Shorter Oxford
`English Dictionary
`
`ON HISTORICAL PRINCIPLES
`
`Sixth edition
`
`VOLUME 2
`
`· N-Z
`
`OXFORD
`
`UNIVERSITY PRESS
`
`SAP Exhibit 1015
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`IPR2021-01146
`Page 00001
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`

`OXFORD
`
`UNIVERSITY PRESS
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`© Oxford University Press 1973, 1993, 2002. 2007
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`First edition 1933
`Second edition 1936
`,
`Third edition 1944
`Reprinted with i;evi~ed etymologies and enlarged addenda 1973
`Fourth edition published 1993 as the New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
`Fifth edition 2002
`Sixth edition ,:aoo7
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`ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2
`ISBN 978-0-19-920688-9 (deluxe)
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`\\'CII n·acl. widely rra\'·
`
`widen I Wien's law
`E WAUGH A m:m of m,1ny intcn~srs
`cl\cd.
`2 With, at, or by a wide interval or intervals (of space or
`time): farapart, LlG .
`DICKENS \ Vidc ly s,.,ringcycs,
`3 Over a wide range: in relation to many or various
`things. subjects, cases. etc.: extensively. L17.
`C. P. S111ow I began lo read \videly ouu:idc science 0. MANNING
`Now.1d.:1ys we do not me thl.! word~ wMcly.
`4 To a 1:irge extent. considcr:ibly: r;p. so as to be far J(l:11'1
`in nat~rc,, character. ct'C, Ftmncrly also, so as to be wicle
`of the mark. L17.
`M. EDGEWORTH Negligence an<l inhumanity ., re wide/} dilkrcnt.
`
`l>y
`
`3632
`
`mosl of his time to a specified activity and is seldom at
`homo. LME. •d cmrnAsnCAL. Any of a class of d(!\<Out
`widows in the early Christian Church. LlG.
`A, S. BvAnThis stone is dcdic~rcd to Randolph Hem)' ,\sh
`lus sorrm,.•mg widow and wffr of more fh:ln 45 )"C'J:tt
`c G1,ardJ1tn One. unh. aw;m! of the- d:tnge-rs of creMiog 'TA
`to wives.
`widows' opens its b.ir
`c business widow. golf widow, etc.
`2 = WIDOW BIRD. M18.
`3 An extra hand dealt to the table in certain card games.
`l19.
`4 11'POGRAPHV. A ~hon (esp. si ngla-wuro) last line of a p.ira.·
`gr.,ph left at the 1op of a pa~e or column and considered
`undesirable. M20.
`- PHRASES; block w;dow. sec CV.CJ( aajWJ~ r,RAS'5' wroow .. Merry
`Widow:- s~i.:. M!:A.RV f:WJtt.li\'e. MOUlll'NF.Ut w,dow. mourning ~idf)W;
`.,.., MOURNING pp/ od/odill\>, the widow [cr;m,lation al Fn,nch Ill
`widen /'w,\ld(o)n/ verb. E17
`\ ;u,•, Cllcquol. a fi rm of wine merchanu) ca/104. chanip;1gne. the
`f oRICIN from w 1DE adjective T ~EN 5
`• J
`Widow ot Windsor, the Widow .at Windso r Qu«-n Victorl.t.,
`tl verb trans. Open wide. rare. Only in E17.
`whn;e husband pr'l(leCl!:ll<!d her by fort)' y~ .-.. virgin widow:
`M. DRAYTON The gates thus widen'cl Tl1ci1•amplc entra nce m
`!!':c:e v1Rr.1N·ocfjccri1,,1L'. wlrlow b~witchl!d: !=re SMIJC' 1:c abo,1.e.
`the English g;iuc.
`- COMO.: widow finch ~ widow b.ird, :m im.lfgo bird; widow•
`(II, Amw. slang) a
`ntal<er a killer or potenrul killer of m~n: 'I"'
`dca,1 branch rnughl hi~h iu ~ 1""' whk h may fil l! on n pcT><Jn
`2 verb trans. Make ¼~de or wider. broaden: fig extend.
`make more comprehensive, Ml 7
`below; wldow-mi3n dml.. .a 1.<i.1idowc.r: ,vldow's CRUSt: widow··s
`men JIJ'U, fictitious cre:wtn~.n whos-e nanl\?1 wc1 .. c ~ntt"red on n
`C. MILNE It \'\"ilS m~m .. who Lr:unped out Lhc Lracks he nc~decl
`, hip'! boo I<._ their pay beini; creclil.C(! Le• widows· pension fimd;
`an<.l latcr\\1clc ncd them into roild:5.. P. ACKROYD Dickens 4cdrkd
`w1dow'smitl!• see MITEnaur, 1b. widow's peal<: see PEAK noun 1 1e;
`lO widen his attack from cduGHional molters: alone
`widow's walk N, Amer. a railed or balustraded platform built on
`3 verb intrans. Become wide or wider (lit. & fig) Ml 7
`1he roof. orig. In early N.-.., Encl~nd hou,cs, esp, forpnwidin!l, ;m
`1mimp(.'d~d. view of Lhr 10.1. widow's weeds: !lita wu:o noun 8:
`I. MURDOCH The river widened into a pool E. ~ROMM The g.1p
`widow wan 1he slln,b mc.2:croon. D'1ph.nc mctrtu,n; atso. :i
`bcnv"ccn rich ;ind poor n;itions has ever widened.
`dwa rf tvc,·~~en shrub Cl[ lhe. wc:s:rern Medircrr;:mean ~gion.
`(cid:127) widener noun a person w hn or c.hing which widc-n\, an Jppar(cid:173)
`C"1'1)1'11m tncocmn (family C:neom:rac), wilh pink swe<t•scentcd
`an1s for widening somethinJ,:. SJh'C. a drill connmr u: 1 to bore a
`0Qwerr. widow woman (cbld ly orth.& d/al)" >cl'l.lC , abov
`(cid:127) widowhood noun jnJ lhc state or co ndition or .i widow [or
`hole of greater diameter than ils own: l17,
`\ddowrrl: the time dud,1n- which cmr is i'l wide\-.' (or wido"w-e rJ;
`wideness /'wA1d111sl noun. Now rare. OE.
`tau, •« Lied on a widow; OE. wlc!owly
`11h> (~. Smker,) ~n
`{ORIGIN f1umw10E adjective+ •NESS.I
`odjcdk" & at/1,tb (tr) adj,<1;,... pcn:llining to, oh;u:aaerinic of. or
`1 Tran ·verse measurement; diameter, breadth. Also,
`lxl!iirln& • widow; fb l admb In • w,,y befitting • widow, llkc •
`extent of opening. distance apart. obsolete exc. dial, OE.
`widow: M16.
`2 Large extension~ spaciousness: a vast expanse. ME~
`widow /' w1dou/ noun'. obsolete exc. dial.
`3 Great extent from side to side. Ml 6.
`[ORIGIN Old English widewa masc. corresp. to widt'Wt WIDOW noun 1 .J
`4 fig. Width ofrange; extensiveness. comprehensiveness
`=WIDOWER 1.
`M16.
`widow /'w1d,u/ verb trans. ME.
`widespread 1'w.1dspm i, •'sprtdl od/ocrlve. EIS.
`l,0R1G1N from WIDOW naun1 or noun:.]
`[DRICIIII frnTTI \'\IIDEGdlffll •SrREADpp/odJectiW!.)
`·1 M:1ke a "1dow (or, rn rcly, widower) oe bereave of one's
`1 Distrfbutecl over a wide area: ex tensively diffused or
`husbil.Dd (or wire.I, Chiefly ns widowed ppf od/ecllve. ME.
`•b r,~. Deprive. of a highly prized poss~ion (p=on,
`disseminated. Els.
`2 Extended over a wide space: broad. Ml s.
`thing, orq_ualicy); bere.wc.lltrro,y. LI G.
`b E. YOUNG Wit, widow·c.1 of good-sense, is worse than nought
`wide-where /' w•1dwd adverb. Long arch. OE.
`[ ORIGIN from WIDE adverb+ WHERE adverb. I
`t2 Survive as a widow, become the widow of. rare (Shakes.).
`Over a wide area: far and wide.
`Only in E17.
`t 3 Endow with a widow's right. rare (Shakes.). Only in El 7.
`widgeon noun var. ofw1GEON.
`widow bird /'w rdauba:d/ noun. LIB.
`widger /'w1d3:,/ noun. M20,
`[ORIGIN f,vm w,oow noun' (with ref. to the black plumage of the
`(O RIOIN A word from a no nsense definition in a series of memory
`r,iales)+ 011u) rroun.)
`tests.]
`A whydah, esp. one of the genus Euplectes.
`A small spatu!ar gardening tool used to transpl ant seed(cid:173)
`widower /'w1douo/ noun. LME.
`lings.
`[ORIGIN frcmw1oownoun 1 +·ER 1
`widget/'w1d31V noun. Orig. US. E20.
`1 A husband who has lost his wife by death and has not
`[ORIGIN Prob. alt. of GADGET.)
`married again. LME. 1b As211d elem. of comb.: a hus ba.nd
`1 A gadget, a m eehanical contrivance: esp. a small manu·
`whose wife devotes most of her time to~ specified activ(cid:173)
`factured item. colloq E.20.
`ity (cf. wmow noun' tc). colloq. rvi20.
`2 ~lhUFUTING. A component of a user interface which oper(cid:173)
`M. Cox William was a widower, but . . he married again.
`:ues in a pnrticu lar way. uo.
`b Listl•nrrHe's a football widower because I'm the one .. troop·
`3 /\ pln.stic device. used in some beer cans and bottles.
`ing away lo . matches.
`which imroduces nitrogen into the beer giving it a
`t2 Any of ao ccclesiastiral class of m_en corresponding to
`creamy head in imitation of draught beer. L20.
`thatofw1dows(w1oownoun' 1d), L1~7.
`widgie /'w1d3i/ noun. Austral, & NZ. Now hist. M20.
`(cid:127) wldowe.red ad/1/ctk< frnn,) luvln~ b<come • widower Ml9.
`[ORIGIN Unknown,)
`wJdowerhood 1100n rh<! mt.c or cond ition of a_ \vidower. the
`An Australasian Teddy girl. Cf. BOOGIE.
`time during which a man is a widower: us wldowershlp noun=
`WIOOWERHOOD Ml 7.
`widish l'wA1d1J/ adverb & adjective. Ll s.
`width /w11.8, w1d8/ noun. E17.
`[ORIGIN from WIDE adverb, adjective +-ISH 1
`[OiUCIN from wm Eadf.ectlrr+-n1 •, formed or, th e-analogy of brtadih
`(cid:141) A odverb. Somewhat widely. us.
`tn rcpl3CC' WIOEN.£$S.J
`(cid:141) B adjective. Somewhat wide. Ml 9.
`1 Tl1c linear C'.X'tcnt oTa th ing as measu red across or from
`Widmanstatten /'l,• 1drru,nj ,c1011 , ·,,11./ noun. M19.
`side to side; breadth. E17. •b A distance equal to the
`width of a r:hing: es,,, the transveNc cim,ru of a swim•
`[ORIGIN Alois Josep IViilmu11.ttanCll (1754 -1849), Austrian mineral•
`oglst.)
`ming pool. taken as a measure o f the d istance swum (cE
`Used attrib. with ref. to an orderly pattern of intersecting
`LENCTH Jd). Ml.9. •c A scri t> of materia l of full width as
`bands seen in some meteorites and steels when a pol(cid:173)
`woven. L19.
`ished section is etched. attributed to the crystallization
`01c1<c-t~s l.argl!' round ty~ . opcn.etl to th cir utmort \.i.•idEh..
`or precipitation of a new solid phase along the crystal
`S. E. W1lll1'.S1r,p1 ofccrr.tin acbitrary lengths and widths.
`plane ofa pa.rent solid phase.
`b L. GR• Nr-Ai:w.,so:< ffu jmom! was sp,1cious, th• wi~1.b of the
`house,
`widow /'w1dau/ noun'.
`2 Largeness of transverse or horizontal extent; ~g.
`[ORIOI N Old Englfsh wfdnv,. 11sulu11~= Old Frl,l;m 111t1w,. Ofd Sa on
`bn,adth or liberality of thoughts, views. etc. l17. (cid:141) b A
`wiffowu, Old Hjgh Germa n V.'ttu1,1,'.J {Dti.tth w~dm,,-. \\'«f. Gerrmm
`W1tw,), Gothic wul•wll, adjccfivc, famiallon nl' lnrlo,Europcon base
`,vide expanse. Ml 9.
`rt?pr. by Sa11skritl'1dbawl widow. Gre~k ffihrM unma rrit-d m.1n, t.itin
`Guardia n Toe pni:ket c;utoons ..ire fot't'nidnblo socin.l hh.tory.
`vfd.w bereft, void. wldowed.J
`limited Ln wiU1.h. b M. FRANKLIN \Vcct.s and weeks spent .. cros(cid:173)
`1 A woman who has lost her husband by death and has
`sing widths of saltbush count1y.
`not rrutrrled again. Formerly [now arch. & die/.) prefixed as a
`t itle before the surname or ruch a wom;m, OE. •b A
`3 Irons{. The magnitude or rang" of mag-nitudes of a non·
`female anJmal, esp. a hen bird. char has 1cm it5 mat"-. MF(cid:173)
`spaua.l quantity rcprc,;enred graphically as extent along
`.an a.xis. Cf. bandwidth s.v. e~ND 11aun'. LI 9.
`•c (More fully widow bewitched ) a wife :<CJ):tratcd fr,:,m
`r d!!scrtctl by ber husb:ind (now dial.). Now chiefly (colloq,I
`• widthways adverb in the direction of the width, transversely
`us_ widthwise adverb=WtOTHWAYS L19.
`as 2n d dem. of comb .. a wife whose h usll:md devotes
`b but. d dog. I' few. g get. h he. J yes. k cot. I leg. m man. n no. p pen. , red. s sit. l top, v van. w we. z zoo, f she. 3 vision. 0 thin. ~ this. Q ring, lJ chip. d3 jar
`
`Wiedemann-Franz /vi:doman'fro:n1s/ noun. E20.
`(ORIGIN from Gurr.iv H. Wil·demann (1826-99} + Rudolf Franz (1827-
`1902). German phy11d,ts. j
`PHYSICS. 1 Wiedemann- Franz law. the law (valid at suffi(cid:173)
`ciently lo"' or l11gh tempera\,1res) that ataoy g iven Lem(cid:173)
`pcraru rt! the ratio of the thcnn:i) ID the elcctric:il
`conductivity has approxhnat!!ly the same value for all
`metallic elements. E20.
`2 Wiedemann-Franz ratio. this ratio. equivalent to the
`Lorenz constant. M20.
`wiederkom /'vi:dokom/ noun. Also -komm. W-. L19.
`[ORIGIN ,:-rcnch vidrecome goblet, ult. from German \vicderkommcn
`return, come again.]
`A tall cylindrical German drinking vessel made of (usu.
`coloured or painted) glass.
`wield lwi:ldl noun. Long obsolete exc. Scot. Also (Scot.) wald
`/wo:ld/.
`[ORIGIN Old Englfsh ,,~ald (ra.re], usu. g~wtcfd, Anglion ,tlcw,rld :eOld
`Sa>.on Rfs\Jld, Old High German inwnlt (Gommn ~,•air). partly
`from 01d Engllshi;ru1111: seev·. vvuo verb.]
`1 Command. control. OE.
`t2 Power. strength. ME-El 6.
`wield /wi!ld! v,rb. Also (xol.) wald /w:,:ldl.
`[ORIGIN Old En9ll1h "~tlidnn (strong) vc'fb ~ Old Saxon ll'tlldUn. Old
`High Germa11 waltrui (GeTTTion wulim), Olrj Nw,e l'OI~•. G<ltlilc
`Willrlal1, r,artly Old English 11i,Jacr, (weak) verb. from a mvt.itod
`form of tlls.J
`1 ta verb tran1. Rule. govern. OE-M17. •tb verb trans. Over(cid:173)
`come, subclu~. OE-ME. •c verb intrans. Rule. have the
`com m~nd: f,g. pn,vail, olmilm e.xc. Smt u.u
`t2 1•erb Iran,. a Have ar one' command or disposal; hold ,
`JlOsscss, l!lljoy. Also, gee possession o(. obrnin. OE-llB.
`•b Expericnc~. suffer; "'flcr patiently. endure, tolcrotc.
`ME-L16.
`t3 a verb trans. Decide, orda.in; bring ;ibout; carry out,
`perform. OE-El 6. (cid:141) b verb intrans:. Occupy oneself; ;icr, do.
`fare (well etc.). LME-El 7.
`4 wrb tmns. Direct the movement or action of, control, (a
`bodily m=br.r, a faci.rlty. etc.); guidl!, direct: deal with
`"'cccssfully. manage, obsn.'ct, exc. Scot & diol OE. •th C.my
`or· 1cqu iring cfforri ME--1.16.
`(something he.,.vy
`(cid:141) tc Express, utter. rare. l16-M17.
`P. fLEltllER Ht"r diwg'hters .. Mudt pain'd themselves her st11m,
`bling fe,:tto weelrl. (. YouNc Whose-mind was .. strongtowcltd
`.ill science.
`S verb trans. Use or handle with skill and effectiveness: ply
`(a weapon or tool, now always ope held in the hand), OE.
`• b Hxer~ise (power. influence). Freq. Jig. in wield a
`sceptre, wield the sceptre, exercise s upreme authority,
`rule. l16.
`F. FORSYTH A group of soldiers, .. wicWlqg rlfle-5 by the h.i.m!s,
`had bunt into the hotel. M. W••Nfll Wielding her dressm~r·s
`:!lhcrtTI ~ht' bcgiin slk ng inm thtcloth.fi,g,~ A. M£N?JES \Vho
`could wield ,uch=lhin~lnv,"<:1.lvc? b Ji . T. Buc.tEOvcrlhc
`inferior onlerof minds. Lhci• still wield gnsn inn uc nce. j. f>J<E
`A time. in which WQTTI•n wicld•d thclr pow~, beblnd '!'he
`scenes.
`(cid:127) wieldable adjecti"" {rare)"''- wielder norm t(al ~ ruler,• gov•
`cmDr: (bl , .per<on who wiohl, • weapon. ·Implement, etc.: lME.
`twleldfcss ad}etll,r unm•llJlleablc, unwle!di' M • ll • ·
`wleldy /'wi:ldi/ adjective. LME.
`from wino verb + -v•. In later use back.form. from
`!ORIGIN
`UNWIELDY.]
`tl Skilful in directing the movement of one's limbs etc.;
`vigorous, Uthe, actl.ve. LMe-L17.
`2 Easy to wleJd or handle; manageable. handy. L16.
`Timo: TI1c pretence that university senates are wieldy manage(cid:173)
`ment bodies.
`Wien /vi:n/ noun. E.20.
`lo•1c1N MJxCl!rl Wi<J1 (1866-1938). German physicist.]
`1 nrm1Cfll'. Wien brlage, an altr>rnating-c:urrent bridge
`circuit asoo 10 mcarur~ G1pacitance tor frequency) in
`u,nru;of resi~rancc and ~uency (orcapacitancc). no,
`2 PHYSICAi. CHEMllT<Y. Wien effect. the increa.sc in the clec•
`triail concluctfrity of an electrolytic solution as rJ1e ficld
`strength is increased. M20.
`wiener /'vi:no, in N. Amer. senses also w-/ noun. In sense 2
`also weiner. Ll 9 _
`[O RIGrN German, adjective from \1~M Vienna.]
`(cid:141) I attrlb. 1 Used attrib. to desigmle things from or associ·
`ated with Vienna. Ll 9.
`Wiener dog N.Amer. <lll)cq. a dachshund. Wiener Kreis [= circle)=
`Vienna arde s.v. VIENN~ 1. W,ener SCHMrTZEL.. wie11~rwurst [=
`sausage] N.Amer. = Vienna sausage s.v. VIENNA 1.
`(cid:141) II e//jpt. 2 = w/1merwurs1 above. N. Arnet, E2D.
`- COMfL ~ wiener roast -N. Amer. a barbecue il t which Vienna saus(cid:173)
`ages are cooked and served,
`wienie /'wi:ni/ noun. N. Amer. slang. Also winny /'wmi/. M19.
`[ORIGIN Alt. of WIENER: see-IE.)
`= WIENER 2 Cf. WEENY noun 2
`Wlen's law /'vi:n,. 1~:/ nounphr. L19.
`[ORIGI•ilrcm Wilhelm Wien (1864--1928), German physicist.)
`Pll¥51CS. Eicher of two laws promulgated by Wien: (a) an
`~pproximn1ion 1o Pl~nck's law that holds :it short w:iv;,(cid:173)
`lengths. accon;ll11g (o which the flux of radiant energy of
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