
`according to Table 1 a HF-supply using magnetic fields
`around lOOkHz (h >> dimensions of target system).
`
`General System Description
`The type of wireless system of interest here is suited for cell
`structures, as commonly used
`in
`industrial production
`processes for highly automated production machines or
`robotic manufacturing cells. The designed system consists of
`a communication subsystem as described in section 111. The
`power supply system should be able to cover systems sizes
`matching typical manufacturing cell sizes, e.g. 6x3x3m3. The
`system is modular, so cells can be modularly connected to
`cover larger areas with several cells.
`
`Fig. 1: Wireless power and communication system
`for automated production cell (e.g. with robot)
`
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`V.
`
`MAGNETIC POWER SUPPLY CONCEPT
`A.) Magnetic Supply Principle:
`The basic principle of a wireless supply via magnetic fields
`can he completely described by the well-known transformer
`model with parasitic elements. The primary winding is a large
`coil around the volume to be supplied, the secondary(s) are
`small receiver coils, with a ferrite core to increase the flux
`through the coil.
`The main difference is that there is practically no core, and
`that medium frequencies (MF) are used. The parasitic
`elements therefore dominate the characteristics and lead to a
`very low coupling value of O,Ol-O,l%, with which the
`primary power supply has to cope 141, in order to transfer
`energy. The main coupling quantity is the field strength at the
`receiver position. If the primary coils are setup in a
`Helmholtz-like arrangement, this quantity is fairly constant
`over a large volume,
`
`~‘I machine
`
`Fig. 2: Principle of medium frequency (MF) power supply
`via magnetic fields and block diagram
`The losses are mainly determined by the conduction losses of
`the coil(s) due to the skin and proximity effect. S y t em tests
`have been done at 13,56 MHz and 120kHz. At 13,56MHz,
`which is an ISM frequency [5] dedicated to such applications,
`EMC problem are more likely, due to the proposed cell sizes
`and the small wavelength, so that also radiation already starts.
`Therefore a frequency bas been chosen which is well below
`the regulations limits, starting above 148,SkHz in the ISM
`standards. The reliability of the system is also determined by
`the choice of the frequency and the allowed field strength
`values regarding operator safety values.
`Keeping the field strength as low as possible and within all
`known regulations was a main design criteria.
`The dominating biological effect is considered to be heating
`of tissue and the regulations and recommendations state levels
`that allow the realization of the concept 161. E.g. the German
`“Berufsgenossenschaft” allows up to 42 A/m @1ZOkHz for
`occupational exposure [7], IEEE C 95 allows eveu 163Nm
`[SI. We have used 42A/m as a worst-case design criterion.
`This would allow a worker to continuously touch the coil wire
`with his head (an unrealistic case) for a full shift, every day
`without exceeding occupational limits. Applying the ICNIRF’
`recommendations, a distance of roughly 30cm to the coils for
`continuous working positions should be observed. Public
`values are 5Nm (@120kHz)!
`A bit less clear, but not differing from other more powerful
`high frequency applications (e.g. induction beating), is the
`regulation situation regarding EMC of pacemakers. EN
`
`50061 states acceptable disturbance voltage levels U,, for
`pace makers of e.g. IV @120kHz, nevertheless they are not
`referred
`to
`in
`the pacemaker
`industry. Applying
`the
`significantly stricter VDE 0848 [9] leads to Uss values of
`13OmV @12O”z. This translates to observable distances for
`pacemaker carriers of e.g. 0,5m for a small setup, and 1,5m
`for the largest setup with 3m of typical coil quantity (=max.
`distance of two perpendicular conductors and 24A,,
`each.
`
`B.) Resonant Medium Frequency Power Supply
`Such a transformer can only be operated conveniently in a
`resonant mode, where the large (leakage) inductance is
`compensated. Then an operation with low voltage or current
`quantities is possible.
`As such a supply should also be able to cope with:
`I.) smaller changes in the environment, e.g. large and
`moving metallic obstacles (e.g. robots) and
`2.) large “loas’ variations such as different sized primary
`coils (=inductance values) and different amount of losses
`created for example by eddy currents in adjacent metallic
`obstacles
`the primary supply needs an automatic and highly accurate
`control to always quickly achieve a perfect tuning for the
`resonant system to the fixed power frequency of 120kHz.
`Such a supply must also be suited for synchronized operation
`of multiple coil structures 141.
`
`C.) Omni-directional Receiver Structure
`To achieve significant power at the receiver side, these coils
`must also be operated in a resonant mode. To also achieve
`constant power output regardless of orientation in relation to
`the primary field vector, an orthogonal setup of three coils
`must he used. This orthogonality provides the opportunity to
`achieve a fairly simple tunable resonant system, still suited
`for industrial mass production.
`
`D.) Rotating Field:
`Obviously all types of metal will he present in the target
`application (production machines, robots,etc.) therefore a
`unidirectional field vector of the magnetic field is not
`sufficient. Ideally an omnidirectional type of field would be
`needed to achieve maximum field strength in heavily shielded
`environments. This means at least two coils or coil-systems
`(creating a rotating field), but ideally 3 orthogonal coils (or
`coil-systems) for an omnidirectional field are needed.
`
`VI.
`RESULTS
`Considering worst-case minimal field strength under shielding
`conditions, achievable power levels on the secondary coils
`mainly depend on the size of the coil and core size/shape
`used. A typical specific value achieved in the first prototypes
`ImWicm’ @6Aim, 12OkHz also under worst-case
`is
`conditions. A typical value of up to 3mW/cm3 has been
`practically achieved. This is sufficient to operate optimized
`wireless communication and sensing electronics using
`programmable logic and advanced bluetooth components to
`achieve the specifications set in section 11.
`The energy density achievable under worst case shielding
`conditions over IO years is still 50 times higher when
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`compared to advanced primary batteries and more than 150
`times higher than in secondary batteries (Li-Ion). With line
`and spot coil type primary sides a large variety of specialized
`
`50 times higher energy density compared to advanced
`primary batteries. Compared to photovoltaic cells, the
`received quantity variation in industrial applications is by far
`smaller.
`
`[I1
`
`PI
`
`[31
`
`[4l
`
`PI
`
`[61
`
`[71
`
`[SI
`
`[91
`
`VIII. REFERENCES
`J. Endresen; T. Bmnsvik; H. Beckman; S. Kjesbu: Bluetooth
`- Short-range radio with a multitude of applications; ABB
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`A. Vogel, D. Binz, S.Heim, 1. Schnieder, U. Bilitewski:
`Development of an Automated Microbial Sensor System;
`Biosensors&Bioelecrronics I4 (1999) (pp.187 - 193).
`Guntram Scheible: WIRELESS ENERGY AUTO-
`NOMOUS SYSTEMS: INDUSTRIAL USE?; Sensoren und
`Messsysleme 2002, VDE/IEEE Conference, Ludwigsburg,
`Germany, March 2002
`J. SCHUTZ, G. SCHEIBLE, C. Willmes: Load Adaptive
`Resonant Power Supply; 28th Annual Conference ofthe
`IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, SEVILLA, SPAN 5.-
`8.11. 2002
`EN5501 I/CISPR 1 I: Limits and methods of measurement of
`radio disturbance characteristics of industrial, scientific and
`medical (ISM) radio-frequency equipment;
`International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation
`Protection (ICNIRF’): Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to
`Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic
`Fields (up to 300 GHz), Health Physics Vol. 74, No 4, pp
`494-522, 1998
`Berufsgenossenschafi BFE: Unfallverhimmngs-vorschnfl
`BGV BI I ,,Elektromagnetische Felder“,
`Fachausschuflentwurf 12/00
`IEEE Std. C95.1: Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to
`Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic
`Fields, 3 lcHz to 300 GHz; IEEE Edition 1999
`E DIN 0848 Teil 3: Sicherheit in elektrischen, magnetischen
`und elektromagnetiscben Feldem; Schutz von Personen mit
`aktiven K6rperhilfsmittel im Frequenzbereich von 30 NHZ
`-
`300 GHz; 2000
`
`.
`..
`I
`Fig. 3: Simulation of field strength in a coil setup with 4
`3x3m2 coils at 24A,,,,, and rotating field.
`
`VII. CONCLUSION
`Wireless energy autonomous systems could be used
`advantageously in several industrial automation applications.
`Problems arise from the large variation in requirements/
`environment for these applications. A total system approach
`for fully wireless devices has been presented. The wireless
`communication protocol selected for the communication sub-
`system should be designed for very low power consumption
`at the device side. An overview of such a system, developed
`for ultra-low power consumption and real-time requirements,
`has been presented. A first rough overview of conventional
`and alternative power supply solutions for typical industrial
`wireless applications is given. First details of a novel
`magnetic energy supply concept using medium frequencies
`are outlined and first results are presented.
`This supply is ideally suited for wireless devices in industrial
`robot applications or highly
`manufacturing cells with
`automated production machines and achieves an more than
`
`Table 1: Example power supply comparison for typical autonomous industrial sensors
`(1/3rd of sensor: 6cm’ usable surface, 2.5cm’ of usable volume)
`
`* estimate
`
`1363
`
`Authorized licensed use limited to: Margaret Yamin. Downloaded on May 12,2021 at 15:42:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 006
`
`