Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. v. Demaray LLC
`Samsung Electronic's Exhibit 1013
`Exhibit 1013, Page 1
`
`

`

`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Gibilisco, Stan.
`Handbookof radio and wireless technology / Stan Gibilisco.
`p
`cm
`Includes index.
`ISBN 0-07-023024-2
`1. Radio.
`2. Wireless communication systems.
`TK6550.G515
`1998
`621.382—dc21
`
`I. Title.
`
`98-8471
`CIP
`
`McGraw-Hill
`
`A Division of TheMcGraw-Hill Companies
`
`£2
`
`Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
`reserved, Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted
`under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication
`may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored
`in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of
`the publisher.
`
`1234567890 DOC/DOC 90321098
`
`ISBN 0-07-023024-2
`
`The sponsoring editor for this book was Scott Grillo, the editing supervisor was
`Stephen M. Smith, and the production supervisor was Pamela A. Pelton. It was set
`in Vendome ICG by Joanne Morbit and Michele Zito of McGraw-Hill'’s Hightstown,
`NJ, Professional Book Group composition unit.
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`fessional should be sought.
`
`Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-
`Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be reliable.
`However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or
`completeness of any information published herein and neither McGraw-
`Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or dam-
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`
`Ex. 1013, Page 2
`Ex. 1013, Page 2
`
`

`

`62
`
`—
`
`Chapter 2
`
`will radiate. Parasitic arrays, such as the Yagi antenna and the quad
`antenna, operate on this principle.
`
`Selective Filters
`
`The term selective filter refers to circuits designed to tailor the way an
`electronic circuit or system responds to signals at various frequencies.
`There are many kindsof selective filters. Some are used at AF, others are
`used at RE
`
`code, Or the bandwidth might be several megahertz, as in a helical filter Ex. 1013, Page |
`
`Any resonant circuit, or combination of resonant circuits, designed to
`discriminate against all frequencies except a specific frequency f,, or a
`band of frequencies between two limiting frequencies /, and f, is called
`a bandpass filter In a parallel LC circuit, a bandpass filter shows a high
`impedance at the desired frequency or frequencies, and a low imped-
`ance at unwanted frequencies. In a series LC configuration, the filter has
`a low impedance at the desired frequency or frequencies, and a high
`impedance at unwanted frequencies. Figure 2-9A shows a simple parallel-
`tuned LC bandpassfilter; Fig. 2-9B shows a simple series-tuned LC band-
`pass filter.
`Some bandpassfilters are built with components other than actual
`coils and capacitors, but all such filters operate on the same principle.
`The crystal filter uses piezoelectric materials, usually quartz, to obtain a
`bandpass response. A mechanical filter uses vibration resonances of cer-
`tain substances, usually ceramics. In optics, a simple color filter, discrimi-
`nating against all light wavelengths except within a certain range, is a
`form of bandpassfilter.
`Bandpass filters are sometimes designed to have very sharp, defined,
`resonant frequencies. Sometimes the resonanceis spread out over a fairly
`wide range. The attenuation-versus-frequency characteristic of a bandpassfil-
`ter is called the bandpass response. A bandpass filter can have a single
`well-defined resonant frequency f,, as shown in Fig. 2-9C, or the
`response might be more or less rectangular, having two well-defined
`limit frequencies f, and f,, as shown at D. The bandwidth might be only
`a few hertz, such as with an audiofilter designed for reception of Morse
`
`BandpassFilter
`
`Ex. 1013, Page 3
`
`

`

`
`Passive Electronic Components
`63
`
`o—l000ITL_| (—o
`
`Input
`
`Output
`
`Input
`
`Output
`
`——
`
`. Figure 2-9
`AtA, elementary par-
`alleHresonant band-
`passfilter. At B,
`elementary series-res-
`onant bandpassfilter.
`At C, sharp bandpass
`response. At D,
`broad bandpass
`response.
`
`Amplitude
`
`Amplitude
`
`Frequency
`
`Frequency
`
`C.
`
`D
`
`designed for the front end of a VHF or UHF radio receiver. A bandpass
`response is always characterized by high attenuation at all frequencies
`except within a particular range. The actual attenuation at desired fre-
`quenciesis called the insertion Joss.
`
`Band-Rejection Filter
`
`A band-rejection filter, also called a band-stop filter, is a resonant circuit
`designed to pass energy at all frequencies, except within a certain
`range. The attenuation is greatest at the resonant frequencyf,, or
`between two limiting frequencies f, and f. Figure 2-9E shows a simple
`parallel-resonant LC band-rejection filter; drawing F shows a simple
`series-resonant LC band-rejection filter. Note the similarity between
`band-rejection and bandpassfilters. The fundamental difference is that
`
`Ex. 1013, Page 4
`Ex. 1013, Page 4
`
`

`

`64
`
`Chapter 2
`
`oWWW7—0
`
`
`
`
`Figure 2-9 (cont.)
`At E, elementary
`parallel-resonant
`band-rejectionfilter.
`At FE elementary
`series-resonant band-
`rejection filter At G,
`sharp band-rejection
`response. At H,
`broad band-rejection
`response.
`
`Input
`
`Output
`
`Input
`
`Output
`
`fp
`
`Amplitude
`
`Amplitude
`
`Frequency
`
`Frequency
`
`G.
`
`H.
`
`the band-rejection filter consists of parallel LC circuits connected in
`series with the signal path, or series LC circuits in parallel with thesig-
`nal path; in bandpassfilters, series-resonant circuits are connected in
`series, and parallel-resonancecircuits in parallel.
`Band-rejection filters need not necessarily be made up of coils and
`capacitors, but they often are. Quartz crystals are sometimes used as
`band-rejection filters. Lengths of transmission line, either short-circuited
`or open, are useful as band-rejection filters at the higher radio frequen-
`cies. A common example of a band-rejection filter is a parasitic suppressor
`used in high-power RF amplifiers.
`All band-rejection filters show an attenuation-versus-frequency charac-
`teristic marked by low loss at all frequencies except within a prescribed
`range. Figure 2-9G and H shows two types of band-rejection response.
`A sharp response(at G) occurs at or near a single resonant frequency f, A
`
`Ex. 1013, Page 5
`Ex. 1013, Page 5
`
`

`

`- passive Electronic Components
`
`65
`
`
`
`
`
`rectangular response is characterized by low attenuation below a limit
`and above a limit f, and high attenuation between these limiting fre-
`quencies.
`
`Notch Filter
`
`A notch filter is a narrowband-rejection filter Notch filters are found
`in many radio communications receivers. The notchfilter is extremely
`convenient for reducing interference caused by strong, unmodulated car-
`riers within the passband of a receiver.
`Notch-filter circuits are generally inserted in one of the intermediate-
`frequency (IF) stages of a superheterodyne receiver, where the bandpass
`frequency is constant. There are several different kinds of notch-filter
`circuit. One of the simplest is a trap configuration, inserted in series
`with the signal path (see Fig, 2-9E), The notch frequency is adjustable, so
`that the deep null can be tuned to any frequency within the receiver
`passband.
`A properly designed notch filter can produce attenuation in excess of
`40 decibels (dB) in the center of the notch. Some sophisticated types,
`especially AF designs, can provide 60 dB of attenuation at the notch fre-
`quency. Audio notch filters generally employ operational amplifiers
`with resistance-capacitance circuits. The frequency is adjusted by means
`of a potentiometer. In some AF notchfilters, the notch width (sharpness)
`is adjustable.
`
`High-Pass Filter
`
`A high-pass filter is a combination of capacitance, inductance, and/or
`résistance, intended to produce Jarge amounts of attenuation below a
`certain frequency andlittle or no attenuation above that frequency. The
`frequency at which the transition occurs is called the cutoff frequency. At
`the cutoff frequency, the power attenuation is 3 dB with respect to the
`minimum attenuation. Above the cutoff frequency, the power attenua-
`tion is less than 3 dB. Below the cutoff, the power attenuation 1s more
`than 3 dB.
`The simplest high-pass filter consists of a parallel inductor or a
`series capacitor. Generally, high-pass filters have a combination of par-
`allel inductors and series capacitors, such as the simple circuits shown
`in Fig, 2-91 and J. The filter at I is called an L-section high-pass filter;
`
`Ex. 1013, Page 6
`Ex. 1013, Page 6
`
`

`

`
`
`66
`
`Figure 2-9 (cont.)
`
`At |, -section high-
`passfilter. At J,
`j
`T-section high-pass
`filter. At K, high-pass
`response.
`
`
`
`
`
`Chapter 2
`
`.
`
`|
`
`Input
`
`Output
`
`I
`o—lf4-1-°
`
`Input
`
`Output
`
`J,
`
`YQ
`3
`23
`Qi
`:
`
`<q
`
`fy
`
`Frequency
`
`K.
`
`that at J is called a T-section high-pass filter These names are derived
`from the geometric shapes of the filters as they appear in schematic
`diagrams.
`Resistors are sometimes substituted for the inductors in a high-pass
`filter. This is especially true if active devices are used, in which case
`many filter sections can be cascaded.
`High-pass filters are used in a wide variety of situations in electronic
`apparatus. One commonuse for the high-pass filter is at the input of a
`television (TV) receiver. The cutoff frequency of such a filter is about 40
`MHz. The installation of such a filter reduces the susceptibility of the
`TV receiver to EMI from sources at lower frequencies.
`A high-pass response 1s an attenuation-versus-frequency curve that
`shows greater attenuation at lower frequencies than at higher frequen-
`cies. The sharpness of the response can vary considerably. Usually, a
`high-pass response is characterized by a high degree of attenuation up
`to a certain frequency, where the attenuation rapidly decreases. Finally
`the attenuation levels off at near zero insertion loss. The cutoff frequen-
`cy of a high-pass response is that frequency at which the insertion
`powerloss is 3 dB with respect to the minimum loss. The ultimate attenu-
`ation is the level of power attenuation well below the cutoff frequency,
`where the signal is virtually blocked. A good high-pass responseis
`shown in Fig. 2-9K. The curve is smooth, and the insertion loss is essen-
`tially zero everywhere well above the cutoff frequency.
`
`Ex. 1013, Page 7 4
`Ex. 1013, Page 7
`
`

`

`
`passive Electronic Components
`
`67
`
`Low-Pass Filter
`
`A low-pass filter is a combination of capacitance, inductance, and/or resis-
`tance, intended to produce large amounts of attenuation above a certain
`frequency and little or no attenuation below that frequency. The frequen-
`cy at which the transition occurs is called the cutoff frequency. At the
`cutoff frequency, the power attenuation is 3 dB with respect to the mini-
`mum attenuation. Below the cutoff frequency, the power attenuation is
`less than 3 dB. Above the cutoff, the power attenuation is more than 3 dB.
`The simplest low-pass filter consists of a series inductor or a parallel
`capacitor. More sophisticated low-pass filters have combinations of series
`inductors and parallel capacitors, such as the examples shownin Fig. 2-9L
`and M. Thefilter at L is an L-section low-pass filter; the circuit at M is a
`pi-section low-pass filter. As above, these names are derived from the geo-
`metric arrangement of the components as they appear in diagrams.
`Resistors are sometimes substituted for the inductors in a low-pass fil-
`ter. This is especially true when active devices are used, in which case
`many filter stages can be cascaded. This substitution reduces the physical
`bulk of the circuit, and it saves money.
`Low-pass filters are used in many different applications in RF elec-
`tronics. One common use of a low-pass filter is at the output of a high-
`frequency (HF) transmitter. The cutoff frequency is about 40 MHz.
`When such a low-pass filter is installed in the transmission line between
`a transmitter and antenna, VHF harmonics are greatly attenuated. This
`
`Figure 2-9 (cont.}
`AtL, L-section low-
`passfilter. At M,
`pi-section low-pass
`filter. At N, low-pass
`response.
`
`Input
`
`Output
`
`Amplitude
`
`Input
`
`Output
`
`M.
`
`Frequency
`
`N.
`
` —
`
`Ex. 1013, Page 8—
`Ex. 1013, Page 8
`
`

`

`
`
`68
`
`Chapter 2
`
`reduces the probability of EMI to TV receivers using outdoor antennas.
`In a narrowband transmitter, a low-pass filter might be built in for
`reduction of harmonic output.
`A low-pass response is an attenuation-versus-frequency curve that shows
`greater attenuation at higher frequencies than at lower frequencies. The
`sharpness of the response can vary considerably. Usually, a low-pass
`response is characterized by a low degree of attenuation up to a certain
`frequency; above that point, the attenuation rapidly increases. Finally
`the attenuation levels off at a large value. Below the cutoff frequency, the
`attenuation is practically zero.
`The cutoff frequency of a low-pass response is that frequency at which
`the insertion power loss is 3 dB with respect to the minimum loss. The
`ultimate attenuation is the level of attenuation well above the cutoff fre-
`quency, where the signal is virtually blocked. A good low-pass response
`looks like the attenuation-versus-frequency curve shown in Fig. 2-9N.
`The curve is smooth, and the insertion loss is essentially zero every-
`where well below the cutoff frequency.
`
`Diodes
`
`The term diode means“two elements.” Almost all diodes are made from
`silicon or other semiconducting materials.
`
`P-type material (anode). No current will flow if the battery is reversed. Ex. 1013, Page 9 -
`
`When P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor materials are joined,
`a P-N junction is the result. Such a junction has properties that make
`semiconductor materials useful as electronic devices, A diode is formed
`by a single P-N junction. The N-type material comprises the cathode and
`the P-type material forms the anode.
`In a diode, electrons flow in the direction opposite the arrow in the
`schematic symbol. (Physicists consider current to flow from positive to
`negative, and this is in the same direction as the arrow pointsCurrent
`will not normally flow the other way unless the voltage is very high. If
`you connect a battery and a resistor in series with a P-N junction, cur-
`rent will flow if the negative terminal of the battery is connected to the
`N-type material (cathode) and the positive terminal is connected to the
`
`Theory of Operation
`
`Ex. 1013, Page 9
`
`