United States Patent 19
`5,463,388
`[45] Date of Patent:
`—* Oct. 31, 1995
`Boie et al.
`
`
`[11] Patent Number:
`
`08
`
`5,012,124
`4/1991 Hollaway ....scseeesessseeeseseenes 341/33
`[54] COMPUTER MOUSE OR KEYBOARD INPUT
`
`
`5,016,008eeeeseetence 341/335/1991 Gruaz et ab. oe
`DEVICE UTILIZING CAPACITIVE SENSORS
`
`ssseeeeseeeee 178/18
`5,113,041
`5/1992 Blonderet ab...
`6/1992 Zank et ab...ecsessserececessssesnees 178/19
`5,122,623
`
`[75]
`
`Inventors: Rebert A. Boie, Westfield; Laurence
`W. Ruedisueli, Berkeley Heights; Eric
`R. Wagner, South Plainfield, all of N.J.
`
`[73] Assignee: AT&T IPM Corp., Coral Gables, Fla.
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`“The Art of Electronics,” Second Edition, Horowitz and
`Hill, p. 889, Cambridge University Press (1989).
`
`[*] Notice:
`
`The portion of the term of this patent
`subsequent to May 12, 2009, has been
`disclaimed.
`
`Primary Examiner—Brent Swarthout
`Assistant Examiner—ThomasJ. Mullen,Jr.
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Geoffrey D. Green
`
`[21] Appl. No.: 11,040
`
`[22]
`
`Filed:
`
`Jan. 29, 1993
`
`[51]
`Tint. Cre acne ccccceessssssssscssssseesssssnsssesrennee HO03K 17/94
`
`{52]
`... 341/33; 345/174
`
`[58] Field of Search oo...eee 341/33; 178/18,
`178/19; 345/174
`
`[56]
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`341/33
`3/1988 Evans...........
`4,733,222
`341/33
`4/1988 Lewineret al
`4,737,768
`341/33
`9/1988 Hasegawa...
`4,772,874
`178/19
`2/1989 Evans..........
`4,806,709
`wee B4/1.04
`8/1989 Duncan etal.
`4,852,443
`.-- 324/660
`1/1990 Miller..........
`4,893,071
`4,972,496 11/1990 Sklarew ...ecscesesseeeerseeeres 178/18 X
`
`
`
`(57]
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A computer input device for use as a computer mouse or
`keyboard comprises a thin, insulating surface covering an
`array of electrodes. Such electrodes are arranged in a grid
`pattern and can be connected in columns and rows. Each
`column and row is connected to circuitry for measuring the
`capacitance seen by each column and row. The position of
`an object, such as a finger or handheld stylus, with respect
`to the array is determined from the centroid of such capaci-
`tance values, which is calculated in a microcontroller. For
`applications in whichthe input device is used as a mouse,the
`microcontroller forwards position change information to the
`computer. For applications in which the input device is used
`as a keyboard, the microcomputeridentifies a key from the
`position of the touching object and forwards such key
`identity to the computer.
`
`10 Claims, 6 Drawing Sheets
`
`100
`
`404
`
`
` 420
`
`SYNCHRONOUS
`DETECTOR
`
`AND FILTER
`
`
`
`
`TO UTILIZING
`MEANS
`
`407
`
`BUTTONS
`
`MICRO
`CONTROLLER
`
`CYPRESS 1024
`CYPRESS 1024
`
`1
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sheet1 of 6
`
`Oct. 31, 1995
`
`5,463,388
`
`2
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`FIG.
`
`Sheet 2 of 6
`
`5,463,388
`
`Oct. 31, 1995
`
`2
`
`3
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Oct. 31, 1995
`
`Sheet 3 of 6
`
`5,463,388
`
`ONIZITILAOLA
`
`SNYIN
`
`LOF
`
`SNOLING
`
`907
`
`SOv
`
`OYDIN
`
`a/¥
`
`YITIOYLNOD
`YILYIANOD
`
`Ov
`
`SNONOYHONAS
`
`4YOL93130
`
`YardNy
`
`£07
`
`cOF
`
`YaXTIdILIAW
`
`807
`
`‘sy
`
`YOLYTIOISO
`
`lor
`
`bOld
`
`Lor
`
`So
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`
`4
`
`
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Oct. 31, 1995
`
`Sheet 4 of 6
`
`5,463,388
`
`FIG.
`
`5
`
`TO MULTIPLEXER 402
`
`TO ELEMENT
`
`OF ARRAY 100
`
` FROM RF OSCILLATOR 408
`
`FI¢é.
`
`7
`
`~~
`iet
`
`
`5
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Oct. 31, 1995
`
`Sheet 5 of 6
`
`5,463,388
`
`FIG.
`
`6
`
`START
`
`601
`
`READ AND STORE
`INITIAL CAPACITANCE VALUES
`
`
`
`READ CAPACITANCE VALUES
`
`AND SUBTRACT INITIAL VALUES
`
`602
`
`603
`
`REMAINDERS ABOVE THRESHOLD?
`
`
`
`604
`COMPUTE X AND Y
`VALUES AT CENTROID
`
`605
`
`SET “T” FLAG
`
`COMPUTE dx AND dy
`
`608
`
`609
`
`REMOVE JITTER
`
`
`
`
`
`CLEAR “T” FLAG
`
`
`STORE X AND Y VALUES
`
`610
`
`611
`
`
`
`
`READ OTHER INPUTS
`
`612
`
`YES
`
`613
`
`STORE STATES OF
`OTHER INPUTS
`
`
`
`
`SEND DATA
`
`6
`
`

`

`FI¢.
`
`8
`
`801
`
`READ AND STORE
`INITIAL CAPACITANCE VALUES
`
`802
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Oct. 31, 1995
`
`Sheet 6 of 6
`
`5,463,388
`
`READ CAPACITANCE VALUES
`AND SUBTRACT INITIAL VALUES
`
`SET “T” FLAG
`
`7
`
`

`

`5,463,388
`
`1
`COMPUTER MOUSE OR KEYBOARD INPUT
`DEVICE UTILIZING CAPACITIVE SENSORS
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`This invention relates to sensors for capacitively sensing
`the position or movement of an object, such as a finger, on
`a surface.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`10
`
`2
`can be measured separately or the electrodes can be divided
`into separate elements connected in columns and rows and
`the capacitances measured for each column and row. The x
`and y coordinatesof the centroid arc calculated in a micro-
`controller from the measured capacitances. For applications
`in which the sensoris used to emulate a mouse ortrackball,
`the microcontroller forwards position change information to
`utilizing means. Forapplications in which the sensoris used
`to emulate a keyboard, the microcontroller identifies a key
`from the position of the touching object and forwards such
`key identification to utilizing means.
`These and other aspects of the invention will become
`apparent from the attached drawings and detailed descrip-
`tion.
`
`Numerous devices are known for sensing the position of
`objects on surfaces, many of which relate to computerinput
`tablets. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,113,041 to Greg E.
`Blonderet al. discloses a computer input tablet for use with
`a stylus in whichthe position of the stylus can be determined
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
`from signals transmitted to the stylus fromagrid of signal
`lines embeddedin the tablet, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,806,709to
`FIG. 1 is a graphic diagram showing the relationship
`Blair Evansdiscloses a touch-screen havinga resistive layer
`between the position of a user’s finger and capacitances at
`with a numberof point electrodes spaced thereon such that
`electrodes in a two- dimensional sensor constructed in
`accordance with the invention.
`the position of a finger touching the screen can be deter-
`mined from the relative values of the currents drawn from
`the point electrodes. Thefirst such device requires means for
`the stylus itself to transmit information, such as a direct
`electrical connection. The second such device, and other
`kindsof tablets that sense the pressure ofa finger orstylus,
`do not require such information-transmitting means.
`Computer input tablets can be used for input of textual or
`graphical information. Various systems are knownin the art
`which process handwritten text as if it were entered on a
`keyboard. Graphical information can also be captured by
`means of such tablets.
`
`20
`
`25
`
`FIG. 2 is a more detailed representation of interdigitated
`electrode components at the intersections of rows and col-
`umms in a two-dimensional sensor.
`
`FIG. 3 is an alternate arrangementfor electrodes in the
`array.
`FIG. 4 is an overall block diagram of a two-dimensional
`capacitive position sensor in accordance with the invention.
`FIG. 5 is a diagram of an integrating amplifier and
`bootstrap circuit associated with the electrodes.
`FIG.6 is a flow chart showing operation of the capacitive
`position sensor of the invention as a computer mouse or
`trackball.
`
`Other input devices such as computer “mice,” joysticks
`and trackballs can be used with computers to control the
`position of a cursor on a display screen, such as a video
`terminal, for input of graphical information and forinterac-
`tive programs such as computer games and programs using
`“windows” for display of information. Movement of a
`mouse in a particular direction on a surface causes a corre-
`sponding movementof the cursor or other object on the
`screen. Similarly, movement of a joystick or trackball in a
`particular direction causes such movement.
`Input devices such as mice, joysticks and trackballs can be
`cumbersome because of their size and shape and,particu-
`larly with mice, the room needed for use. These drawbacks
`are more apparent with respect to portable computers, such
`as the so-called “notebook” computers.It is deskable, there-
`fore, to furnish such control capabilities in an input device
`that can be incorporated in a small spacc, but without
`sacrificing ease of use. It is also desirable to be able to use
`such a device for multiple functions, for example, a particu-
`lar area of a computer keyboard that can also be uscd as a
`mouse without losing its functionality as a keyboard. Fur-
`ther, it is desirable that such an input device be capable of
`operation by a finger or handheldstylus that does not require
`an electrical connection or other means for transmitting
`information.
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`The capacitive sensor of the invention comprisesa thin,
`insulating surface covering a plurality of electrodes. The
`position of an object, such as a finger or hand-heldstylus,
`with respect
`to the electrodes,
`is determined from the
`centroid of capacitance values measured at the electrodes.
`The electrodes can be arranged in one or two dimensions. In
`a two-dimensional array, the capacitance for eachelectrode
`
`FIG.7 is a diagram showinguse ofthe capacitive position
`sensor of the invention as a keyboard.
`FIG.8 is a flow chart showing operation of the capacitive
`position sensor of the invention as a keyboard.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`
`The invention will be described in terms of a exemplary
`two-dimensional embodiment adapted to emulate a com-
`puter mouse or keyboard for use with a personal computer.
`However, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the
`principles of the invention can be utilized in other applica-
`tions in whichit is convenientto sense position of an object
`capacitively in one or morc dimensions.
`The operational principle of the capacitive position sensor
`of the invention is shown in FIG. 1. Electrode array 100 is
`a square or rectangular array of elecirodes 101 arrangedin
`a grid pattern of rows and columns,as in an array oftiles.
`A 4x4 array is shown, which we have found adequate for
`emulating a computer mouseby finger strokes on the array.
`However, the invention can be used with arrays of other
`sizes, if desired. The electrodes are covered with a thin layer
`of insulating material (not shown). Finger 102 is shown
`positioned with respectto array 100. Electrode array 100 can
`be one- dimensional for applications in which position in
`only one dimension is to be sensed.
`Histogram 110 showsthe capacitances for electrodes 101
`in array 100 with respect to finger 102. Such capacitances
`are a two- dimensional sampling of the distribution of
`capacitance between array 100 and finger 102. The centroid
`(center of gravity or first moment) 111 of such distribution
`will correspondto the position of finger 102, or some other
`object touching array 100, if suitable samplingcriteria are
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`60
`
`65
`
`8
`
`

`

`5,463,388
`
`3
`met; that is, by choosing electrodesof sufficiently small size
`when compared to the extent of the distribution. Such
`criteria are discussed in the Blonderetal. patent referred to
`above.
`
`4
`for example, 100 kilohertz,
`to circuits 401, synchronous
`detectorandfilter 404 via inverter 410, and guard plane 411.
`Guard plane 411 is a substantially continuous plane parallel
`to array 100 and associated connections, and serves 1o
`isolate array 100 from extraneoussignals. The operation of
`synchronousdetector and filter 404 is well knownin the art,
`for example, see page 889 of “The Art of Electronics,”
`Second Edition, by Horowitz and Hill, Cambridge Univer-
`sity Press (1989). A capacitive proximity detector having a
`single electrode, a guard plane and similar circuitry is
`disclosed in co-pending Application No. 07/861,667 for R.
`A. Boie et al.
`filed Apr.
`1, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No.
`5,337,353.
`Apparatussimilar to that shownin FIG.4 can also be used
`for applications in which it is desired to measure separate
`capacitance values for each electrode in array 100 instead of
`the collective capacitances of subdivided electrode elements
`connected in rows and columns. To measure such capaci-
`tances separately, a circuit 401 is provided for each electrode
`in array 100 and multiplexer 402 is enlarged to accommo-
`date the outputs from all circuits 401.
`The output of synchronous detector and filter 404 is
`converted to digital form by analog-to-digital converter 405
`and forwarded to microcontroller 406. Thus, microcontroller
`406 can obtain a digital value representing the capacitance
`seen by any row or column of electrode elements (or
`electrode if measured separately) selected by multiplexer
`402. Buttons 407, which can be auxiliary pushbuttons or
`switches situated near array 400, are also connected to
`microcontroller 406. Buttons 407 can be used, for example,
`for the same purposes as the buttons on a computer mouse.
`Microcontroller 406 sends data to utilizing means, such as a
`personal computer (not shown) over lead 420. A particular
`device that can be used for A/D converter 405 and micro-
`controller 406 is the 87C552 circuit made by Intel Corpo-
`ration, which includes both an A/D converter and a micro-
`processor.
`
`The x and y coordinates of the centroid can be determined
`by directly measuring the capacitance at each electrode 101
`and calculating such x and y coordinates from such mea-
`sured capacitances. Thus, for the 4x4 array 100, sixteen
`capacitance measurements would be needed. The number of
`measurements can be reduced, however, by taking advan-
`tage of the fact that the one-dimensional centroids of the
`projections of the distribution onto the x and y axes also
`correspond to the finger position. Such projections can be
`formed by subdividing each electrode 101 into two ele-
`ments, as shown in FIG. 2.
`,
`FIG. 2 shows four such subdivided electrodes in more
`detail at an intersection of two rows and two columns in
`array 100. As can be seen from FIG.2,a horizontal element
`201 and a vertical element 202 are situated at each inter-
`section of a row and column. Horizontal elements 201 are
`interconnected by leads 203 and vertical elements 202 are
`interconnected by leads 204. Elements 201 and 202 can be
`interdigitated as shown.It is advantagcous for the conduct-
`ing areas of elements 201 and 202 to cover the surface of
`array 100 as completely as possible. For finger strokes, we
`have used interdigitated elements 201 and 202 that arc
`approximately 0.37" square. Smaller electrodes 101 orele-
`ments 201 and 202 be desirable for use with a hand-held
`stylus having a smaller cross-section than a finger.
`Aswill be clear to those skilled in the art, elements 201
`and 202 can be fabricated in one plane of a multi-layer
`printed circuit board together with one set of interconnec-
`tions, for example, the horizontal row connections 203. The
`vertical row connections 204 can then be fabricated in
`another plane of the circuit board with appropriate via
`connections between the planes.
`FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of each integrating amplifier
`if
`Other electrode array configurations can be used,
`and bootstrap circuit 401. The RF signal from RF oscillator
`desired. For example, FIG. 3 shows horizontal strip elec-
`40
`408 drives the base of transistor Q1 and the bootstrap circuit
`trodes 203' overlapping vertical strip electrodes 204'. Elec-
`comprised of resistor 501 and capacitor 502. Current source
`trodes 203' and 204' are separated byathin insulating layer
`503 provides a constant DC bias current through transistor
`(not shown) and covered by another thin insulating layer
`Q1. An electrode in array 100 is connected to the emitter of
`(not shown). In such a configuration,areas of electrodes 204"
`transistor Q1. The RF current to an electrode is determined
`must be left unmasked by electrodes 203' so that electrodes
`by the capacitance seen by the electrode; thus, an increase in
`204’ can still “see” the capacitance of an object touching the
`surface in which such electrodes are embedded. A similar
`capacitance caused by the proximity of an object, such as a
`finger, causes in increase in such current. Such an increase
`configuration of electrodes is shown in the Blonder etat.
`is reflected as a change in the RF current flowing from the
`patent. However,the structure of FIG. 2 is preferred because
`collector of transistor Q1. The collector of transistor Q1 is
`the interdigitated elements 201 and 202 do not overlap and
`connected to the input node of integrating amplifier 505 via
`the capacitance values measured can be higher for a given
`_ coupling capacitor 506. For a change in capacitance, <—C,at
`area of array 100, thus providing greater noise immunity.
`the electrode, the change in the amplitude of the output
`FIG. 4 is an overall block diagram of a capacitive sensor
`signal from amplifier 505 will be approximately A(AC/C,),
`400 in accordance with the invention. Electrode array 100
`whereA is the amplitude of the RF signal from oscillator 408
`comprises rows and columns of electrodes, for example,
`and C,is the value of integrating capacitor 507. Resistor 508
`rows and columns of connected horizontal and vertical
`provides a bias current for amplifier 505 and resistor 504
`clements as shown in FIG. 2. Referring again to FIG. 4, each
`provides bias current for transistor Q1.
`row and column ofelectrodes from array 100 is connected
`Theeffects of electrode-to-electrode capacitances, wiring
`to an integrating amplifier and bootstrap circuit 401, which
`is shown in more detail in FIG. 5 and will be described
`capacitances and other extraneous capacitances are mini-
`mized by driving all electrodes and guard plane 411 in
`below. Each of the outputs from circuits 401 can be selected
`unison with the same RF signal from RF oscillator 408. The
`by multiplexer 402 under control of microcontroller 406.
`bootstrap circuit serves to minimize any signal due to the
`The selected output is then forwarded to summing circuit
`finite impedance ofthe biasing circuit of transistor Q1. The
`403, where such output is combined with a signal from
`base-to-collector capacitance of transistors QI and other
`trimmer resistor 409. Synchronous detector and filter 404
`stray capacitances in the circuit can be compensated for by
`convert the output from summing circuit 403 to a signal
`adjusting trim resistor 109 shown in FIG. 1.
`related to the capacitance of the row or column selected by
`multiplexer 402. RF oscillator 408 provides an RFsignal,
`In using the position sensor of the invention as a computer
`
`10
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`45
`
`30
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`9
`
`

`

`5,463,388
`
`5
`mouse or trackball to control a cursor, movement of the
`mouseor trackball is emulated by touching array 100 with
`finger 102, or some other object, and stroking finger 102
`over atray 100 to movethe cursor. Changes in position of the
`finger with respect to array 100 are reflected in correspond-
`ing changes in position of the cursor. Thus, for such an
`application, microcontroller 406 sends data over lead 420
`relating to changes in position. FIG. 6 is a flow chart of the
`operation of microcontroller 406 in such an application.
`Referring to FIG. 6, microcomputer 406 reads theinitial
`capacitance values for all the elements in array 100 and
`stores such values (step 601). Such initial values should
`reflect the state of array 100 withouta finger or other object
`being nearby, accordingly, it may be desirable to repeat step
`601 a number of times and then to select the minimum
`capacitance values read as the initial values, thereby com-
`pensating for the effect of any objects moving close to array
`100 during the initialization step. After initialization, all
`capacitance values are periodically read and the initial
`values subtracted to yield a remainder value for each elc-
`ment (step 602). If one or more of the remainders exceeds
`a preset threshold (step 603), indicating that an object is
`close to or touching array 100, then the x and y coordinates
`of the centroid of capacitance for such object can be calcu-
`lated from such remainders (step 604). For applications in
`which the electrodes of array 100 are connected in rows and
`columns, as shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, such calculation
`can be performed as follows:
`
`20
`
`25
`
`6
`
`ay=y~Y,
`
`(4)
`
`where x, and y, are the values just calculated in step 605 and
`Xp and y, are the values calculated and stored (step 610)
`during the previousiteration.
`It may be desirable to remove jitter from the least-
`significant bit in the values of dx and dy calculated (step
`609). This can be accomplished by incrementing negative
`values by 1 and decrementing positive values by 1, leaving
`zero values without change.
`The values calculated for x and y are stored (step 610) for
`use in calculating dx and dy during the next iteration. Then,
`if other inputs, such as buttons 407, are connected to
`microcontroller 406, the state of such inputsis read (step 611
`). Finally, ifx and y have changed (dxx0 or dy~0) or the state
`of buttons 407 has changed (step 612), data relating to such
`changes is sent over line 420 to the computer or other
`utilizing means to which sensor 400 is connected(step 613).
`Such data typically includes dx, dy and the currentstate of
`the buttons, which correspondsto that sent to a computer by
`a conventional computer mouse or trackball. Finally the
`states of such other inputs are stored (step 614) for use
`during the next iteration.
`Typically the cycle time through the above-described
`steps will be about 20 milliseconds, depending on the time
`constant of the filter in circuit 404. After each change of
`multiplexer 402, microcontroller 406 is programmedto wait
`approximately 2 millisecondsfor the output ofcircuit 404 to
`settle.
`It will be clear that the absolute values of x and y can be
`includedin the data sent over line 420 to utilizing means,if
`desired. For example, capacitive input sensor 400 can be
`adapted for use as a general purpose input pad for entering
`handwritten information. For such an application, it may be
`deskable to increase the numberof electrodes to improve
`definition, but even a 4x4 matrix for use with finger input
`can produce useful input data because of the interpolating
`effect of the centroid-finding calculations performed in step
`604.
`Instead of using buttons 407 for additional input when
`array sensor 100 is used as a computer mouse, it may be
`desirable to sense different finger pressures. For example,to
`perform a “click and drag” operation, a typical use of a
`computer mouse, a heavier finger pressure can be used on
`array 100 than when an ordinary cursor movement
`is
`desired. Clearly finger pressures can be sensed byelectro-
`mechanical or other means, but differences in the capaci-
`tances sensed by sensor 400 can also be used for this
`purpose.
`The magnitudesof the capacitance values sensedby array
`100 are somewhatrelated to finger pressure becauseof the
`compressibility of the fingertip when contacting array 100.
`Higher finger pressure will cause higher capacitance values
`to be sensed. This effect can be enhanced by replacing the
`insulating layer (not shown) on array 100 with a compress-
`ible insulating layer. Different finger pressures can be set by
`defining one or more additional thresholds for use in step
`603. An ordinary touch would cause the remainders to
`exceed only the first threshold; a heavier touch would cause
`at least one remainder to cxceed a higher threshold, which
`could then be used to indicate a different button state.
`FIG.7 is a diagram showing how an array 100 can be used
`as a keyboard in accordancewith the invention. Again, array
`100 is shown as a 4x4 matrix of electrodes, but with a
`keyboard pattern overlay superimposed on the matrix. The
`dotted lines indicate such matrix. Such a keyboard pattern
`can be printed on the insulating layer covering the elec-
`trodes. Note that the individual “keys” in the keyboard do
`
`x=
`
`Uy
`Z_ nz V(nx)
`nx=1
`ux
`x V(ny)
`nel
`
`uy
`EZ ny Viny)
`ny=l1
`uy
`Zz V(ny)
`n=l
`
`q)
`
`35
`
`(2)
`
`where:
`u,, is the numberof columns, V(n,) is the remaindervalue for
`column n,, wu,
`is the number of rows and V(n,) is the
`remainder value for row n,. To avoid spurious operation,it
`maybe desirable to require that two or more measurements
`exceed the preset threshold. The threshold can be set to some
`percentage of the range of A/D converter 405, for example
`10-15% of such range. Note that the value of x can neither
`be less than 1 nor more than u, and the value of y can neither
`be less than 1 nor more than U,.
`For applications in which the capacitance values for the
`electrode 101 in array 100 are measured separately, the x and
`y values of the centroid can also be calculated using equa-
`tions (1) and (2) by adding all the capacitances measured for
`a row or column to obtain the value of V for such row or
`column. Such addition has the sameeffect as if the elec-
`trodes were connected together in a row or column.
`When set, the “T” flag indicates that remainders were
`above the threshold during the previous iteration through
`step 603. Suchflag is set during step 606 and cleared during
`step 607. Thus, after the first iteration through step 603,
`indicating a new stroke of finger 102 on array 100, the “T”
`flag is set and the x and y values just calculated are stored.
`During each subsequent iteration during such stroke, the
`changes in x and y(dx and dy) are calculated (step 608) as
`follows:
`
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`60
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`65
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`A=X-Ky
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`@)
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`10
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`5,463,388
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`7
`not necessarily correspond to the underlying electrodes. The
`x and y coordinates are shownfor reference purposes. Since
`the values obtained for x and y in a 4x4 matrix using
`equations (1) and (2) will range [rom 1
`to 4, this range is
`shown on the coordinates.
`The identity of a key touched is determined from the x and
`y values computed for the centroid of capacitance resulting
`from the touch. For example, using the x and y coordinates
`shown in FIG. 7, a “5” can be defined as a touch with
`[1.7Sx382.3, 2.3Sy32.7}; a “0” can be defined as a touch
`with [1Sx52.3, 1Sy51.3}; and a “+” can be defined as a
`touch with [3.7=x34, 2.4Sy33.5]. These ranges are cho-
`sen to leave guard bands between adjacent keys. Such a
`range for each key on the keyboard is stored in micropro-
`cessor 406.
`FIG. 8 is a flow chart showing operation of microcon-
`troller 406 when the capacitive position sensor of the
`invention is used as a keyboard. Steps 801, 802, 803 and 805
`are similar to steps 601, 602, 603 and 604, respectively, in
`FIG. 6. In step 805,
`the identity of the key touched is
`determined from the stored ranges and the values of x and
`y calculated in step 806. In step 807, the identity of the key
`touchedis sent to utilizing means. The ““T”’ flag is set in step
`808, cleared in step 809 and tested in step 804. Such flag
`assures that the key identity is sent to utilizing means only
`once.
`
`It should be clear that the various ways described above
`of using the capacitive position sensor of the invention can
`be combined. For example, a combination mouse-keyboard
`can be implemented in which one portion of array 100 is
`used as a mouse responsive to finger strokes and a second
`portion is used as a keyboard responsive to finger touches.
`Alternatively, array 100 can be adapted to operate in differ-
`ent modes:
`the first mode as a mouse, the second as a
`keyboard. Switching between modes can be accomplished,
`for example, with one of buttons 407, or with extra pressure
`in a specified region of array 100. Thus, where spaceis at a
`premium, such as in a portable computer, the capacitive
`position sensor of the invention can be used as part of the
`keyboard and also as a mouse.
`The invention has been shown and described with refer-
`ence to particular embodiments. However,it will be under-
`stood by thoseskilled in the art that various changes may be
`made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of
`the invention.
`Whatis claimedis:
`1. A sensor for capacitively sensing the position in a
`continuous range of positions of an object on a surface of an
`input device, which comprises:
`an array of electrodes on said surface;
`an insulating layer covering said electrodes;
`means connected to said electrodes for measuring a
`capacitance value for each said electrode;
`means responsive to said measuring means for comparing
`said capacitance values with a first preset threshold
`and, if at least one of said capacitance values exceeds
`said first preset threshold, for calculating the position of
`a ceniroid of capacitance for said array from said
`measured capacitance values, said first preset threshold
`being set at a capacitance value that is exceeded for a
`given electrode only when said object is close to or
`touching said given electrode, said centroid of capaci-
`tance being the first momentof the distribution of said
`capacitance values in said array and representing sub-
`stantially the position of said object on said surface;
`and
`
`means responsive to said calculating means and con-
`
`5
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`10
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`15
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`20
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`25
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`30
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`35.
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`8
`nected to utilizing means for sending said centroid of
`capacitance position to said utilizing means.
`2. The sensor of claim 1 in which said array is a two-
`dimensional array and said electrodes are arranged in rows
`and columns.
`3. The sensor of claim 2 wherein said input device is a
`keyboard, said sensor further comprising:
`means for designating portions of the surface of said
`keyboard to represent different keys; and
`said calculating means comprises:
`meansfor storing a range of coordinates for each key in
`said keyboard;
`means for comparing said centroid of capacitance position
`with said ranges of coordinates and selecting the range
`of coordinates in which said centroid of capacitance
`position falls, and
`said sending means comprises means for sending the
`identily of the key associated with said selected range
`of coordinates to said utilizing means.
`4. The sensor of claim 2 wherein each said electrode
`comprises:
`at each intersection of a row and a column, a first
`electrode element connected to other first electrode
`elements in said row and a second electrode clement
`connected to other second electrode elements in said
`column,
`and wherein said means for measuring a capacitance
`value for each electrode is adapted to measure the
`capacitance value for each row ofsaid first electrode
`elements and the capacitance value for each column of
`said second electrode elements.
`5. The sensor of claim 4 wherein said first and second
`electrode elements at each intersection are interdigitated.
`6. The sensor of claim 1 wherein said calculating means
`periodically calculates changes in said centroid of capaci-
`tance position and said sending means periodically sends
`said changes to said utilizing means.
`7. The sensor of claim 1 which further comprises:
`meansresponsive to said measuring means for comparing
`said capacitance values with a second preset threshold
`and for indicating to said utilizing means when said
`secondpreset threshold is exceeded, said second preset
`threshold being set at a capacitance value higher than
`said first preset threshold.
`8. The sensor of claim 1 wherein said measuring means
`comprises:
`means connected to said electrodes for supplying the
`same RF signal in unison to each said electrode,
`means connected to said electrodes for sensing RF cur-
`rents flowing betweensaid electrodes and said object in
`response to said RF signal, and
`means connected to said RF current sensing means for
`converting said RF currents into signals representative
`of said capacitance values for each said electrode.
`9. The sensor of claim 8, which further comprises:
`a guard plane substantially parallel to said electrodes, and
`said means for supplying an RF signal further com-
`prises:
`means connected to said guard plane for supplying said
`RF signal to said guard plane in unison with the RF
`signals supplied to said electrodes.
`10. A touch-sensitive input device for a computer, which
`comprises:
`an array of electrodes on a surface of said input device,
`said electrodes being arranged in rows and columns;
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`5,463,388
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`9
`an insulating layer covering said electrodes;
`means connected to said electrodes for measuring a
`capacitance value for each said electrode;
`means responsive to said measuring means for comparing
`said capacitance values with a first preset threshold
`and, if at least one of said capacitance values exceeds
`said first preset threshold, for calculating the coordi-
`nates of a centroid of capacitance for said array from
`said measured capacitance valucs, said centroid of
`capacitance correspondingtothe position ofa finger or
`other object touching said surface, said first preset
`threshold being set at a capacitance value that
`is
`exceeded for a given electrode only whensaidfinger or
`
`!°
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`10
`other object is close to or touching said surface in the
`vicinity of said given electrode, said centroid of capaci-
`tance being thefirst momentofthe distribution of said
`capacitance values in said array and representing sub-
`stantially the position of said object in a continuous
`range of positions on said surface; and
`means responsive to said calculating means and con-
`nected to said computer for sending informationto said
`computer indicative of or derived from said calculated
`coordinates.
`
`x
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`oe ko OF
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`12
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`12
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