`
`McGraw-Hill Dictionary of
`CHEMICAL TERMS
`
`
`
`Sybil P. Parker
`EpDITorIN CHIEF
`
`
`
`Toronto
`
`McGraw-Hill Book Company
`
`New York
`
`St.Louis
`
`San Francisco
`
`Auckland Bogota Guatemala Hamburg
`Lisbon
`London Madrid Mexico
`Montreal New Delhi
`Panama
`Paris
`San Juan
`Sao Paulo
`Singapore
`Sydney
`Tokyo
`
`Page 1 of 3
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`Tianma Exhibit 1011
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`Editorial Staff
`
`
`Sybil P. Parker, Editor in Chief
`
`Jonathan Well, Editor
`Betty Richman, Editor
`Edward J. Fox, Art director
`Joe Faulk, Editing manager
`Frank Kotowskl,Jr., Editing supervisor
`
`Fort Dietrick, Maryland. CHEMISTRY.
`
`Onthe cover: Photomicrograph of potassium nitrate under high
`pressure, a specimen contained in a diamond-anvil high-pressure
`cell. (National Bureau of Standards)
`
`McGRAW-HILL DICTIONARY OF CHEMICAL TERMS
`The material in this Dictionary has been published previously in
`the McGRAW-HILL DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND
`TECHNICAL TERMS,Third Edition, copyright © 1984 by
`McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Philippines copyright
`1984 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. Printed in the United States of
`America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright
`Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or
`distributed in any form or by any means,or stored in a data base
`or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the
`publisher.
`
`67890 FGFG 9987654
`
`ISBN 0-07-O4S5417-5
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`
`McGraw-Hill dictionary of chemical terms.
`
`I. Parker, Sybil P.
`1. Chemistry—Dictionaries.
`Il. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
`QD5.M356
`1985
`540'.3'21
`ISBN 0-07-045417-5
`
`85-11696
`
`a
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`Page 2 of 3
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`
`Consulting and Contributing Editors
`from the
`aw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms
`
`
`Prof. George S. Bonn—Formerly, Graduate School
`of Library Science, University of Illinois. LIBRARY
`CONSULTANT.
`
`Prof. Roland H. Good, Jr.—Departmentof Physics,
`Pennsylvania State University. PHysics.
`
`Dr. Charles Oviatt—State Department of Education
`of Missouri. CHEMISTRY.
`
`Dr. Leonard Spero—Walter Reed Hospital Unit,
`
`

`

`368
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`red ocher
`
`red ocher Seeferric oxide.
`
`redox potential Voltage difference at an inert electrode immersed in a reversible oxi-
`dation-reduction system; measurementofthe state of oxidation of the system, Also
`known as oxidation-reduction potential.
`redox potentiometry Use of neutral electrode probes to measure the solution potential
`developed as the result of an oxidation or reduction reaction.
`redox system A chemical system in which reduction and oxidation (redox) reactions
`occur.
`x
`
`
`
`redoxtitration A titration characterized by the transfer of electrons from one substance
`to another(from the reductant to the oxidant) with the end point determined col-~
`orimetrically or potentiometrically.
`phosphorus;violet-red, amorphous
`red phosphorus Anallotropic form of the element
`powdersublimingat 416°C,igniting at 260°; insolublein all solvents; nonpoisonous,
`red potassium chromate See potassium dichromate.
`red potassium prussiate See potassium ferricyanide.
`red precipitate See mercuric oxide.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`resolving power
`
`369
`
`Reformatsky reaction A condensation-type reaction between ketones and a-bromoal-
`iphatic acids in the presence of zinc or magnesium, such as R,CO + BrCH,-COOR
`+ Zn— (ZnO-HBr) + R,C(OH)CH,COOR.
`refractory hard metals True chemical compounds composed of two or more metals in
`the crystalline form, and having a very high melting point and high hardness.
`refrigerant 23 See fluoroform.
`regenerant A solution whose purpose is to restore the activity of an ion-exchange bed.
`= regioselective Pertaining
`to a chemical reaction which favors a single
`positional or
`structural isomer, leading to its yield being greater than that of the other products
`in the reaction. Sometimes known as regiospecific.
`teglospecific 1. Referring to a chemical reaction which has the potential of yielding
`two or more structural isomers, but actually produces only one. 2. See regioselec-
`tive.
`
`Reichert-Melss! number Anindicator of the measure ofvolatile soluble fatty acids.
`Reimer-Tiemann reaction Formation of phenolic aldehydes by reaction of phenol with
`chloroform in the presence of an alkali
`‘Reinecke’s salt [(NH,),Cr(SCN),JNH,'H,O A reagent to detect mercury (gives a red
`color or a precipitate), and to isolate organic bases (such as proline or histidine).
`Reinsch test A test for detecting small amounts ofarsenic, silver, bismuth, and mer-
`cury.
`
`relative fugacity Theratio of the fugacity in a given state to the fugacity in a defined
`standard state.
`.
`
`spectral lines of nearly equal wavelength, equal to the average wavelength of two
`
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`
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`red prussiate of potash See potassium ferricyanide.
`
`
`red prusslate of soda Sce sodium ferricyanide.
`red tetrazollum See triphenyltetrazolium chloride.
`
`reducer See reducing agent. A fitting having a largersize at one end than at the other
`and threadedinside, unless specifically flanged or for somespecialjoint.
`relative stability test A color test using methylene blue that indicates when the oxygen
`reducing agent Also known as reducer. 1. A material that adds hydrogento an element
`
`present in a sewageplant's effluentor polluted water is exhausted.
`or compound. 2. A material that adds an electron to an element or compound,that
`relative volatility The volatility of a standard material whose relative volatility is by
`
`is, decreases the positivenessofits valence.
`definition equal to unity.
`
`reducing atmosphere An atmosphere of hydrogen (or other substance that readily
`telaxed peak process See quasi-fission.
`provideselectrons) surrounding a chemical reaction or physical device;the effect is
`i
`the opposite to that of an oxidizing atmosphere.
`fepellency Ability to repel water, or being hydrophobic; opposite to water wettability.
`
`teplication The formation of a faithful mold or replica ofa solid that is thin enough tor
`.feducing flame A flame having excess fuel and being capable of chemicalreduction,
`such as extracting oxygen from a metallic oxide.
`penetration by an electron microscope beam; can use plastic (such as collodion) or
`
`vacuum deposition (such as of carbon or metals) to make the mold.
`potentially free aldehyde
`reducing sugar Anyofthe sugars that becauseoftheir free or
`
`fesacetophenone See 2,4'-dihydroxyacetophenone.
`_
`or ketone groups, possess the property ofreadily reducingalkaline solutions of many
`metallic salts such as copper,silver, or bismuth; examples are the monosaccharides
`tesbenzophenone See benzoresorcinol.
`
`and mostofthe disaccharides, including maltose and lactose.
`
`resin Anyof a class of solid or semisolid organic products of natural or synthetic origin
`
`reduction 1. Reaction of hydrogen with another substance. 2. Chemical reaction in
`with no definite melting point, generally of high molecular weight; most resins are
`which an elementgains an electron (has a decrease in positive valence).
`polymers.
`
`reductioncell A vessel in which aqueous solutionsofsalts or fused salts areareduce
`
`fesin of copper See cuprouschloride.
`=
`electrolytically.
`
`“resinography Science ofresins, polymers, plastics, and their products; includes study
`reduction potential Thepotential drop involved in the reduction ofa positively charged” =
`of morphology, structure, and other characteristics relatable to composition or treat-
`ment.
`ion to a neutral form or to a less highly charged ion, or of a neutral atom to a
`negatively charged ion.
`
`tesinold A thermosetting synthetic resin either in its initial (temporarily fusible) or in
`its final (infusible) state.
`reference electrode A nonpolarizable electrode that generates highly reproducible po-
`tentials; used for pH measurements andpolarographic analyses; examples are the —
`
`tesite See C-stage resin.
`calomelelectrode,silver-silver chloride electrode, and mercury pool.
`
`‘fesolution See resolving power.
`reflectance spectrophotometry Measurementofthe ratio of spectral radiant -flux-re=—
`Hresolving power A measureofthe ability of a spectroscope or interferometer to separate
`flected fromalight-diffusing specimen to that reflected fromalight-diffusing stanc
`substituted for the specimen.
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`Page 3 of 3
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