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`BRENCE WORK FOR
`TER USERS
`
`DICTIONARY OF'
`
`SAP Exhibit 1016
`SAP v. Express Mobile, Inc.
`IPR2021-01146
`Page 00001
`
`

`

`e
`
`in
`
`[1
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`y
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`e*
`
`its
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`A Dictionary of
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`ting
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`SIXTH EDITION
`
`OXFORD
`
`UNIVERSITY PRESS
`
`IPR2021-01146 Page 00002
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`

`

`OXFORD
`UNIVERSITY PRESS
`Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP
`Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
`It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
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`Published in the United States
`by Oxford University Press Inc., New York
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`© Market House Books Ltd, 1983, 1986, 1990, 2004, 2008
`
`The moral rights of the author have been asserted
`Database right Oxford University Press (maker)
`
`First edition 1983
`Second edition 1986
`Third edition 1990
`Fourth edition 1996
`Fifth edition 2004
`Sixth edition 2008
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
`stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
`without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press,
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`Oxford University Press, at the address above
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`You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover
`and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
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`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`Data available
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`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`Data available
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`Typeset by Market House Books Ltd.
`Printed in Great Britain
`on acid-free paper by
`Clays Ltd, St Ives plc
`ISBN 978-0-19-923400-4
`
`7
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`IPR2021-01146 Page 00003
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`

`

`Whirlwind
`
`are made from assignments, sequential
`composition, conditional statements, and
`while statements. Programs in the language
`are defined, using an abbreviated BNF n·ota(cid:173)
`tion, by
`S ::= x:=t I S1;S2 I
`if b then S1 else SzJi I while b do Sod
`where xis any *variable, tis any *term over
`the signature :E, bis a Boolean term, and S,
`S1, and S2 are while programs. The role of the
`signature is to define the data types (and
`hence the types of variables needed) and the
`basic operations on data (and hence the
`terms that appear in assignments). The while
`programming language can compute func(cid:173)
`tions and sets on any algebra with signature
`:E. When applied to the simple algebra
`({0,1,2, ... } I 0, n+l)
`of natural numbers, the while programs
`compute all partial *recursive functions. The
`while language is an important language for
`the theoretical analysis of ideas about *im(cid:173)
`perative programming. It is easily extended
`by adding constructs, such as the *concur(cid:173)
`rent assignment, repeat and for statements,
`and nondeterministic constructs (like the
`random assignment x := ?) .
`Whirlwind The first real-time computer,
`built at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech(cid:173)
`nology and capable of calculating at high
`speed. The Whirlwind project had its origins
`in wartime defense and was officially
`launched in December 1944. The first ver(cid:173)
`sion, operational in 1950, used *electrostatic
`storage tubes but a ferrite *core store was in
`use (its first appearance) by 1953. See also
`DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION.
`whiteboard (electronic blackboard) A
`common area between applications and
`users in which mutually useful information
`is stored in a standard form that all can ac(cid:173)
`cess.
`white-box testing Another name for
`glass-box testing.
`white noise Noise occurring in a channel
`and regarded as continuous in time and con(cid:173)
`tinuous in amplitude, the noise being uni(cid:173)
`form in energy over equal intervals of
`*frequency. (Note that, by contrast, white
`light is uniform in energy over equal inter(cid:173)
`vals of wavelength.) Compare IMPULSE NOISE.
`white pages See YELLOW PAGES.
`whois A protocol that allows users to dis-
`
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`556
`
`cover the owner of an Internet domain
`name, IP address, etc.
`whole number A number that is not
`*fractional or *real. It is an *integer or a
`member of some subset of the integers such
`as the *natural numbers.
`wide area information service See
`WAIS.
`wide area network (WAN) A *network
`with communications often over large dis(cid:173)
`tances and, like a *local area network (LAN),
`generally operated by a single organization.
`In the case of a WAN, however, this organi(cid:173)
`zation may be active in commerce or indus(cid:173)
`try and have plant or offices at a number of
`widely dispersed sites. Alternatively the prin(cid:173)
`cipal activity of the organization may be the
`operation of the WAN, as with a *public net(cid:173)
`work operator. In both cases the WAN will
`interconnect the lANs at the dispersed sites.
`See also METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK.
`widget An element of a user interface that
`behaves in a particular way. The term is as(cid:173)
`sociated with the *X Windows system, where
`a widget in general corresponds to an X win(cid:173)
`dow together with the functions and rules
`that determine its input and output behav(cid:173)
`ior. Examples of widgets include *buttons
`and *scroll bars. Widgets are therefore com(cid:173)
`ponents from which user interfaces can be
`constructed. Different widget sets are avail(cid:173)
`able on X windows and these provide the el(cid:173)
`ements for constructing user interfaces.
`Different widget sets will usually provide dif(cid:173)
`ferent styles of interface.
`width of a bus. The number of signal lines
`in the *bus.
`WiFi A wireless Ethernet link operating in
`the 2.4 GHz band and conforming to IEEE
`802.llb. It has a range ofup to 100 m, but
`this is very dependent on the location.
`wiki A *web site whose content can be
`changed and extended by users via their web
`browsers. The term is also used for *web ap(cid:173)
`plications that facilitates this. Wikis are a
`useful technique for rapidly assembling and
`disseminating "collective wisdom" ("wiki
`wiki" is Hawaiian for "fast" or "quick"). They
`have become popular on many levels, rang(cid:173)
`ing from small private wikis through internal
`departmental or corporate wikis to such
`popular web sites as *Wikipedia. Their major
`problem, for which they have been criti-
`
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