Petition for Inter Partes Review of USP 9,306,635
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`IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
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`In re Inter Partes Review of:
`U.S. Patent No. 9,306,635
`Issued: Apr. 5, 2016
`Application No.: 13/752,169
`Filing Date: Jan. 28, 2013
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`For: Wireless Energy Transfer with Reduced Fields
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`FILED VIA E2E
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`PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW
`OF U.S. PATENT NO. 9,306,635
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of USP 9,306,635
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
`I.
`Identification of Challenges (37 C.F.R. § 42.104(b)) ..................................... 2
`II.
`III. Background ...................................................................................................... 2
`A.
`The ’635 Patent ..................................................................................... 2
`1. Magnetic Resonators ................................................................... 3
`2.
`Dipole Moment ........................................................................... 6
`3.
`Reduced Magnetic Fields ............................................................ 8
`Prosecution History ............................................................................... 9
`B.
`The Challenged Claims ....................................................................... 12
`C.
`Person of Ordinary Skill in the Art ..................................................... 12
`D.
`Claim Construction ............................................................................. 13
`E.
`IV. Ground 1: Claims 1-8 Are Anticipated by Kanno ......................................... 13
`A. Overview of Kanno ............................................................................. 14
`1. Wireless Power Transmission Unit ........................................... 14
`2.
`Power Generator ....................................................................... 17
`3.
`Real-World Implementation of the Power Generator ............... 21
`Independent Claim 1 ........................................................................... 23
`1.
`Preamble .................................................................................... 23
`2.
`1[a]: first source magnetic resonator ........................................ 25
`3.
`1[b]: second source magnetic resonator .................................... 28
`4.
`1[c]: device magnetic resonator ................................................ 33
`5.
`1[d]: first dipole moment .......................................................... 36
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`B.
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`C.
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`6.
`1[e]: second dipole moment ...................................................... 41
`1[f]: magnetic field cancellation ............................................... 46
`7.
`Dependent Claims 2-10 ....................................................................... 49
`1.
`Claim 2: quality factor .............................................................. 49
`2.
`Claim 3: coil size and turns ....................................................... 50
`3.
`Claim 4: dipole moment magnitude .......................................... 52
`4.
`Claim 5: wireless power source ................................................ 54
`5.
`Claim 6: wireless power device ................................................ 55
`6.
`Claim 7: coil co-planar .............................................................. 56
`7.
`Claim 8: coil axis parallel ......................................................... 57
`V. Ground 2: Claims 1-8 Are Obvious over Kanno ........................................... 58
`A. Kanno Renders Claims 5 and 6 Obvious for Additional Reasons ...... 60
`1.
`Claim 5 ...................................................................................... 60
`2.
`Claim 6 ...................................................................................... 61
`No Secondary Considerations Exist .................................................... 64
`B.
`VI. The Board Should Reach the Merits of This Petition ................................... 64
`A.
`Institution is appropriate under § 325(d) ............................................. 64
`B.
`Institution is appropriate under § 314(a) ............................................. 64
`VII. Mandatory Notices Under 37 C.F.R. § 42.8 .................................................. 65
`A.
`Real Parties-in-Interest ........................................................................ 65
`B.
`Related Matters .................................................................................... 65
`C.
`Grounds for Standing .......................................................................... 65
`D.
`Lead and Backup Counsel and Service Information ........................... 65
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`E.
`Fee for Inter Partes Review ................................................................ 67
`VIII. Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 68
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of USP 9,306,635
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`TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
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` Page(s)
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`CASES
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`In re Larson,
`340 F.2d 965 (C.C.P.A. 1965) ...................................................................... 60, 62
`Ex Parte Samuel Pritchett,
`2008 WL 2727315 (B.P.A.I. July 14, 2008) ................................................. 60, 62
`STATUTES
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`35 U.S.C.
`§ 312(a)(2) .......................................................................................................... 65
`§ 314(a) ............................................................................................................... 64
`§ 325(d) ............................................................................................................... 64
`REGULATIONS
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`37 C.F.R.
`§ 42.8 ................................................................................................................... 65
`§ 42.8(b)(1) ......................................................................................................... 65
`§ 42.8(b)(3) ......................................................................................................... 65
`§ 42.8(b)(4) ......................................................................................................... 65
`§ 42.10(a) ............................................................................................................ 65
`§ 42.10(b) ............................................................................................................ 67
`§ 42.15(b) ............................................................................................................ 67
`§ 42.104(b) ............................................................................................................ 2
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of USP 9,306,635
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`Exhibit List
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`Description
`Ex.
`1001 U.S. Patent No. 9,306,635 (the “’635 Patent”)
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`1002 U.S. Patent No. 9,306,635 File History (the “’635 FH”)
`1003 Declaration of Dr. David Arnold
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`1004 Curriculum Vitae of Dr. David Arnold
`1005 U.S. Patent No. 8,698,350 (“Kanno”)
`1006 U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0237709 (“Hall”)
`1007 U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0181843 (“Schatz”).
`1008
`Joseph C. Stark, III, Wireless Power Transmission Utilizing a Phased
`Array of Tesla Coils (May 2004) (M.A. thesis Massachusetts Institute of
`Technology)
`1009 U.S. Letter Patent No. 454,622 (“Tesla”)
`1010
`Jay Newman, Physics of the Life Sciences (Springer Science + Media,
`LLC 2008) (“Physics of Life Sciences”)
`1011 Ruth W. Chabay et al, Matter & Interactions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
`3d ed. 2011) (“Matter & Interactions”)
`1012 U.S. Patent No. 4,240,010 (“Buhrer”)
`1013 U.S. Patent Application Publication. No. 2009/0051224 (“Cook”)
`1014 U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0125007 (“Steinberg”)
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`I.
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of USP 9,306,635
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`Introduction
`Momentum Dynamics Corporation (“Petitioner”) requests inter partes review
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`of claims 1-8 (“Challenged Claims”) of U.S. Patent No. 9,306,635 (Ex. 1001,
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`“’635 patent”), A. Kurs, et al, titled “Wireless Energy Transfer with Reduced
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`Fields.” WiTricity Corp. (“Patent Owner”) is the Patent Owner of record.
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`The ’635 patent relates to the use of magnetic resonators to wirelessly transfer
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`energy. ’635 patent Abstract, 5:18-65. This technology, however, dates back to
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`Nikola Tesla and his work in the late 1800s on the “Tesla coil.” In these systems,
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`a source magnetic resonator produces an oscillating magnetic field that induces
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`current in a magnetic resonator connected to a load device. But as a byproduct, such
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`systems emit electromagnetic radiation into the surrounding area. To reduce this
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`radiation, a second source resonator can be driven out of phase from the first source
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`resonator such that their magnetic fields at least partially cancel—a solution that was
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`also well-known in the art.
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`Yet the ’635 patent is directed to this very solution—cancelling the magnetic
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`field of a magnetic resonator using another magnetic resonator with an opposing
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`magnetic field. Thus, as discussed below, U.S. Patent No. 8,698,350 (Ex. 1005,
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`“Kanno”), which was not considered during prosecution of the ’635 patent,
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`anticipates and renders obvious the Challenged Claims. Kanno discloses a wireless
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`energy transmission system that uses magnetic resonators to transfer power from an
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`energy source to a load device in the same way as the ’635 patent. Kanno, Abstract,
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`6:50-63, Fig. 7. Specifically, Kanno describes the same technique for reducing
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`electromagnetic radiation emitted by the system—by driving the source magnetic
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`resonators out of phase such that their “resonant magnetic fields … will at least
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`partially cancel each other.” Id. 20:62-21:4; Arnold Decl. ¶ 110.
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`As shown below, Kanno, which was not considered during prosecution of the
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`’653 patent, discloses every element of the Challenged Claims. Petitioner therefore
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`requests that the Challenged Claims be found unpatentable.
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`II.
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`Identification of Challenges (37 C.F.R. § 42.104(b))
`• Ground 1: Claims 1-8 are unpatentable under §102 over Kanno.
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`• Ground 2: Claims 1-8 are unpatentable under §103 over Kanno.
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`III. Background
`A. The ’635 Patent
`The ’635 patent “relates to wireless energy transfer using coupled
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`electromagnetic resonators.” ’635 patent 4:16-17. As the ’635 patent acknowledges,
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`“wireless energy
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`transfer using coupled electromagnetic resonators” was
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`well-known. Id. 4:16-35. Indeed, the ’635 patent states that “wireless energy transfer
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`resonators” and “important considerations for resonator-based power transfer
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`includ[ing] resonator efficiency and resonator coupling” had been discussed
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`extensively in admitted prior art U.S. Pat. Pub. Nos. 2010/0237709 (Ex. 1006,
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`“Hall”) and 2010/0181843 (Ex. 1007, “Schatz”). Schatz 4:22-35; see also ’635
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`patent at 1:23-35 (“The wireless energy transfer resonators and components that may
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`be used have been described in [Hall and Schatz] … which are incorporated in their
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`entirety as if fully set forth herein.”); Arnold Decl. (Ex. 1003) ¶ 14.
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`1. Magnetic Resonators
`A resonator “store[s] energy in at least two different forms[] where the stored
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`energy is oscillating between the two forms.” Hall [0135]. 1 For example,
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`a pendulum is a mechanical resonator that oscillates between potential and kinetic
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`energy. Electromagnetic resonators oscillate between magnetic and electrical
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`energy. Id. [0012]. The frequency of this oscillation is called the “resonant
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`frequency.” Id. [0135], [0194]; Arnold Decl. ¶¶ 15-16.
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`Electromagnetic resonators oscillate between magnetic energy stored in an
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`inductor and electrical energy stored in a capacitor. Arnold Decl. ¶¶ 15-21. Figure
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`6a of Hall below is a circuit model of an electromagnetic resonator. Hall [0185]. The
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`capacitor (C) stores electrical energy in the electric field between its metal plates.
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`Id. [0187]. The inductor (L) is a conductive coil that stores magnetic energy in its
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`magnetic field. Id. [0187]-[0188]; Arnold Decl. ¶¶ 19-21.
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`1 Although the remainder of this Petition cites Hall, similar disclosures can be
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`found in Schatz. Arnold Decl. 8 n.1.
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`Hall Fig. 6a.
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`A capacitor has an original polarity (e.g. one plate is positive and one plate is
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`negative). Arnold Decl. ¶ 20. When the capacitor discharges, current flows through
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`the inductor (e.g., clockwise) and generates magnetic energy stored in the inductor’s
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`magnetic field. Hall [0185]. When the capacitor is fully discharged, the stored
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`magnetic energy causes current to continue to flow in the same direction (e.g.,
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`clockwise). Id. This continued current charges the capacitor on the opposite side of
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`its original polarity. See id. (“[T]he inductor 108 … transfers energy back into
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`electric field energy stored in the capacitor 104.”); Arnold Decl. ¶ 20. The capacitor
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`now has an opposite polarity, and the charged capacitor discharges in the opposite
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`direction such that current flows through the inductor in the opposite direction (e.g.,
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`counterclockwise). Arnold Decl. ¶ 20. The inductor’s magnetic field stores and
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`releases this energy to charge the capacitor to have its original polarity. As this
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`process repeats, the oscillating current (e.g., current switching directions) in the
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`inductor generates an oscillating magnetic field around the inductor. Id. ¶¶ 20-21.
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`Hall describes “magnetic resonators” as electromagnetic resonators that are
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`“designed such that the energy stored by the electric field is primarily confined
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`within the structure and … the energy stored by the magnetic field is primarily in
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`the region surrounding the resonator.” Hall [0012]. In other words, energy is
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`transferred between magnetic resonators primarily through their magnetic fields. Id.
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`[0182]; Arnold Decl. ¶¶ 22-23.
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`Magnetic resonators have been known for over 100 years. This technology
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`dates back to Nikola Tesla’s work in the late 1800s and his development of the Tesla
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`coil. See Stark 16 (Ex. 1008); see also U.S. Pat. 454,622 (Ex. 1009 “Tesla”). A Tesla
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`coil is a coupled magnetic resonance system in which two circuits, each having a
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`capacitance and an inductance, share a resonant frequency. Stark 12 (“[T]he
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`traditional Tesla coil is comprised of two coupled second order systems sharing a
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`resonant frequency”), 21 (“In the case of an electrical circuit, a second order system
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`implies that there is both a capacitance and an inductance.”). In operation, “resonant
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`circuits couple[] in such a way as to take energy stored in the primary side of the
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`circuit and transfer it onto the secondary coil.” Id. 41; Arnold Decl. ¶ 24
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`Hall shows magnetic resonators transferring energy using the same principles
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`as the Tesla coil. Figure 1b shows a source magnetic resonator 102S (left) that
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`transfers energy over a distance D to a device magnetic resonator 102D (right).
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`Hall Fig. 1b, [0029], [0156]. Each resonator has an inductor “loop” or “coil” with
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`capacitor plates at its ends. Id. [0187], [0188] (“[W]e may use the terms “loop” or
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`“coil” to indicate generally a conducting structure (wire, tube, strip, etc.), enclosing
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`a surface of any shape and dimension, with any number of turns.”), Fig. 6d.
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`The source resonator is driven by a power supply and produces an oscillating
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`magnetic field. Id. [0156], [0185]. This induces an oscillating current in the inductor
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`loop of the device magnetic resonator. See id. [0185]. The induced current can be
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`supplied to a load device such as a battery. Id. [0156]; Arnold Decl. ¶ 25.
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`2.
`Dipole Moment
`The magnetic dipole moment of a current loop is a vector that is perpendicular
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`to the plane of the current loop. Ex. 1010 (Physics of Life Sciences) at 437
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`(“The magnetic dipole moment is a vector quantity … perpendicular to the plane of
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`the current loop.”); see Hall [0239] (dipole moment is perpendicular to the plane of
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`“capacitively-loaded inductor loop resonators”); Arnold Decl. ¶ 26. It represents the
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`strength and direction of the magnetic field generated by the current loop. Arnold
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`Decl. ¶ 26. The direction of the dipole moment can be determined by the right-hand
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`rule where the fingers curl in the same direction as current flow and the thumb points
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`in the direction of the dipole moment. Id.; Ex. 1011 (Matter & Interactions) at 725
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`(“[C]url[] the fingers of your right hand in the direction of the conventional current,
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`and your thumb points in the direction of the magnetic dipole moment.”)
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`Because current in the inductor loop of a magnetic resonator oscillates
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`(changes direction), the dipole moment also oscillates. This is shown, for example,
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`in Figure 2A of the ’635 patent below. When current flows clockwise, the dipole
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`moment (purple arrow,
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`left) points downward, and when current flows
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`counterclockwise, the dipole moment (purple arrow, right) points upward:
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`’635 patent Fig. 2A (annotated, current arrows added); Arnold Decl. ¶ 27.
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`3.
`Reduced Magnetic Fields
`The ’635 patent states that “[i]n some wireless power transfer applications,
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`it may be beneficial to minimize or reduce the electric and magnetic fields … at
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`distances substantially larger than the system.” ’635 patent 51:29-57. To reduce
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`these fields, the ’635 patent drives two wireless power transfer systems out of phase
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`such that they have opposite dipole moments. Id. 53:8-14. “[I]f the dipole moment
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`vectors of the two systems are the same in direction and in magnitude, and one
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`ensures to operate the systems [] out of phase, the dipole component will be canceled
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`far from the systems.” Id. 53:11-14; Arnold Decl. ¶¶ 28-29.
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`For example, in Figure 41 below, the first wireless power transfer system
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`includes a first source magnetic resonator (“source 1,” blue) and a first device
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`magnetic resonator (“device 1,” light blue). ’635 patent 53:18-20. The second
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`wireless power transfer system includes a second source magnetic resonator (“source
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`2,” green) and a second device magnetic resonator (“device 2,” light green). Id.
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`’635 patent Fig. 41 (annotated).
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`As indicated by the left/right arrows, source 1 and source 2 are out of phase
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`(the oscillating current in source 1 flows in the opposite direction as the oscillating
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`current in source 2) and thus have opposite dipole moments. Id. 53:8-14.
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`Consequently, “the dipole component will be canceled far from the systems.”
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`Id. 53:11-14; Arnold Decl. ¶¶ 30-31.
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`B.
`Prosecution History
`The prosecution history of the ’635 patent also confirms that the concept of
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`cancelling the magnetic field of a magnetic resonator using another magnetic
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`resonator with an opposing dipole moment was well-known in the art.
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`The application for the ’635 patent was filed January 28, 2013 and claims
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`priority to a provisional filed January 26, 2012. Prior to the first office action,
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`Patent Owner overwhelmed the Examiner by citing over 900 prior art references
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`without explanation. Ex. 1002 (“’635 FH”) 155-211, 1699-1703, 1768-1778, 1878-
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`1881.
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`The Examiner rejected the pending claims as obvious over either:
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`(1) U.S. 4,240,010 (Ex. 1012, “Buhrer”) in view of U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2009/0051224
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`(Ex. 1013, “Cook”); and (2) U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0125007 (Ex. 1014,
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`“Steinberg”) in view of Cook. ’635 FH 1908. The Examiner found that each
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`combination taught magnetic resonators comprising two inductor loops with dipole
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`moments in opposite directions. Id. 1908-1910.
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`Figure 6 of Buhrer shows magnetic resonator coils 96 and 94 with opposite
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`current flow (arrows along coils) and thus opposite dipole moments 98 (purple):
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`Buhrer Fig. 6 (annotated); ’635 FH 1908. Because “the magnetic dipole moments
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`are of opposite polarity,” they “offset each other in the far field.” Buhrer 7:39-42.
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`“Thus, the level of electromagnetic radiation produced by induction coil 90 in the
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`far field is nearly zero as discussed above.” Id. 7:42-44.
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`Steinberg also discloses inductor coils with opposite currents (white arrows)
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`and thus opposite magnetic dipoles (–mq and mq, purple):
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`Steinberg Fig. 2B (annotated); see also id. Fig. 1, [0072], [0075]-[0076]; ’635 FH
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`1909.
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`Cook discloses the magnetic resonator components of the pending claims,
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`including a capacitor in series with a coil having one or more loops. Cook Fig. 1,
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`[0021]; ’635 FH 1908-1910. The Examiner thus found it was obvious to apply the
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`known concept of using opposing dipole moments to cancel a magnetic field using
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`magnetic resonators as described in the pending claims. ’635 FH 1908-1910.
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`In response, Patent Owner amended the claims to require source magnetic
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`resonators for “wireless power transfer” and argued that this arrangement
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`distinguished over the asserted prior art. ’635 FH 2019-2022, 2023-2024 (“Buhrer
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`does not relate to wireless power transfer” and “does not use his induction coil 90 to
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`transfer power to resonators at all, but to excite a plasma discharge in a gas tube.”),
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`2026 (“Steinberg’s source coils 111 and sensor coil 143 are not magnetic resonators,
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`as required by amended claim 1. Further, source coils 111 do not transfer operating
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`power to sensor coil 143.”).
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`The Examiner subsequently allowed the amended claims. ’635 FH 2037-
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`2039. As shown below, however, Kanno not only discloses magnetic resonators
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`configured to generate magnetic fields with opposing dipole moments but it also
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`describes using those resonators for wireless power transfer.
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`C. The Challenged Claims
`Claim 1 is the sole independent claim of the ’635 patent. It recites the wireless
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`power transfer system in two parts—its components and its operation. Specifically:
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`[a] a first magnetic resonator;
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`[b] a second magnetic resonator;
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`[c] a device magnetic resonator positioned closer to the first source magnetic
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`resonator;
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`wherein during operation of the system;
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`[d] a first current flowing in the first source magnetic resonator generates a
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`magnetic field which has a first dipole moment;
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`[e] a second current flowing in the second magnetic resonator generates a
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`magnetic field, which has a second dipole moment substantially opposite to the
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`direction of the first dipole moment;
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`[f] wherein the first and second source magnetic resonators are positioned so
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`that the second magnetic field at least partially cancels the first magnetic field.
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`Claims 2-8 depend from claim 1.
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`D.
`Person of Ordinary Skill in the Art
`A person of ordinary skill in the art (“POSA”) at the time of the purported
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`invention would have had a Bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering, physics, or
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`an equivalent field, and at least two years’ industry experience, or equivalent
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`research. Alternatively, a POSA could substitute directly relevant additional
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`education for experience, e.g., an advanced degree relating to the design of circuits
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`using inductive coupling, or an advanced degree in electrical engineering, physics,
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`or an equivalent field with at least one year of industry experience. Arnold Decl. ¶¶
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`8-11.
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`This Petition does not turn on this precise definition, and the claims would be
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`unpatentable from the perspective of any reasonable POSA. Id. ¶ 12.
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`E. Claim Construction
`The Challenged Claims are unpatentable under any reasonable construction,
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`including their plain meaning. Id. ¶ 13. Solely for purposes of this proceeding,
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`Petitioner adopts the plain meaning and submits that no claim term requires
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`construction.2
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`IV. Ground 1: Claims 1-8 Are Anticipated by Kanno
`The ’635 patent describes and claims nothing more than a known wireless
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`energy transfer system and the physical phenomena of its operation (e.g., magnetic
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`fields and dipole moments) as dictated by basic physics. As shown below, Kanno
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`discloses every element of the Challenged Claims arranged in the same way as
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`2 Petitioner reserves the right to argue alternative constructions in other proceedings,
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`and where such a defense is available, that the claims are indefinite.
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`recited in those claims.
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of USP 9,306,635
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`A. Overview of Kanno
`Kanno was filed October 6, 2011 and claims priority to a provisional filed
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`October 10, 2010. Thus, Kanno is at least §102(e) prior art because it names different
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`inventors and was filed in the United States before January 26, 2012, the earliest
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`claimed priority date of the ’635 patent. As discussed below, Kanno teaches the same
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`solution to the same problem as the ’635 patent.
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`1. Wireless Power Transmission Unit
`Kanno describes a system for wirelessly transferring power from solar cells
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`on a building to electronic devices within the building. Kanno 4:62-5:5, 5:16-20.
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`The primary component of the system is a “wireless power transmission unit” that
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`transmits power wirelessly “by using coupling between magnetic resonant fields.”
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`Id.; see also 2:62-67 (“[I]t is therefore an object of the present invention to provide
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`a wireless power transmission unit that can increase a low output voltage of a power
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`generating section effectively.”); Arnold Decl. ¶ 40.
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`Figure 1 below shows the fundamental arrangement for the wireless power
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`transmission unit. Kanno 6:50-51.
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`Kanno Fig. 1. The wireless power transmission unit includes “first and second
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`wireless power transmitting sections 10a and 10b.” Id. 6:52-55. Each wireless power
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`transmitting section includes: “an oscillator 103”; “a power transmitting antenna
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`107”; and “a power receiving antenna 109, which receives, by coupling a resonant
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`magnetic field, at least a part of the RF energy that has been transmitted by the power
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`transmitting antenna 107.” Id. 6:55-63. The power receiving antennas 109 are
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`connected in parallel at their outputs and the received power is “combined together
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`by a combining section 199” and supplied to a load device 133a. Id. 7:35-42;
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`Arnold Decl. ¶ 41.
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`A control section 192 controls the phases of the current supplied from the
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`oscillators 103 which in turn controls the phases of the resonant magnetic fields 195a
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`and 195b. Kanno 6:64-7:8. The phase difference (θres) between those magnetic
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`fields “is set to fall within the range of 90 to 180 degrees.” Id. 7:4-8. Figure 2(b)
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`below shows a waveform diagram of magnetic fields 195a and 195b with a phase
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`difference of 180 degrees. Id. 7:14-16; Arnold Decl. ¶ 42.
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`Kanno Fig. 2(B).
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`Because of this phase difference, Kanno describes matching the phases of the
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`received power at the outputs of the power receiving antennas 109 by: adjusting
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`transmission line lengths between those outputs and the combining section 199
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`(Figure 1); adding a phase controller at the output of a power receiving antenna 109
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`(Figure 3); or reversing the output connection of a power receiving antenna 109
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`(Figure 4). Kanno 7:50-8:20; Arnold Decl. ¶ 44.
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`Figure 6 below “illustrates an equivalent circuit for antennas in the wireless
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`power transmitting sections of the present invention.”
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`Kanno Fig. 6, 5:46-47. The power transmitting antenna 107 is a “series resonant
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`circuit” in which “a power transmitting inductor 107a and a first capacitor 107b are
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`connected together in series.” Id. 10:35-46. The power receiving antenna 109 is a
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`“parallel resonant circuit” in which “a power receiving inductor 109a” and a second
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`capacitor 109b are connected in parallel. Id. The power transmitting antenna 107 and
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`the power receiving antenna 109 are coupled through “magnetic resonant coupling.”
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`Id. 10:10-34; Arnold Decl. ¶ 45.
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`2.
`Power Generator
`Figure 7 below shows the fundamental arrangement of the overall wireless
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`power transfer system (or “power generator”). Id. 11:9-12. The power generator uses
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`the wireless power transmission unit of Figure 1 with power generating sections 101.
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`Id. 11:15-23 (“[T]he power generator shown in FIG. 7 has the same configuration as
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`the wireless power transmission unit shown in FIG. 1” with the addition of power
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`generating sections 101); see also Fig. 1; Arnold Decl. ¶ 46.
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`Kanno Fig. 7 (annotated).
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`Each power generating section 101 is coupled to the wireless power
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`transmitting antenna 107 of a wireless power transmitting section (10a or 10b in
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`Figure 1) to form a “power generating unit.” Kanno 11:15-23 (“[E]ach power
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`generating unit 131a, 131b includes a power generating section (power generating
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`device) 101 that supplies DC energy to its associated oscillator 103.”); see also
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`Fig. 1; Arnold Decl. ¶ 47.
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`As shown in annotated Figure 7 below, power generating unit 131a includes
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`a first source magnetic resonator (first power transmitting antenna 107, blue) and a
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`first device magnetic resonator (first power receiving antenna 109, light blue).
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`Kanno 6:55-63, 11:15-23. The second power generating unit 131b includes a second
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`source magnetic resonator (second power transmitting antenna 107, green) and a
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`second device magnetic resonator (second power transmitting antenna 109,
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`light green). Id.; Arnold Decl. ¶ 48.
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`Kanno Fig. 7 (annotated).
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`The source magnetic resonators are out of phase (the oscillating current in first
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`power transmitting antenna 107, blue, flows in the opposite direction as the
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`oscillating current
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`in second power
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`transmitting antenna 107, green).
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`Kanno 6:64-7:16. As a result, the resonators generate opposing magnetic fields 195a
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`and 195b (purple). Id. 7:25-28 (“[T]he two dotted arrows representing the two
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`resonant magnetic fields 195a and 195b point mutually opposite directions, which
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`schematically indicates that their phase difference is 180 degrees.”). The resonators
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`(power transmitting antennas 107) thus have opposite dipole moments and their
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`magnetic fields at least partially cancel each other. Id. 5:8-13 (“[L]eakage of
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`unwanted electromagnetic components into the surrounding space … can be
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`reduced.”); see also 20:62-21:4 (“If the absolute value of the phase difference …
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`between the resonant magnetic fields 195a and 195b is … equal to 180 degrees, then
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`the two resonant magnetic fields will cancel each other, and therefore, leakage of
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`electromagnetic waves into the surrounding space can be substantially eliminated.”),
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`Fig. 2(b); Arnold Decl. ¶¶ 49-50.
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`Figure 9 below shows “a typical application of a power generator including
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`the wireless power transmission unit of the present invention.” Kanno 11:37-39.
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`The power generating sections 101 are solar cells that supply power to the wireless
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`power transmission section 105. Id. 11:39-52. The “power transmitting and power
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`receiving antennas 107 and 109 … face each other with the wall 111 of the building
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`200 interposed between them.” Id. 11:52-55. The power received by the power
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`receiving antennas 109 is “transmitted to devices inside of the building 200 either
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`through cables or wirelessly.” Id. 12:2-5.
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`Id. Fig. 9; Arnold Decl. ¶ 51.
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`3.
`Real-World Implementation of the Power Generator
`Kanno describes a real-world implementation of the power generator as
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`“Example 1” with two power generating units connected in parallel. Kanno
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`25:44-28