as) United States
`a2) Patent Application Publication co) Pub. No.: US 2009/0051224 Al
` Cooket al. (43) Pub. Date: Feb. 26, 2009
`
`
`
`US 20090051224A1
`
`(54)
`
`INCREASING THE Q FACTOR OF A
`RESONATOR
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
`
`Aug,11, 2008
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`(75)_Inventors: Nigel P. Cook, El Cajon, CA (US); (60) Provisional application No. 60/954,941, filed onAug.
`
`
`LukasSieber, Olten (CH);
`Hanspeter Widmer, Wohlenschwil
`9, 2007.
`(CH)
`
`Publication Classification
`
`Correspondence Address:
`Law Office of Scott C Harris Inc
`PO Box 1389
`Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92067 (US)
`.
`(73) Assignee:
`
`.
`NIGELPOWER,LLC, San Diego,
`CA (US)
`
`(21) Appl. No.:
`
`12/189,433
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`(2006.01)
`H02J 17/00
`(52) US. C0. cececccccsssssssesssssssssvessssssssssnseessssssseees 307/104
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A wireless powering and charging system is described. The
`antennas can be high q loop antennas. The antennas can use
`coupling betweena first part and a secondpart.
`
`P.t
`
`TRANSMITTER
`(ENERGY SOURCE)
`
`L-
`
`SOURCE
`1 (HF GENERATOR)
`
`150
`
`RECEIVER
`(ENERGYSINK)
`
`LOAD
`(RECTIFIER AND
`REGULATOR)
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 001
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 001
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Feb. 26, 2009 Sheet 1 of 6
`
`US 2009/0051224 Al
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`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 002
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 002
`
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Feb. 26,2009 Sheet 2 of 6
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`Exhibit 1013
`Page 003
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`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 003
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Feb. 26, 2009 Sheet 3 of 6
`
`US 2009/0051224 Al
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`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 004
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 004
`
`€
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Feb. 26,2009 Sheet 4 of 6
`
`US 2009/0051224 Al
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`opudi GoKO2
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`8
`
`10
`
`12
`
`14
`
`2
`
`4
`
`6
`
`Wire Radius(mm)
`
`FIG. 4
`
`
`
`FIG. 5
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 005
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 005
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Feb. 26, 2009 Sheet 5 of 6
`
`US 2009/0051224 Al
`
`600
`
`\y_“A
`
`611
`
`FIG. 6
`
`705
`
`710
`
`FIG. 7
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 006
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 006
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Feb. 26, 2009 Sheet 6 of 6
`
`US 2009/0051224 Al
`
`800x
`
`Cube to Small
`
`2.1/5
`
`ReceivedPowerWatts(For
`
`15WTransmitted)
`
`3.75
`
`
`
`Large to Very Small
`
`Cube to Very Small
`
`
`02
`
`04
`
`O06
`
`08
`
`1
`
`1.2
`
`Distance (m)
`
`FIG. 8
`
`
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 007
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 007
`
`

`

`US 2009/0051224 Al
`
`Feb. 26, 2009
`
`INCREASING THE Q FACTOR OF A
`RESONATOR
`
`[0001] This application claims priority from provisional
`application No. 60/954,941, filed Aug. 9, 2007, the entire
`contents of which are herewith incorporated by reference.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`It is desirable to transfer electrical energy from a
`[0002]
`source to a destination without the use of wires to guide the
`electromagneticfields. A difficulty of previous attempts has
`been low efficiency together with an inadequate amount of
`delivered power.
`
`SUMMARY
`
`[0003] The present application teaches a wireless electrical
`energy transfer, and teaches specific techniques for that
`energy transfer including specific antennas, and specific
`materials for the antennas.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`[0017] Other embodiments may use similar principles of
`the embodiments and are equally applicable to primarily elec-
`trostatic and/or electrodynamicfield coupling as well. In gen-
`eral, an electric field can be used in place of the magnetic
`field, as the primary coupling mechanism.
`[0018] One aspect of the embodimentis the use of a high
`efficiency that comes from increasing the so-called Q factor
`of the coupling structures (primarily the antennas) at the
`self-resonant frequency used for the sinusoidal waveform of
`the electromagneticfield, voltage or current used. The present
`inventors have discovered that the efficiency and amount of
`poweris superior for a system which uses a single, substan-
`tially un-modulated sine wave. In particular, the performance
`is superior to a wide-band system which attempts to capture
`the powercontained in a wideband waveformorin a plurality
`of distinct sinusoidal waveforms of different frequencies.
`Other embodiments mayuse less pure waveforms, in recog-
`nition of the real-world characteristics of the materials that
`
`are used. Techniquesare described herein which enable small
`resonant antennas with relatively high Q factors.
`[0019] The Q of a resonant deviceis the ratio of the reso-
`nant frequency to the so-called “three dB” or “half power”
`bandwidth of the resonant device. While there are several
`
`“definitions,” all are substantially equivalent to each other, to
`describe Q in terms ofmeasurementsor the values ofresonant
`circuit elements.
`
`[0004] These and other aspects will now be described in
`detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
`[0005]
`FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a magnetic wave
`based wireless powertransmission system;
`[0006]
`FIG.2 illustrates circuit diagramsofthe circuits in
`[0020] A basic embodiment is shown in FIG. 1. A power
`the FIG. 1 diagram;
`transmitter assembly 100 receives power from a source, for
`[0007]
`FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary nearfield condition
`example, an AC plug 102. A frequency generator 104 is used
`plot;
`to create a signal at a frequency (Pt) and to couple that fre-
`quency to an antenna 110, here a resonant antenna. The
`FIG.4 illustrates a graph between Q factors that
`[0008]
`antenna 110 includes an coupling loop 111, which is induc-
`were experimentally found between different antennas;
`tively and non-contactively coupled to a high Q resonant
`[0009]
`FIG.5 illustrates a large one turn antenna;
`antenna part 112.
`[0010]
`FIG.6 illustrates a cube-shaped two turn antenna;
`[0011]
`FIG. 7A illustrates a very small receiver antenna;
`[0021] The resonant antenna includes a number N ofcoil
`
`[0012] loops 113 each loop havingaradius R,,. A capacitor 114, hereFIG. 8 illustrates some exemplary powertransfer
`
`operations; and
`shownas a variable capacitor, is in series with the coil 113,
`forming a resonant loop. In the embodiment, the capacitoris
`[0013]
`FIG. 9 illustrates a large transmit antenna with a
`a totally separate structure from the coil, but in certain
`capacitor holder including plural different standoffs.
`embodiments, the self capacitance of the wire forming the
`coil can form the capacitance 114.
`[0022] The frequency generator 104 can be preferably
`tuned to the antenna 110, and also selected for FCC compli-
`ance.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`
`[0014] The general structure and techniques, and more spe-
`cific embodiments which can be usedto effect different ways
`of carrying out the more general goals, are described herein.
`[0015] The present application describestransfer of energy
`from a powersource to a powerdestination via electromag-
`netic field coupling. Embodiments describe techniques for
`new coupling structures, e.g.,
`transmitting and receiving
`antennas.
`
`[0023] This embodimentuses a multidirectional antenna as
`the antenna part 112. 115 shows the energy as output in all
`directions. The antenna 100 is non-radiative, in the sense that
`much of the output of the antenna is not electromagnetic
`radiating energy, but is rather a magnetic field which is more
`stationary. Of course, part of the output from the antenna will
`in factradiate.
`
`[0016] An embodiment is shown in which the main cou-
`pling occurs via inductive coupling, using primarily a mag-
`[0024]
`Another embodiment may usea radiative antenna.
`netic field component. In the embodiment shown in FIG.1,
`[0025] A receiver 150 includes a receiving antenna 155
`for example, energy is formedas a stationary magnetic wave
`placed a distance d away from the transmitting antenna 110,
`in the area of the transmitting antenna 110. The energythatis
`but not coupled thereto. The receiving antennais similarly a
`produced is at least partly a non-radiative, stationary mag-
`high Q resonant coil antenna having a coil part and capacitor
`netic field. The produced field is not entirely magnetic, nor
`151, coupled to an inductive coupling loop 152. The capacitor
`entirely stationary, howeverat least a portion is stationary and
`151 may be variable for tuning. As in the transmitting
`magnetic. Unlike a traveling electromagnetic wave, which
`antenna, the coupling loop 152 is physically separate from the
`would continue propagating into space and haveits energy
`main part of the antenna. The output ofthe coupling loop 152
`wasted, at least a portion of the stationary magnetic wave
`is rectified in a rectifier 160, and applied to a load. That load
`remains in the area ofthe transmitting antenna andis rendered
`
`usable by the disclosed techniques. can be any type of load, for examplearesistive load such as a
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 008
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 008
`
`

`

`US 2009/0051224 Al
`
`Feb. 26, 2009
`
`light bulb, or an electronic device load such as an electrical
`appliance, a computer, a rechargeable battery, a music player
`or an automobile.
`
`[0026] The energy can betransferred through either elec-
`trical field coupling or magnetic field coupling, although
`magnetic field coupling is predominantly described herein as
`an embodiment.
`
`[0027] Electrical field coupling provides an inductively
`loadedelectrical dipole that is an open capacitor ordielectric
`disk. Extraneous objects may provide a relatively strong
`influence onelectric field coupling. Magnetic field coupling
`may bepreferred, since it extraneous objects have the same
`magnetic properties as “empty” space.
`[0028] The embodiment describes a magnetic field cou-
`pling using a capacitively loaded magnetic dipole. Such a
`dipole is formed of a wire loop formingat least one loop or
`turn of a coil, in series with a capacitorthat electrically loads
`the antenna into a resonantstate.
`
`FIG. 2 shows an equivalent circuit for the energy
`[0029]
`transfer. The transmit circuit 100 is a series resonant circuit
`with RLC portions that resonate at the frequency of the high
`frequency generator 205. The transmitter includes a series
`resistance 210, and inductive coil 215, and a variable capaci-
`tance 220. This produces the magnetic field M which is shown
`as magnetic lines of force 225.
`[0030] The signal generator 205 has an internal resistance
`that is preferably matched to the transmit resonator’s resis-
`tance at resonance by the inductive loop. This allowstrans-
`ferring maximum powerfrom the transmitter to the receiver
`antenna.
`
`[0031] The receive portion 150 correspondingly includes a
`capacitor 250, transformer coil 255, rectifier 260, and regu-
`lator 261, to provide a regulated output voltage. The outputis
`connectedto a load resistance 265. FIG. 2 shows a half wave
`
`rectifier, but it should be understood that more complex rec-
`tifier circuits can be used. The impedanceofthe rectifier 260
`and regulator 261 is matchedto the resistance of the receive
`resonatorat resonance. This enables transferring a maximum
`amountofpowerto the load. The resistances take into account
`skin effect/proximity effect, radiation resistance, as well as
`both internal and external dielectric loss.
`
`[0032] A perfect resonant transmitter will ignore, or mini-
`mally react with, all other nearby resonant objects having a
`different resonant frequency. However, when a receiver that
`has the proper resonant frequency encounters the field of the
`transmitting antenna 225, the two couple in order to establish
`a strong energy link. In effect, the transmitter and receiver
`operate to becomea loosely coupled transformer.
`[0033] The inventors have discovered a numberoffactors
`that
`improve the transfer of power from transmitter to
`receiver.
`
`[0034] Q factor of the circuits, described above, can assist
`with certain efficiencies. A high Q factor allows increased
`values of current at the resonant frequency. This enables
`maintaining the transmissionovera relatively low wattage. In
`an embodiment, the transmitter Q may be 1400, while the
`receiver Q is around 300. For reasonsset forth herein, in one
`embodiment, the receiver Q may be much lower than the
`transmitter Q, for example 14 to 4 the transmitter Q. How-
`ever, other Q factors may be used.
`[0035] High Q has a corresponding disadvantage ofnarrow
`bandwidth effects. Such narrow bandwidth have typically
`been considered as undesirable for data communications.
`
`However, the narrow bandwidth can be used in powertrans-
`
`fer. When a high Q is used, the transmitter signal is suffi-
`ciently pure and free of undesired frequency or phase modu-
`lation to allow transmission of most of its power over this
`narrow bandwidth.
`
`For example, an embodiment may use a resonant
`[0036]
`frequency of 13.56 MHz and a bandwidth of around 9 kHz.
`This is highly usable for a substantially un-modulated funda-
`mental frequency. Some modulation on the fundamentalfre-
`quency maybetolerated or tolerable, however, especially if
`other factors are used to increase the efficiency. Other
`embodiments use lower Q components, and may allow cor-
`respondingly more modulation on the fundamental.
`[0037] An important feature may include use of a fre-
`quency whichis permitted by regulation, such as FCC regu-
`lations. The preferred frequency in this exemplary embodi-
`mentis 13.56 MHz but other frequencies may be used as well.
`[0038]
`In addition, the capacitors should be able to with-
`stand high voltages, for example as high as 4 kV, since the
`resistance may be smallin relation to the capacitive reactance.
`A final important feature is the packaging: the system should
`be in a small form factor.
`
`[0039] One aspect of improving the coupling between the
`transmit and receive antenna is to increase the Q of the
`antenna. The efficiency of powertransfer 1 may be expressed
`as
`
`33
`Pat Vay Qe Qr
`1ad6
`
`n(d) =
`
`[0040] Note that this increases as the cube of the radius of
`the transmitting antenna, the cubeofthe radiusofthe receiv-
`ing antenna, and decreasesto the sixth powerofthe distance.
`The radii of the transmit and receive antennas may be con-
`strained by the application in which they are used. Accord-
`ingly, increasing the Q in some applications may be a pre-
`ferred way of increasing the efficiency.
`[0041]
`FIG. 4 illustrates a graph between Q factors that
`were experimentally found between different antennas. This
`graph shows that, for a given frequency,
`the Q factors
`increases when the resonator coil of the resonator has fewer
`turns.
`
`[0042] The inventors discovered an optimum antenna that
`may exist with a single turn loop, provided that the loss
`resistance ofthe material, e.g., the wire or tubing, forming the
`loop is maintained sufficiently low.
`[0043] An embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5 uses a single
`turn antenna 500 formedofa relatively thick conductor mate-
`rial, driven by a smaller coil 505. The antenna 500 is provided
`in series with a capacitive loading, here a vacuum capacitor
`502. In an embodiment, the single turn antenna is formed of
`copper tubing. The vacuum capacitors which have a very high
`Q factor and can also handle a very high voltage. Vacuum
`capacitors on the order of 200 pf can be used, for example.
`This antenna may have a low impedance, thereby enabling
`high current and high magnetic field. It may also provide low
`RFvoltage andthus low electric stray field and lower suscep-
`tibility to loss from extraneous objects.
`[0044] An embodiment may use a 6 mm copper tube coil
`resonator and a loop radius of 9 inches. Another embodiment
`may use a 30 mm coppertube. Preferably the coppertubeis at
`least 1 inch in diameter, used with a vacuum capacitorthat has
`a very high Q. A vacuum capacitor may have a Q of 1000.
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 009
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 009
`
`

`

`US 2009/0051224 Al
`
`Feb. 26, 2009
`
`[0045] An issue with the single turn loop antennais thatit
`must havea relatively large diameter.
`[0046] A compromise size may be formed from a two-turn
`antenna, which is shownin FIG.6. The two-turn antenna can
`have a 3 4 inch diameter coil 600. FIG.6 illustrates a plastic
`housing, using a vacuum capacitor integrated directly on the
`antenna. The transmission inducement coil 610 is also
`
`mounted on the housing, connected to a cable 611.
`[0047] The receiver antennas can also be important. FIG. 7
`illustrates an exemplary receiver antenna including a plurality
`ofturns ofmaterial 700 mounted ona substrate 705. A capaci-
`tor 710 is attached to the coil material 700.
`[0048]
`It was foundthatthe substrate that is used as a base
`may itself be important in setting the Q. Table 1 illustrates
`some exemplary electrical properties (including Quality fac-
`tor) for different substrates
`
`TABLE1
`
`Electric properties of different substrate materials
`
`Material
`FR4
`PVC
`Rubalit 710
`PTFE(Teflon)
`
`Loss factor
`(tan 8)
`0.0222
`0.0063
`0.0013
`0.0011
`
`Quality Factor
`(1/tan 8)
`45
`160
`7710
`910
`
`Dielectric
`constante,.
`3.95
`1.10
`1.00
`1.20
`
`This data is valid for frequencies in the range from 10-20 MHz only
`
`[0049] Table 1: Electrical Properties of Different Substrate
`Materials
`[0050] The FIG. 7 antennais a six turn antenna, and has a
`quality factor of around 400. According to an embodiment, a
`high quality factor material, such as PTFE, is used as the
`substrate. Another aspect is the limits which can be used on
`these antennas. Table 2 illustrates the likely limits for the
`application.
`
`Someexemplary powertransfer operationsare illus-
`[0051]
`trated in FIG. 8. The receiver antenna can be small or “very
`small”. The transmitting antenna can be the type “large”,
`shown in FIG.5, or the “cube” type shownin FIG.6. FIG. 8
`illustrates the power for a transmit power of 15 W. The hori-
`zontalline 800 in FIG.8 illustrates 14 watt being received for
`a 15 watt transmission. Anything above this amount may be
`considered acceptable.
`[0052]
`FIG.9 illustrates the large transmit antenna, using
`30 mm tubing 900, and a vacuum capacitor 905 integrated in
`between the portions of the antenna. The capacitor 905 is
`mounted within a capacitor holder structure 910 which is
`welded or soldered between ends of the loop. A capacitor
`holder includes plural different standoffs 950, within which,
`or attached to which, the capacitors can be located. The sub-
`strate 911 in FIG. 9 may be a high-q material, as described
`above.
`
`[0053] Although only a few embodiments have been dis-
`closed in detail above, other embodiments are possible and
`the inventors intend these to be encompassed within this
`specification. The specification describes specific examples
`to accomplish~more general goal that may be accomplished
`in another way. This disclosure is intended to be exemplary,
`and the claims are intended to cover any modification or
`alternative which might be predictable to a person having
`ordinary skill in the art. For example, other sizes, materials
`and connections can be used. Although the coupling part of
`the antenna is shown as a single loop of wire, it should be
`understood that this coupling part can have multiple wire
`loops.
`[0054] Also, the inventors intend that only those claims
`which use the-words “means for” are intended to be inter-
`preted under 35 USC 112, sixth paragraph. Moreover, no
`limitations from the specification are intendedto be read into
`any claims, unless those limitations are expressly included in
`the claims.
`
`FCC LIMITS FOR MAXIMUM PERMISSABLE EXPOSURE (MPE
`
`Frequency
`Range
`(MHz)
`
`Electric Field Magnetic Field
`Strength (E)
`Strength (H)
`(V/m)
`(A/m)
`
`Power Density Averaging Time
`(S)
`IES, IH? or S
`(mW/cm?)
`(minutes)
`
`(A) Limits for Occupational/Controlled Exposure
`
`(100)*
`1.63
`614
`0.3-3.0
`(900/fy*
`4.89/f
`1842/f
`3.0-30
`1.0
`0.163
`61.4
`30-300
`£/300
`—
`—
`300-1500
`5
`—
`—
`1500-100,000
`(B) Limits for General Population/Uncontrolled Exposure
`
`0.3-1.34
`1.34-30
`30-300
`300-1500
`1500-100,000
`
`614
`824/f
`27.5
`—
`—
`
`1.63
`2.19/f
`0.073
`—
`—
`
`(100)*
`(180/f)*
`0.2
`£/1500
`1.0
`
`6
`6
`6
`6
`6
`
`30
`30
`30
`30
`30
`
`f= frequency in MHz
`*Plane-wave equivalent power density
`NOTE1:
`See Section 1 for discussion of exposure categories.
`NOTE2:
`The averaging time for General Population/Uncontrolled exposure to fixed transmitters is
`not applicable for mobile and portable transmitters. See 47 CFR §$§2.1891 and 2.2863 on
`source-based time-averaging requirements for mobile and portable transmitters.
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 010
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 010
`
`

`

`US 2009/0051224 Al
`
`Feb. 26, 2009
`
`[0055] Where a specific numerical value is mentioned
`herein,
`it should be considered that
`the value may be
`increased or decreased by 20%, while still staying within the
`teachings of the present application, unless some different
`range is specifically mentioned. Where a specified logical
`sense is used, the opposite logical sense is also intendedto be
`encompassed.
`Whatis claimed is:
`
`16. A system as in claim 1, further comprising an attach-
`mentpart across distal edges of material defining a loop, said
`attachmentpart holding a vacuum capacitor.
`17. A receiver system for receiving wireless electrical
`power, comprising:
`an antenna part, having no wired electrical connection
`thereto, configured for receiving a magnetic field, said
`antenna part formedof an inductive part with an induc-
`tance L and a capacitive part with a capacitance C,
`1. A transmitter system for transmitting wireless electrical
`collectively defining an LC value which are substan-
`power, comprising:
`tially resonant with a specified frequency; and
`a source which creates an outputelectrical signal having a
`a coupling loop, spaced from said antenna part, such that
`specified frequency;
`said coupling loop is not directly connected to said
`a coupling part, directly connected to said source, said
`antenna part, but
`is magnetically connected to said
`coupling part formed ofa first loop of wire which is
`antenna part, said coupling part receiving a signal hav-
`impedance matchedto said source; and
`ing said specified frequency from said antennapart, and
`an antennapart, spaced from said coupling loop suchthatit
`creating a power output based thereon.
`is not directly connected to said coupling part, but mag-
`18.A system as in claim 17, further comprising an electri-
`netically coupled to a magnetic field created by said
`cal circuit that receives said power output and creates output
`coupling part, said antennapart having no wired electri-
`powerbased thereon.
`cal connection thereto and receiving power wirelessly
`19. A system as in claim 18, wherein said antennapart has
`from said coupling loop, and said antennapart creating
`a quality factor greater than 500.
`a magnetic field based on said powerthat is wirelessly
`20. A system as in claim 18, wherein said antennapart is
`received, said antenna part formedof an wire coil having
`formed onasubstrate that supports said antenna part, and said
`an inductance L, anda capacitor having a capacitance C,
`substrate has a quality factor which is greater than 500.
`and said antenna part having an LC value which is sub-
`21. A system as in claim 19, wherein said antennapart is
`stantially resonant with said specified frequency.
`formed with an integral capacitor made from a vacuum
`2. A system as in claim 1, wherein said antenna part has a
`capacitor.
`quality factor greater than 500.
`22. A system as in claim 19, wherein said antennapart has
`3. A system as in claim 1, wherein said antennapart is
`an inductive coil loop, and a capacitor connected across a
`formed ona substrate that supports said antenna part, and said
`portion of said inductive coil loop.
`substrate has a quality factor whichis greater than 500.**
`23. A system as in claim 22, further comprising a cube
`4. A system as in claim 2, wherein said antennapart is
`shaped housing in which said capacitor is housed.
`formed with an integral capacitor made from a vacuum
`24. A system as in claim 22, wherein said antennapart has
`capacitor.
`a single turn in the coil loop.
`5. A system as in claim 2, wherein said antenna part has a
`25.A system as in claim 22, wherein said antenna has two
`an inductive coil loop, and a capacitor connected across a
`turns in the coil loop.
`portion of said inductive coil loop.
`26.A system as in claim 19, further comprising a transmit-
`6. Asystem as in claim 5, further comprising a cube shaped
`ter for the electrical power, where the transmitter includes an
`housing in which said capacitor is housed.
`antenna that is tuned to said specified frequency.
`7. A system as in claim 5, wherein said antenna part has a
`27. A system as in claim 26, wherein the transmitter has a
`single turn in the coil loop.
`quality factor value that is lower than a quality factor value of
`the transmitter.
`8. A system as in claim 5, wherein said antenna has two
`turns in the coil loop.
`9. A system as in claim 1, further comprising a receiver for
`the electrical power, where the receiver includes an antenna
`that is tuned to said specified frequency.
`10. A system as in claim 9, wherein the receiver has a
`quality factor value that is lower than a quality factor value of
`the transmitter.
`
`11. A system as in claim 9, wherein the receiver has a
`quality factor that is equal to or less than 4 of the quality
`factorof the transmitter.
`
`12.A system as in claim 9, whereinthe receiver antenna has
`a size that is smaller than a size of the transmitter antenna.
`
`13.A system as in claim 9, wherein the transmitter antenna
`and receiver antenna coupledto one anotherin order to form
`an energy link that is operative like a loosely coupled trans-
`former.
`
`14. A system as in claim 1, wherein said quality factor is a
`ratio of a resonant frequency of the antenna to a half power
`bandwidth of the antenna.
`
`15. A system as in claim 1, wherein said capacitor has a Q
`of at least 1000.
`
`28. A system as in claim 26, wherein the transmitter has a
`quality factor that is equal to or less than 4 of the quality
`factor of the transmitter.
`
`29. A system as in claim 26, wherein the transmitter
`antennahasa size that is smaller than a size of the transmitter
`antenna.
`
`30. A system as in claim 26, wherein the transmitter
`antenna and receiver antenna coupled to one another in order
`to form an energy link that is operative like a loosely coupled
`transformer.
`
`31. A system as in claim 26, wherein said quality factoris
`a ratio of a resonant frequencyof the antennato a half power
`bandwidth of the antenna.
`
`32. A system as in claim 26, wherein said capacitor has aQ
`of at least 1000.
`
`33. A system as in claim 26, wherein said capacitor is a
`vacuum capacitor.
`34. A method, comprising:
`creating a magnetic field at a specified frequency based on
`applied powerusing a first loop antenna which includes
`no seperate capacitor attached thereto; and
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 011
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 011
`
`

`

`US 2009/0051224 Al
`
`Feb. 26, 2009
`
`where said second loop antenna has a resonantvalue at
`coupling a portion of the wireless power between saidfirst
`said specified frequency; and
`loop antenna and a secondloop antennathatare associ-
`coupling a portion of the wirelessly-received magnetic
`ated with one another andare notelectrically connected
`field between said first loop antenna and a second loop
`to one another, where said second loop antenna has a
`antennathat are associated with one another and are not
`capacitor element that is separate from said loop, and
`electrically connected to one another, and where said
`where said second loop antenna has a resonantvalue at
`second loop antenna has no separate capacitor attached
`said first specified frequency.
`thereto; and
`35. A method as in claim 34, wherein said first and second
`rectifying an output from said second loop antennato cre-
`loop antennas are both transmit antennas.
`ate a DC output.
`36. A methodas in claim 34, wherein said coupling com-
`38. A method as in claim 37, wherein said first and second
`prises coupling using a loosely-coupled transformer cou-
`loop antennas are both receive antennas.
`pling.
`39. A methodas in claim 37, wherein said coupling com-
`37. A method, comprising:
`
`prises coupling using a_loosely-coupled transformer
`receiving a magnetic field at a specified frequency based on
`coupling.
`applied power using a first loop antenna that has a
`capacitor element that is separate from said loop, and
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 012
`
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation
`Exhibit 1013
`Page 012
`
`