Part 1: Fundamentals of
`Projected-Capacitive
`Touch Technology
`
`Geoff Walker
`Senior Touch Technologist
`Intel Corporation
`
`June 1, 2014
`
`Must use exact
`capitalization!
`
`File Download: www.walkermobile.com/Touch_Technologies_Tutorial_Latest_Version.pdf
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`
`Projected-Capacitive
`Touch Technology
`
`Geoff Walker
`Senior Touch Technologist
`Intel Corporation
`
`June 1, 2014
`
`Must use exact
`capitalization!
`
`File Download: www.walkermobile.com/Touch_Technologies_Tutorial_Latest_Version.pdf
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`Agenda
`
` Introduction
` Basic Principles
` Controllers
` Sensors
` ITO-Replacement Materials
` Modules
` Embedded
` Large-Format
` Stylus
` Software
` Conclusions
` Appendix A: Historical Embedded Touch
`
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`Introduction
` P-Cap History
` P-Cap Penetration
` P-Cap by Application
` Touch User-Experience
`
`File Download: www.walkermobile.com/Touch_Technologies_Tutorial_Latest_Version.pdf
`
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`P-Cap History
`
`Company
`UK Royal Radar
`Establishment
`(E.A. Johnson)
`CERN (Bent Stumpe)
`
`Dynapro Thin Films
`(acquired by 3M Touch
`Systems in 2000)
`Zytronic (first license from
`Ronald Binstead, an
`inventor in the UK)
`
`Visual Planet (second
`license from Ronald
`Binstead)
`Apple
`
`Significance
`First published application of transparent
`touchscreen (mutual-capacitance p-cap on
`CRT air-traffic control terminals)
`Second published application of mutual-
`capacitance p-cap (in the control room of
`the CERN proton synchrotron)
`First commercialization of mutual-
`capacitive p-cap (renamed as Near-Field
`Imaging by 3M)
`First commercialization of large-format
`self-capacitive p-cap;
`first commercialization of large-format
`mutual-capacitive p-cap
`Second commercialization of large-format
`self-capacitive p-cap
`
`Year
`1965
`
`1977
`
`1995
`
`1998
`
`2012
`
`2003
`
`First use of mutual-capacitive p-cap in a
`consumer electronics product (the iPhone)
`
`2007
`
`
`
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`P-Cap Penetration
`
`% of Units Shipped
`
`Embedded
`= P-Cap
`
`Source: DisplaySearch Touch-Panel Market Analysis Reports 2008-2014
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`P-Cap Forecast by Application…1
`(Consumer)
`
`Million Units
`120
`
`100
`
`80
`
`60
`
`40
`
`20
`
`0
`
`PDA
`Desktop Monitor
`Video Camera
`All‐in‐one PC
`Portable Game
`Still Camera
`EPD eReader
`Media Player
`Smart Watch
`Navigation Device
`Notebook PC
`
`2018
`2017
`2016
`2015
`2014
`2013
`2012
`2018: Phones = 1.8 Billion Units; Tablets = 447 Million Units
`Source: DisplaySearch Touch-Panel Market Analysis Report 1Q-2014
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`P-Cap Forecast by Application…2
`(Commercial)
`
`Million Units
`8.0
`
`7.0
`
`6.0
`
`5.0
`
`4.0
`
`3.0
`
`2.0
`
`1.0
`
`0.0
`
`2012
`2013
`2014
`2015
`2016
`2017
`2018: Automobile Monitor = 42 Million Units
`Source: DisplaySearch Touch-Panel Market Analysis Report 1Q-2014
`
`2018
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`Education/Training
`Point of Interest
`Ticketing/Check‐in
`Casino Game
`Medical Equipment
`ATM Machine
`Office Equipment
`Retail and POS/ECR
`Factory Equipment
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`P-Cap Defines the Standard
`for Touch User-Experience
` Smartphones and tablets have set the standard
`for touch in SEVERAL BILLION consumers’ minds
` Multiple simultaneous touches
`(robust multi-touch)
` Extremely light touch (zero force)
` Flush surface (“zero-bezel”
`or “edge-to-edge”)
`
` Excellent optical performance
` Very smooth & fast scrolling
` Reliable and durable
` An integral part of the
`device user experience
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`Source: AP / NBC News
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`Basic Principles
` Self Capacitive
` Mutual Capacitive
` Mutual Capacitive Electrode Patterns
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`Self-Capacitance
`
` Capacitance of a single electrode to ground
` Human body capacitance increases the capacitance
`of the electrode to ground
` In a self-capacitance sensor, each electrode is measured
`individually
`
`Source: The author
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`The Problem with Self-Capacitance
`
` Touches that are diagonally separated produce
`two maximums on each axis (real points & ghost points)
` Ghost points = False touches positionally related to real touches
`
`Self Capacitance
`
`Mutual Capacitance
`
`Source: Atmel
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`Self-Capacitance and
`Pinch/Zoom Gestures
` Use the direction of movement of the points rather
`than the ambiguous locations
`
`Y3
`
`Y2
`
`Y1
`
`X1
`
`X2
`
`X3
`
`X4
`
`Source: The author
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`Self-Capacitance Electrode Variations
`
`20 measurements
`
`Source: 3M
`
`20 measurements
`
` Multiple separate pads
`in a single layer
` Each pad is scanned
`individually
`
` Rows and columns of electrodes
`in two layers
` Row & column electrodes are
`scanned in sequence
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`Self-Capacitance
`Advantages & Disadvantages
`
`
`
`
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`
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`Self-Capacitive Advantages Self-Capacitive Disadvantages
`Simpler, lower-cost sensor
`Limited to 1 or 2 touches with ghosting
`Can be a single layer
`Lower immunity to LCD noise
`Long-distance field projection
`Lower touch accuracy
`Can be used with active guard Harder to maximize SNR
`Fast measurement
`
`
` Where it’s used
` Lower-end smartphones and feature-phones with touch
`● Becoming much less common due to single-layer p-cap
` In combination with mutual capacitance to increase capability
`
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`Self-Capacitance for Hover
`
` Self-capacitance is used to produce “hover”
`behavior in some smartphones (in addition to
`mutual-capacitance for contact-touch location)
` Also used for automatically detecting glove vs. fingernail vs. skin,
`and for dealing with water on the screen
`
`Source: Panasonic
`
`Source: Cypress
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`Multi-Touch Self-Capacitance
`Using Active Guard Concept…1
` Guarding is a well-known technique for reducing the
`effects of electrical current leakage
`
`Source: Fogale
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`Multi-Touch Self-Capacitance
`Using Active Guard Concept…2
` Another contender: zRRo
`
`3D single-touch
`for smartphones
`
`3D multi-touch
`for smartphones
`and tablets
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`DISPLAY WEEK ‘14
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`Source: zRRo
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`17
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`Mutual Capacitance
`
` Capacitance between two electrodes
` Human body capacitance “steals charge” which decreases
`the capacitance between the electrodes
` In a mutual-capacitance sensor, each electrode intersection
`is measured individually
`
`Source: The author
`
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`Mutual Capacitance
`Electrode Patterns…1
` Rows and columns of
`electrodes in two layers
`
` In the real world…
` “Bar and stripe”, also called
`“Manhattan” or “Flooded-X”
`(LCD noise self-shielding)
`
`11 x 9 = 99 measurements
`
`Source: 3M
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`4 x 10 = 40 measurements
`
`Source: Cypress
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`Mutual Capacitance
`Electrode Patterns…2
` Interlocking diamond pattern
`with ITO in “one layer” with bridges
`4.5 mm typical
`
`Source: 3M
`
`Source: The author
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`More On Mutual Capacitance…1
`
` BTW, there isn’t just one mutual capacitance…
`
`Source: Cypress
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`More On Mutual Capacitance…2
`
` And there are more capacitors than just the Cm’s…
`
`Source: Cypress
`Source: ELAN, modified by the author
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`More On Mutual Capacitance…3
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Mutual-Capacitive Advantages Mutual-Capacitive Disadvantages
`2 or more unambiguous touches More complex, higher-cost controller
`Higher immunity to LCD noise
`2 layers (or 1 with bridges) for >3 pts
`Higher touch accuracy
`
`More flexibility in pattern design
`
`Easier to maximize SNR
`
`
` Where it’s used
` Mid & high-end smartphones, tablets,
`Ultrabooks, AiOs, commercial products
`● Standalone self-capacitive is becoming increasingly rare
`in consumer electronics (except for buttons)
` With “true single-layer” sensors in low-end smartphones
`
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`Mutual Capacitance
`Electrode Patterns…3
` Bars & stripes require bridges too…
`
`DISPLAY WEEK ‘14
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`Source: Synaptics
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`24
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`Mutual Capacitance
`Electrode Patterns…4
` And so does this unusual diamond pattern…
` 102, 106, 108, 210
`● Drive (X) electrodes
` 114 & 202
`● Sense (Y) electrodes
` 110
`● Bridges
` 120 & 230
`● Dummy (floating) ITO
` 200 & 206
`● Optional dummy ITO
` 212
`● Blank (no ITO)
`
`Source: STMicro
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`Mutual Capacitance
`Electrode Patterns…5
` Claimed advantages of this particular
`pattern over traditional interlocking diamond
` Reduction in sense electrode area reduces LCD noise pickup
` “Finger projections” (0.1 – 0.2 mm) increase the perimeter of
`interaction between drive and sense electrodes, which
`increases sensitivity
` Linearity is improved due to more uniform coupling across channels
` Floating separators aid in increasing the fringing fields, which
`increases sensitivity
`
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`Mutual Capacitance
`Electrode Patterns…6
` Holy Grail: True single-layer mutual capacitance sensor
` “Caterpillar” pattern
` Everybody’s single-
`layer patterns are
`proprietary
` Requires fine
`patterning, low sheet
`resistance & low
`visibility
` Benefits: Narrow
`borders, thin stack-
`ups, lower cost, can
`reliably handle 2-3
`touches
`
`Source: Synaptics
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`Mutual Capacitance
`Electrode Patterns…7
` ELAN’s caterpillar pattern
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`Source: ELAN
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`Mutual Capacitance
`Electrode Patterns…8
` An alternative true single-layer pattern from ELAN
` This is a very small portion
`of a much larger sensor
`
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`Source: ELAN
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`Controllers
` Architecture
` Touch Image Processing
` Key Characteristics
` Signal-to-Noise Ratio
` Noise Management
` Innovation Areas
` Suppliers
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`Mutual Capacitance
`Touch System Architecture
`
`Source: The author
`
` Making X*Y measurements is OK, but it’s better
`to measure the columns simultaneously
` Controllers can be ganged (operate in a
`master-slave relationship) for larger screens
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`Touch Image Processing
`
`Raw data including noise
`
`Filtered data
`
`Gradient data
`
`Touch region coordinates
`and gradient data
`
`Touch regions
`
`“10 fingers,
`2 palms
`and
`3 others”
`
`Source: Apple Patent Application #2006/0097991
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`Key Controller Characteristics…1
`
` Node count (x channels + y channels)
` Given typical electrode spacing of 4.5 to 5 mm, this determines
`how large a touchscreen the controller can support (w/o ganging)
` Scan rate
` Frames per second (fps) – faster reduces latency for a better UX
` Windows logo requires 100 fps; Android is unspecified
` Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
` More info on upcoming slides
` Operating voltage & current
` OEMs continue to request lower-power touchscreen systems
` Win8 “Connected Standby” is a significant influence
` Internal core (micro/DSP)
` Varies from small 8-bit micro to ARM-7 or higher
`
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`Key Controller Characteristics…2
`
` Number of simultaneous touches
` Windows Logo requires 5 (except AiO = 2); Android is unspecified
` Market trend is 10 for tablets and notebooks
` Support for unintended touches
` “Palm rejection”, “grip suppression”, etc.
` Rarely specified, but critically important
` For a 22” screen, even 50 touches isn’t too many in this regard
` Amount of “tuning” required
` Never specified – more info on upcoming slide
`
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`Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)…1
`
` SNR = Industry-standard performance metric
`for p-cap touchscreen systems
` However, no standard methodologies exist for measuring,
`calculating, and reporting SNR
` The two components (signal & noise) depend heavily on
`the device under test
` Noise from displays (LCDs & OLEDs) and from
`USB chargers is spiky – it doesn’t have a normal
`(Gaussian) distribution – and spikes create jitter
` Yet marketers typically specify SNR in the absence of noise,
`using the RMS noise (standard deviation) of analog-to-digital
`convertors (ADCs)
` With Gaussian noise, you can multiply the RMS noise by 6 to
`calculate the peak-to-peak noise with 99.7% confidence
`
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`Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)…2
`
` Typical system (raw ADC data, no digital filters applied)
`
`Noise (CNS)
`
`Source: Cypress
`(modified by the author)
`
`DISPLAY WEEK ‘14
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`Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)…3
`
` SNR of system in previous slide
` CFinger = Mean (Finger) - Mean (NoFinger)
` CFinger = 1850 - 813 = 1037
`
` CNS (Standard Deviation) = 20.6 counts
` CNS (Peak-to-Peak) = Max (NoFinger) - Min (NoFinger) +1
` CNS = 900 - 746 +1 = 155 counts
`
` SNR (Peak-to-Peak) = 1037/155 = 6.7
` SNR (Standard Deviation) = 1037/20.6 = 49.9
` Highest SNR currently reported by marketer = 70 dB (3,162*)
`
`* Signal amplitude ratio in dB = 20log10 (A1 / A0)
`
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`Noise Management…1
`
` Charger noise is common-mode
` A smartphone on a desk (not handheld) isn’t grounded, so the
`entire phone moves relative to earth ground as it follows the noise
` A touching finger provides an alternative path to ground, which
`is equivalent to injecting the noise at the finger location
` The noise signal can be 10X to 100X that of the signal
`generated by the touching finger
`
`Can be
`as high
`as 60 V
`p-p for
`non-EN
`chargers
`
`Source: Cypress
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`Noise Management…2
`
` Examples of charger noise spectra
` Effect of noise is false or no touches, or excessive jitter
`
`DISPLAY WEEK ‘14
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`Source: Cypress
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`Noise Management…3
`
` Variation in common-mode noise spectra in 2
`different chargers at 3 different loads
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`Source: Cypress
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`Noise Management…4
`
` Techniques to combat charger noise
` Multiple linear and non-linear filters
` Adaptive selection of the best operating frequency (hopping)
` Increased drive-electrode voltage
`● Going from 2.7 V to 10 V increases SNR by 4X
` Many proprietary methods
`
` Display noise
` LCD noise is similar across the display; the high correlation of noise
`signals across all sensor signals allows relatively easy removal
` Very high noise in embedded touch can require synchronization
`of the touch controller with the LCD driver (TCON)
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`Controller Innovation Areas
`
` More information in upcoming slides
` Finger-hover
` Glove-touch
` Pressure sensing
` Other touch-objects
` Faster response (reduced latency)
` Adaptive behavior
` Water resistance
` Software integration
` Automated tuning
`
` More information later in this course
` Passive and active stylus support
`
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`Finger-Hover…1
`
` There are two ways of emulating “mouseover” on
`a p-cap touchscreen
` Hover over something to see it change, then touch to select
` Press lightly on something to see it change, then press harder
`to select
` The industry is moving towards hover because nobody
`has been able to implement pressure-sensing in a way
`that works well and that OEMs are willing to implement
` Startup: NextInput
`● Force-sensing using an array of organic transistors where pressure
`changes the gate current
` Startup: zRRo
`● Multi-finger hover detection
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`Finger-Hover…2
`
` What can you do with hover?
` Enlarge small links when you hover over them
` Make a passive stylus seem to hover like an active stylus
` Magnify an onscreen-keyboard key as you approach
`rather than after you’ve touched it, or even use a “Swipe”
`keyboard without touching it
` Preview interactive objects such as an array of thumbnails
` Use as an alternative to standard proximity detection
` Use multi-finger gestures for more complex operations
` And more…
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`Glove-Touch
`
` Can be accomplished by
`adding self-capacitive to
`existing mutual-capacitive
` Mutual-capacitive provides
`touch location
` Self-capacitive provides
`proximity sensing
` Glove-touch causes the finger
`to remain a constant distance
`above the screen; proximity
`sensing can detect that without
`the user manually switching
`modes
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`Source: ELAN
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`Pressure Sensing
`
` Pressure-sensing is an alternative selection method
` True absolute pressure-sensing in p-cap doesn’t exist today
` Some (including Microsoft) believe that “touch lightly to view
`choices then press to select” is more intuitive than hover
`● It has never been implemented successfully in a mobile device
` Blackberry Storm (2 models!) failed due to terrible implementation
` Nissha/Peratech (QTC) collaboration never made it into mass-production
` Multiple startups are working on smartphone pressure-sensing
`● NextInput
` Uses an array of pressure-sensitive organic transistors under the LCD
`● FloatingTouch
` Mounts the LCD on pressure-sensing capacitors made using a 3M material
`
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`Other Touch Objects
`
` You will soon be able to touch with a fine-tipped (2 mm)
`passive stylus, long fingernails, a ballpoint pen, a #2
`pencil, and maybe other objects
` This is being accomplished through higher signal-to-noise
`(SNR) ratios
`● Much of this improvement may come from enhancing the controller
`analog front-end in addition to focusing on the digital algorithms
` This enhancement to the UX will be the end of “finger-only” p-cap
`
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`Faster Response
`
` Make touch more natural by reducing latency
` The shorter the time is between a touch and the response,
`the better the user feels about the touch system
`● If an object lags behind your finger when you drag it, or ink lags
`behind a stylus when you’re drawing, it doesn’t feel real
` Latency today is typically 75-10
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