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`Microsoft"
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`Computer
`ictionary
`
`Fifth Editio "
`
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`_
`- Fuiiy updated with the iatest
`teehneiegies, terms, and asrenjirtis-
`
`- Easy ta read, expertiy iiiustrated'
`
`- Definitive sewerage at hardware,
`software, the internet, and mere!
`
`Niantic's Exhibit No. 1039
`
`Page 001
`
`Niantic's Exhibit No. 1039
`Page 001
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`200219714
`
`AQ76.5. M52267 2002
`004'.03--dc21
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT
`7 6 5 4 3 2
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd.
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com.
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-41929
`
`Niantic's Exhibit No. 1039
`Page 002
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`

`

`Contents
`
`Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. vii
`Changes in the Fifth Edition ............................................................................................................................ vii
`Order of Presentation ...................................................................................................................................... vii
`Entries .............................................................................................................................................................. vii
`Future Printings and Editions ........................................................................................................................... ix
`
`Dictionary of Computer Terms ................................. 1
`
`Appendix A:
`Common Character Sets .................................................................................................... 587
`ANSI Character Set ........................................................................................................................ 587
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set ...................................................................................... 593
`IBM Extended Character Set .......................................................................................................... 597
`EBCDIC Character Set ................................................................................................................... 599
`Appendix B:
`Common File Extensions .................................................................................................. 605
`
`Appendix C:
`Instant Messaging Emoticons and Acronyms ................................................................... 613
`
`Appendix D:
`Internet Domains ............................................................................................................... 623
`
`Appendix E:
`Numeric Equivalents ......................................................................................................... 631
`
`v
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`E
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`.exe
`
`expansion bus
`
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`
`
`Table E.1 Exclusive OR.
`a XOR b
`a
`b
`0
`0
`0
`1
`0
`1
`1
`1
`0
`0
`1
`1
`.exe n. In MS-DOS, a filename extension that indicates
`that a file is an executable program. To run an executable
`program, the user types the filename without the .exe
`extension at the prompt and presses Enter. See also exe-
`cutable program.
`executable1 adj. Of, pertaining to, or being a program
`file that can be run. Executable files have extensions such
`as .bat, .com, and .exe.
`executable2 n. A program file that can be run, such as
`file0.bat, file1.exe, or file2.com.
`executable program n. A program that can be run. The
`term usually applies to a compiled program translated into
`machine code in a format that can be loaded into memory
`and run by a computer’s processor. In interpreter lan-
`guages, an executable program can be source code in the
`proper format. See also code (definition 1), compiler (def-
`inition 2), computer program, interpreter, source code.
`execute vb. To perform an instruction. In programming,
`execution implies loading the machine code of the pro-
`gram into memory and then performing the instructions.
`execute in place n. The process of executing code
`directly from ROM, rather than loading it from RAM first.
`Executing the code in place, instead of copying the code
`into RAM for execution, saves system resources. Applica-
`tions in other file systems, such as on a PC Card storage
`device, cannot be executed in this way. Acronym: XIP.
`execution time n. The time, measured in clock ticks
`(pulses of a computer’s internal timer), required by a
`microprocessor to decode and carry out an instruction
`after it is fetched from memory. Also called: E-time. See
`also instruction time.
`executive n. The set of kernel-mode components that
`form the base operating system for Microsoft Windows
`NT or later. See also operating system.
`executive information system n. A set of tools
`designed to organize information into categories and
`reports. Because it emphasizes information, an executive
`information system differs from a decision support system
`
`(DSS), which is designed for analysis and decision mak-
`ing. Acronym: EIS. Compare decision support system.
`exerciser n. A program that exercises a piece of hardware
`or software by running it through a large set of operations.
`exit vb. In a program, to move from the called routine
`back to the calling routine. A routine can have more than
`one exit point, thus allowing termination based on various
`conditions.
`expanded adj. A font style that sets characters farther
`apart than the normal spacing. Compare condensed.
`expanded memory n. A type of memory, up to 8 MB,
`that can be added to IBM PCs. Its use is defined by the
`Expanded Memory Specification (EMS). Expanded mem-
`ory is not accessible to programs in MS-DOS, so the
`Expanded Memory Manager (EMM) maps pages (blocks)
`of bytes from expanded memory into page frames in
`accessible memory areas. Expanded memory is not
`needed in Windows 9x, all versions of Windows NT, and
`Windows 2000. See also EEMS, EMS, Expanded Memory
`Manager, page frame.
`Expanded Memory Manager n. A driver that imple-
`ments the software portion of the Expanded Memory
`Specification (EMS) to make expanded memory in IBM
`and compatible PCs accessible. Acronym: EMM. See also
`EMS, expanded memory, extended memory.
`Expanded Memory Specification n. See EMS.
`expansion n. A way of increasing a computer’s capabili-
`ties by adding hardware that performs tasks that are not
`part of the basic system. Expansion is usually achieved by
`plugging printed circuit boards (expansion boards) into
`openings (expansion slots) inside the computer. See also
`expansion board, expansion slot, open architecture (defini-
`tion 2), PC Card, PCMCIA slot.
`expansion board n. A circuit board that is plugged into a
`computer’s bus (main data transfer path) to add extra func-
`tions or resources to the computer. Typical expansion boards
`add memory, disk drive controllers, video support, parallel
`and serial ports, and internal modems. For laptops and other
`portable computers, expansion boards come in credit
`card-sized devices called PC Cards that plug into a slot in
`the side or back of the computer. Also called: expansion
`board, extender board. See also expansion slot, PC Card,
`PCMCIA slot.
`expansion bus n. A group of control lines that provide a
`buffered interface to devices. These devices can be located
`
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`micro-electromechanical systems
`
`microprocessor
`
`computers and special-purpose devices such as digital
`cameras and cellular telephones.
`micro-electromechanical systems n. See MEMS.
`microelectronics n. The technology of constructing
`electronic circuits and devices in very small packages. The
`most significant advance in microelectronics technology
`has been the integrated circuit. Circuits that 40 years ago
`required a roomful of power-hungry vacuum tubes can
`now be fabricated on a silicon chip smaller than a postage
`stamp and require only a few milliwatts of power. See also
`integrated circuit.
`microfiche n. A small sheet of film, about 4 by 6 inches,
`used for recording photographically reduced images, such
`as document pages, in rows and columns forming a grid
`pattern. The resulting images are too small to read with the
`naked eye, and a microfiche reader is required to view the
`documents. Compare microfilm.
`microfilm n. A thin strip of film stored on a roll and used
`to record sequential data images. As with microfiche, a
`special device magnifies the images so that they can be
`read. See also CIM (definition 2), COM (definition 4).
`Compare microfiche.
`microfloppy disk n. A 3.5-inch floppy disk of the type
`used with the Macintosh and with IBM and compatible
`microcomputers. A microfloppy disk is a round piece of
`polyester film coated with ferric oxide and encased in a
`rigid plastic shell equipped with a sliding metal cover. On
`the Macintosh, a single-sided microfloppy disk can hold
`400 kilobytes (KB); a double-sided (standard) disk can
`hold 800 KB; and a double-sided high-density disk can
`hold 1.44 megabytes (MB). On IBM and compatible
`machines, a microfloppy can hold either 720 KB or 1.44
`MB of information. See also floppy disk.
`microfluidics n. Technology for control and manipulation
`of fluids on a microscopic scale using microscopic pumps
`and valves placed on a chip. Microfluidics devices have
`implications for a number of medical, pharmaceutical,
`genomics, and other biotechnology applications.
`microform n. The medium, such as microfilm or micro-
`fiche, on which a photographically reduced image, called
`a microimage, is stored. A microimage usually represents
`text, such as archived documents. See also microfiche,
`microfilm, micrographics.
`
`micrographics n. The techniques and methods for
`recording data on microfilm. See also microform.
`microimage n. A photographically reduced image, usu-
`ally stored on microfilm or microfiche, that is too small to
`be read without magnification. See also microform, micro-
`graphics.
`microinstruction n. An instruction that is part of the
`microcode. See also microcode.
`microjustification n. See microspace justification.
`microkernel n. 1. In programming, the strictly hardware-
`dependent part of an operating system that is intended to
`be portable from one type of computer to another. The
`microkernel provides a hardware-independent interface to
`the rest of the operating system, so only the microkernel
`needs to be rewritten to port the operating system to a dif-
`ferent platform. See also kernel, operating system. 2. A
`kernel that has been designed with only the basic features
`and typically in a modular fashion.
`micrologic n. A set of instructions, stored in binary form,
`or a set of electronic logic circuits that defines and governs
`the operation within a microprocessor.
`microminiature n. An extremely small circuit or other
`electronic component, especially one that is a refinement
`of an already miniaturized element.
`microphone n. 1. A device that converts sound waves
`into analog electrical signals. Additional hardware can
`convert the microphone’s output into digital data that a
`computer can process; for example, to record multimedia
`documents or analyze the sound signal. 2. A communica-
`tions program that runs on the Macintosh computer.
`microphotonics n. Technology for directing light on a
`microscopic scale. Microphotonics employs tiny mirrors
`or photonic crystals to reflect and transmit specific wave-
`lengths of light, which can carry digital signals. Micro-
`photonics technology has implications for optical
`networks under development for the telecommunications
`industry. See also MEMS, optical switching.
`microprocessor n. A central processing unit (CPU) on a
`single chip. A modern microprocessor can have several
`million transistors in an integrated-circuit package that
`can easily fit into the palm of one’s hand. Microprocessors
`are at the heart of all personal computers. When memory
`and power are added to a microprocessor, all the pieces,
`excluding peripherals, required for a computer are present.
`
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`microprogramming
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`Microsoft Project
`
`The most popular lines of microprocessors today are the
`680x0 family from Motorola, which powers the Apple
`Macintosh line, and the 80x86 family from Intel, which is
`at the core of all IBM PC–compatible computers. See also
`6502, 65816, 6800, 68000, 68020, 68030, 68040, 80286,
`80386DX, 80386SX, 8080, 8086
`microprogramming n. The writing of microcode for a
`processor. Some systems, chiefly minicomputers and
`mainframes, allow modification of microcode for an
`installed processor. See also microcode.
`microsecond n. One millionth (10–6) of a second.
`Abbreviation: s.
`microsite n. 1. A small Web site targeted to a single mes-
`sage or topic and nested within a larger site. Microsites
`geared to promotional and sales of specific products and
`services may be integrated into popular Web sites by
`advertisers. 2. A small Web site with a single focus. Also
`called: minisite.
`Microsoft Access n. See Access.
`Microsoft Active Accessibility n. See Active Accessi-
`bility.
`Microsoft DOS n. See MS-DOS.
`Microsoft Excel n. See Excel.
`Microsoft Foundation Classes n. A C++ class library
`developed by Microsoft. The Microsoft Foundation Class
`library, or MFC, provides the framework and classes that
`make it easier and faster for programmers to build Win-
`dows applications. MFC supports ActiveX and is bundled
`with several C++ compilers, including Microsoft Visual
`C++, Borland C++, and Symantec C++. Acronym: MFC.
`See also ActiveX, C++. Compare Application Foundation
`Classes.
`Microsoft FrontPage n. A program you can use to create
`and manage Internet and intranet sites without program-
`ming; FrontPage is available as part of one of the
`Microsoft Office suites or as a stand-alone product.
`Microsoft intermediate language n. The CPU-
`independent instruction set into which .NET Framework
`programs are compiled. It contains instructions for load-
`ing, storing, initializing, and calling methods on objects.
`
`Combined with metadata and the common type system,
`Microsoft intermediate language allows for true cross-lan-
`guage integration. Prior to execution, MSIL is converted
`to machine code. It is not interpreted. Acronym: MSIL.
`Microsoft Internet Explorer n. See Internet Explorer.
`Microsoft Knowledge Base n. See KB (definition 2).
`Microsoft Management Console n. See MMC.
`Microsoft MapPoint n. See MapPoint.
`Microsoft Money n. See Money.
`Microsoft MSN Explorer n. See MSN Explorer.
`Microsoft MSN Messenger Service n. See .NET Mes-
`senger Service.
`Microsoft .NET Messenger Service n. See .NET Mes-
`senger Service.
`Microsoft Network n. See MSN.
`Microsoft Office n. See Office.
`Microsoft Operations Manager n. A server and appli-
`cation management solution developed by Microsoft Cor-
`poration to deliver event and performance management for
`the Windows 2000–based environment and .NET Enter-
`prise Server applications. Operations management fea-
`tures include enterprise event log reports from across the
`corporate network, proactive monitoring and alert messag-
`ing, and reporting and trend analysis for problem tracking.
`Microsoft Operations Manager provides flexibility
`through sophisticated management rules, which can be
`customized to meet the needs of individual businesses.
`Microsoft Operations Manager support for management
`technology standards permits easy integration with other
`enterprise management systems.
`Microsoft Outlook n. See Outlook.
`Microsoft PowerPoint n. See PowerPoint.
`Microsoft Project n. A software application developed
`by Microsoft Corporation to simplify the planning and
`management of projects. Microsoft Project includes fea-
`tures that help you build and manage projects, set sched-
`ules and milestones, and communicate and share ideas
`with team members.
`
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`Prodigy Information Service
`
`program file
`
`nications. The addition of SBC’s Internet customer base
`made Prodigy the third largest ISP in the United States.
`Prodigy Information Service n. An online information
`service founded by IBM and Sears. Like its competitors
`America Online and CompuServe, Prodigy offers access
`to databases and file libraries, online chat, special interest
`groups, e-mail, and Internet connectivity. Also called:
`Prodigy.
`product n. 1. An operator in the relational algebra used in
`database management that, when applied to two existing
`relations (tables), results in the creation of a new table
`containing all possible ordered concatenations (combina-
`tions) of tuples (rows) from the first relation with tuples
`from the second. The number of rows in the resulting rela-
`tion is the product of the number of rows in the two source
`relations. Also called: Cartesian product. Compare inner
`join. 2. In mathematics, the result of multiplying two or
`more numbers. 3. In the most general sense, an entity con-
`ceived and developed for the purpose of competing in a
`commercial market. Although computers are products, the
`term is more commonly applied to software, peripherals,
`and accessories in the computing arena.
`production system n. In expert systems, an approach to
`problem solving based on an “IF this, THEN that”
`approach that uses a set of rules, a database of informa-
`tion, and a “rule interpreter” to match premises with facts
`and form a conclusion. Production systems are also known
`as rule-based systems or inference systems. See also
`expert system.
`Professional Graphics Adapter n. A video adapter
`introduced by IBM, primarily for CAD applications. The
`Professional Graphics Adapter is capable of displaying
`256 colors, with a horizontal resolution of 640 pixels and a
`vertical resolution of 480 pixels. Acronym: PGA.
`Professional Graphics Display n. An analog display
`introduced by IBM, intended for use with their Profes-
`sional Graphics Adapter. See also Professional Graphics
`Adapter.
`profile1 n. See user profile.
`profile2 vb. To analyze a program to determine how
`much time is spent in different parts of the program dur-
`ing execution.
`profiler n. A diagnostic tool for analyzing the run-time
`behavior of programs.
`
`Profiles for Open Systems Internetworking
`Technology n. See POSIT.
`program1 n. A sequence of instructions that can be exe-
`cuted by a computer. The term can refer to the original
`source code or to the executable (machine language) ver-
`sion. Also called: software. See also program creation,
`routine, statement.
`program2 vb. To create a computer program, a set of
`instructions that a computer or other device executes to
`perform a series of actions or a particular type of work.
`program button n. On a handheld device, a navigation
`control that is pressed to launch an application. Also
`called: application button.
`program card n. See PC Card, ROM card.
`program cartridge n. See ROM cartridge.
`program comprehension tool n. A software engineer-
`ing tool that facilitates the process of understanding the
`structure and/or functionality of computer applications.
`Acronym: PCT. Also called: software exploration tool.
`program counter n. A register (small, high-speed mem-
`ory circuit within a microprocessor) that contains the
`address (location) of the instruction to be executed next in
`the program sequence.
`program creation n. The process of producing an exe-
`cutable file. Traditionally, program creation comprises
`three steps: (1) compiling the high-level source code into
`assembly language source code; (2) assembling the
`assembly language source code into machine-code object
`files; and (3) linking the machine-code object files with
`various data files, run-time files, and library files into an
`executable file. Some compilers go directly from high-
`level source to machine-code object, and some integrated
`development environments compress all three steps into a
`single command. See also assembler, compiler (definition
`2), linker, program.
`program encapsulation n. A method of dealing with
`programs with Year 2000 problems that entailed modify-
`ing the data with which a program worked. The input data
`is modified to reflect a parallel date in the past that the
`program can handle. When output is generated, that data is
`changed again, to reflect the correct date. The program
`itself remains unchanged.
`program file n. A disk file that contains the executable
`portions of a computer program. Depending on its size and
`
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`soft patch
`
`software piracy
`
`soft patch n. A fix or modification performed only while
`the code being patched is loaded into memory, so that the
`executable or object file is not modified in any way. See
`also patch1.
`soft return n. A line break inserted in a document by a
`word processor when the next word in the current line of
`text would cause the line to overflow into the margin—a
`movable line break. See also wordwrap. Compare hard
`return.
`soft-sectored disk n. A disk, especially a floppy disk,
`whose sectors have been marked with recorded data marks
`rather than punched holes. See also index hole. Compare
`hard-sectored disk.
`software n. Computer programs; instructions that make
`hardware work. Two main types of software are system
`software (operating systems), which controls the workings
`of the computer, and applications, such as word process-
`ing programs, spreadsheets, and databases, which perform
`the tasks for which people use computers. Two additional
`categories, which are neither system nor application soft-
`ware but contain elements of both, are network software,
`which enables groups of computers to communicate, and
`language software, which provides programmers with the
`tools they need to write programs. In addition to these
`task-based categories, several types of software are
`described based on their method of distribution. These
`include packaged software (canned programs), sold pri-
`marily through retail outlets; freeware and public domain
`software, which are distributed free of charge; shareware,
`which is also distributed free of charge, although users are
`requested to pay a small registration fee for continued use
`of the program; and vaporware, software that is announced
`by a company or individuals but either never makes it to
`market or is very late. See also application, canned soft-
`ware, freeware, network software, operating system,
`shareware, system software, vaporware. Compare firm-
`ware, hardware, liveware.
`Software & Information Industry Association n. See
`SIIA.
`software-based modem n. A modem that uses a gen-
`eral-purpose, reprogrammable digital signal processor
`chip and RAM-based program memory rather than a dedi-
`cated chip with the modem functions burned into the sili-
`con. A software-based modem can be reconfigured to
`update and change the modem’s features and functions.
`
`software bloat n. A software condition caused by the
`addition of excessive number of possibly unnecessary
`features and functions as new versions of the software
`are released. Software bloat is generally assumed to
`result in long loading times and inordinate resource
`(memory and storage) requirements. See also bloatware,
`creeping featurism.
`software conversion n. Changing or moving a program
`designed to run on one computer to run on another. Usu-
`ally this involves detailed (professional) work on the pro-
`gram itself.
`software-dependent adj. Of, pertaining to, or being a
`computer or device that is tied to a particular program or
`set of programs developed for it.
`software development kit n. See developer’s kit.
`software engineer n. 1. In general, one who works at the
`code level with software. Although such engineering can
`be considered to encompass everything from software
`design to management and testing, the term is generally
`considered more or less synonymous with programmer—
`one who actually writes the code. 2. See developer.
`software engineering n. The design and development of
`software. See also programming.
`software handshake n. A handshake that consists of sig-
`nals transmitted over the same wires used to transfer the
`data, as in modem-to-modem communications over tele-
`phone lines, rather than signals transmitted over special
`wires. See also handshake.
`software house n. An organization that develops and
`supports software for its customers.
`software IC n. See software integrated circuit.
`software integrated circuit n. An existing software
`module that can be designed into a program, much as an
`integrated circuit can be designed into a logic board.
`Abbreviation: software IC. See also abstract data type,
`module (definition 1), object-oriented programming.
`software interrupt n. A program-generated interrupt that
`stops current processing in order to request a service pro-
`vided by an interrupt handler (a separate set of instructions
`designed to perform the task required). Also called: trap.
`software package n. A program sold to the public,
`ready to run and containing all necessary components and
`documentation.
`software piracy n. See piracy.
`
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