F V E N T H
`
`DICTIONARY
`
`
`ICUTTOe
`
`r
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`Newnes is an imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann.
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`Copyright 0 1999 by Rudolf F. Graf
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`-&A
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`member of the Reed Elsevier Group.
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`All rights reserved.
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`No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Graf, Rudolf F.
`Modem dictionary of electronics / Rudolf F. Graf.-7th
`revised and updated.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 0-7506-9866-7 (alk. paper)
`1. Electronics -Dictionaries.
`I. Title
`TK7804.G67 1999
`621.38 1 '03 - dc21
`
`ed.,
`
`99-17889
`CIP
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`365
`impedance characteristic-A
`graph of impe-
`dance ve:rsus frequency of a circuit or component.
`impedance coil -A
`coil whose inductive reactance
`is used to hinder the flow of alternating current in or
`between circuits.
`impedance compensator-
`1. An electric net-
`work used with a line or another network to give the
`impedance of the combination a certain characteristic over
`a desired frequency range. 2. A circuit that ensures that a
`transmission line is a proper electrical load for its com-
`municating devices. It is connected in parallel with the
`devices.
`impedance coupling-A method of coupling using
`an impedance as the coupling device common to both the
`primary and secondary circuits. This type of coupling is
`usually 1.imited to audio systems, where high gain and
`limited bartdpass are required.
`impedance drop-The vector sum of the resistance
`drop and the reactance drop. (For transformers, the
`resistance 'drop, the reactance drop, and the impedance
`drop are, respectively. the sum of the primary and
`secondary drops reduced to the same terms. They are
`usually expressed in percent of the secondary-terminal
`vohge.)
`impedance ground- An earth connection made
`through an impedance of predetermined value usually
`'chosen to limit the current of a short-circuit to ground.
`impedance irregularities -Breaks or abrupt chan-
`ges that occur in an impedance-frequency curve when
`unlike sections of a transmission line are joined together
`Nor when ith'ere are irregularities on the line.
`impedance match-The
`condition in which the
`impedance of a component or circuit is equal to the
`internal iimpedance of the source or the surge impedance
`(of a transmission line, thereby giving maximum transfer
`(of energy from sources to load, minimum reflection, and
`:minimum, distortion.
`impedance matching - 1. The connection across a
`:source impedance of another impedance having the same
`:magnitude and phase angle. If the source is a transmission
`:line, reflection is thereby avoided. 2. The process of
`adjusting the impedances of a load and of its power
`source so that they are equal. This permits the greatest
`]possible transfer of power. 3. Making the impedance of a
`itemhating device equal to the impedance of the circuit to
`.which it is connected in order to achieve optimum signal
`ikansfer.
`trans-
`transformer-A
`impedance-matching
`former used to match the impedance of a source and load.
`~ ~ p e c i ~ ~ c e
`plethysmograph -An
`instrument
`used to detect the increased blood volume in the
`tissues of the body during a contraction of the heart.
`See also electrical-impedance cephalography; finger
`plethysmograph.
`impedance
`transformer that
`transformer-A
`transfers maximum energy from one circuit to another.
`impedance triangle-A
`diagram consisting of a
`right triangle. The sides are proportional to the resistance
`and reactance in an ac circuit, with the hypotenuse
`representing the impedance.
`dielectric in which part
`imperfect dielectric-A
`of the energy required to establish its electric field is
`converted into heat instead of being returned to the
`electric system when the field is removed.
`imperfection --In a crystalline solid, any deviation
`in structure from an ideal crystal (one that is perfectly
`periodic in structure and contains no foreign atoms).
`implantable p a c e m a k e r -A miniature pulse gen-
`erator surgically implanted beneath the skin and provided
`with output leads that connect directly to the heart mus-
`cle. The electrodes may contact either the outer wall of the
`
`impedance characteristic - impulse excitation
`heart muscle (myocardial electrodes) or the inner surface
`of the heart chamber (endocardiac electrodes).
`implied AND- Also called dot AND or wired AND.
`A logic element in which the combined outputs are true
`if and only if all outputs are true. (Sometimes improperly
`called dot OR or wired OR.)
`implied OR -Also called wired OR. A logic element
`in which the combined outputs are true if one or more of
`the outputs are true.
`inward bursting of a picture tube due
`implode-The
`to its high vacuum.
`import-To
`copy data created by one computer
`program or file into another.
`impregnant - 1. A substance, usually a liquid, used
`to saturate the paper dielectric of a capacitor and replace
`the air between its fibers, thereby increasing the dielectric
`strength and the dielectric constant of the capacitor. 2. A
`substance intended to replace the air as dielectric between
`the electrodes of a capacitor.
`impregnate- 1. To fill voids and air spaces (of a
`capacitor or transformer) with a material having good
`insulating properties commonly called an impregnant.
`2. To fill the voids and interstices of a material with a
`compound. This does not imply complete fill or complete
`coating of the surfaces by a hole-free film.
`impregnated coils-Coils
`that have been penne-
`ated with an electric grade varnish or other protective
`material to protect them from mechanized vibration, han-
`dling, fungus, and moisture.
`impregnating -Complete
`filling of even the small-
`est voids in a component or closely packed assembly of
`parts. Low-viscosity compounds, usually liquids, are used.
`The process is frequently accomplished by a vacuum- pro-
`cess in which all air is removed before introducing the
`impregnating material. Typical examples of impregnating
`are the filling of capacitors or transformer windings.
`impregnation - 1. The process of coating the insides
`of coils and closely packed electronic assemblies by dip-
`ping them into a liquid and letting it solidify. 2. The
`process of completely filling all interstices or a part or
`assembly with a thin. liquid, electrically insulating mate-
`rial. The process is best accomplished by first removing all
`air (creating a vacuum), then introducing the impregnant,
`and finally applying atmospheric or elevated pressures to
`completely force-fill the system.
`impressed voltage-The
`circuit or device.
`characteristic of FM
`improvement threshold -A
`radio receivers that determines the minimum rf signal
`power required to overcome the inherent thermal noise.
`For increasing values of rf power above th~s point, an
`improvement of signal-to-noise ratio is obtained.
`impulse-1. A pulse that begins and ends within
`so short a time that it may be regarded mathematically
`as infinitesimal. The change produced in the medium,
`however, is generally of a finite amount. 2. A current
`surge of unidirectional polarity. See also pulse.
`impulse bandwidth -The
`area divided by the
`height of the voltage-response selectivity as a function
`of frequency. It is used in the calculation of broadband
`interference.
`impulse-driven clock- An electric clock in which
`the hands are moved forward at regular intervals by
`current impulses from a master clock.
`impulse excitation -Also called shock excitation.
`1. A method of producing oscillatory current in which the
`duration of the impressed voltage is relatively short com-
`pared with that of the current produced. 2. The sudden
`application of a momentary steep-wavefront voltage to a
`resonant circuit, resulting in a damped oscillation.
`
`voltage applied to a
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`43 1
`
`alkali metal used in the construction of
`lithium -An
`photocells and batteries.
`lithium chloride sensor- Also called Dunmore
`cell. A hygroscopic element that has fast response,
`high accuracy, and good long-term stability and whose
`resistance is a function of relative humidity.
`lithium-ion -Abbreviated LiON. A rechargeable bat-
`tery technology that is able to produce considerably more
`charge than comparable size nickel-cadmium or nickel-
`metal hydride batteries.
`lithography-A method of defining patterns for
`semiconductor device processing. Patterns are most fre-
`quently produced in thin films of materials called resists,
`which then resist a subsequent processing step being
`applied 'to an underlying material in accordance with that
`pattern. In typical semiconductor integrated-circuit fab-
`rication, many different patterns are used to delineate
`features in a sequence of processing steps.
`lit2 wire- Also called Litzendraht wire. A conductor
`composed of a number of fine, separately insulated strands
`that are woven together so that each strand successively
`takes up all possible positions in the cross section of
`the entire conductor. Litz wire gives reduced skin effect,
`hence, lower resistance to high-frequency currents.
`live -- 1. A term applied to a circuit through which
`current is flowing. 2. Connected to a source of an
`electrical voltage. 3. Charged to an electrical potential
`different from that of the earth. 4. Reverberant, as a room
`in which there are reflections of sound. 5. A program that
`is transmitted as it happens, with no delay.
`live cable test cap-A
`protective cap placed over
`the end of a cable to insulate the cable and seal its sheath.
`live end-The
`end of a radio studio where the
`reflection of sound is greatest.
`liwe parts - Metallic portions of equipment that are
`at a potential different from that of the earth.
`live room-A
`room with a minimum of sound-
`absorptive material, such as drapes, upholstered furniture,
`rugs, etc. Because of the many reflecting surfaces, any
`sound produced in the room will have a long reverberation
`time.
`LLW'-AISQ LLLTV and L3TV. Abbreviation for
`low-light television and low-light-level television. A
`CCTV system capable of operating with scene illumina-
`tion less than 0.5 lumen/ft2.
`LNA- See low-noise amplifier.
`-Abbreviation for low-noise block downcon-
`microwave amplifier that converts a block of
`frequencies to a lower frequency. LNBs for satellite TV
`typically convert C- and Ku-band signals to a frequency
`band of 950 to 1450 MHz for input to the receiver.
`LNC-See
`low-noise converter.
`L-neUwOrk- A network composed of two impedance
`branches in series. The free ends are connected to one pair
`of termiinals, and the junction point and one free end are
`connected to another pair.
`local oscillator.
`LO --See
`sad - 1. The power consumed by a machine or
`circuit in performing its function. 2. A resistor or other
`impedance that can replace some circuit element. 3. The
`power delivered by a machine. 4. A device that absorbs
`power and converts it into the desired form. 5. The
`impedance to which energy is being supplied. 6. Also
`called vvork. The material heated by a dielectric or
`induction heater. 7. In a computer, to fill the internal
`storage with information obtained from auxiliary or
`external storage. 8. The resistance or impedance that
`the input of one device offers to the output of another
`device to which it is connected. See input impedance;
`termination, 1. 9. The circuit or transducer (e.g., speaker)
`
`lithium - loaded applicator impe
`
`connected to the output of an amplifier. The source (e.g.,
`pickup) is loaded by the amplifier's input impedance.
`10. The electrical demand placed on a circuit or a
`system by the utilization equipment connected to it.
`Also, any piece of electrical utilization equipment of any
`given rating so connected. 11. To feed a program into
`a computer system. A common means of loading the
`program is via a form of magnetic media. The media is
`inserted into the media drive and the program read into
`the system's memory.
`load and go-In
`a computer, an operation and
`compiling technique in which the pseudo language is
`converted directly to machine language and the program
`is then run without the creation of an output machine-
`language program.
`load balance -See
`load division.
`connector designed to
`loadbreak connector-A
`close and interrupt current on energized circuits.
`load cell - 1. Transducer that measures an applied
`load by a change in its properties, such as a change
`in resistance (strain-gage load cell), pressure (hydraulic
`load cell), etc. 2. A device that produces an output signal
`proportional to the applied weight or force.
`load circuit-The
`complete circuit required to trans-
`fer power from a source to a load (e.g., an electron tube).
`load-circuit efficiency-In
`a load circuit, the ratio
`between its input power and the power it delivers to the
`load.
`load-circuit power input -The power delivered
`to the load circuit. It is the product of the alternating
`component of the voltage across the load circuit and the
`current passing through it (both root-mean-square values),
`times their power factor.
`load coil-Also
`called a work coil. In induction
`heaters, a coil that, when energized with an alternating
`current, induces energy into the item being heated.
`load curve-A
`curve of power versus time--.e.,
`the value of a specified load for each unit of the period
`covered.
`load divider-A
`device for distributing power.
`load division-Also
`called load balance. A control
`function that divides the load in a prescribed manner
`between two or more power sources supplying the same
`load.
`loaded antenna-1. An antenna to which extra
`inductance or capacitance has been added to change its
`electrical (but not its physical) length. 2. An antenna
`employing a loading coil at its base or above its base
`to achieve the required electrical length using physically
`shorter elements.
`
`--- WHIP
`
`Loaded
`antenna.
`
`loaded applicator impedance -In
`dielectric
`heating, the complex impedance measured at the point
`of application with the load material properly positioned
`for heating and at the specified frequency.
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`433
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`switch for connecting
`load-transfer switch -A
`either a generator or a power source to one load circuit
`or another.
`lobe - Also called directional, radiation, or antenna
`lobe. One of the areas of greater transmission in the
`pattern of a directional antenna. Its size and shape are
`determined by plotting the signal strength in various
`directiom. The area with the greatest signal strength is
`known as the major lobe, and all others are called minor
`lobes.
`lobe frequency-The
`number of times a lobing
`pattern is repeated per second.
`lobe front-The major lobe of a directional antenna.
`The lobe in the direction of preferred reception or
`transmission.
`lobe half-power width-In
`a plane containing
`the direction of the maximum energy of the lobe, the
`angle between the two directions in that plane about the
`maximwm in which the radiation intensity is one-half the
`maximuiin value of the lobe.
`lobe penetration -The
`penetration of the radar
`coverage of a station that is not limited by the pulse-
`repetition frequency, scope limitations, or the screening
`angle at the azimuth of penetration.
`lobe switching-A
`form of scanning in which the
`maximum radiation or reception is periodically switched
`to each (of two or more directions in turn.
`-The
`formation of maxima and minima at
`various angles of the vertical-plane antenna pattern by
`the reflection of energy from the surface surrounding the
`radar antenna. These reflections reinforce the main beam
`at some angles and tend to cancel it at other angles,
`producing fingers of energy.
`local action--In
`a battery, the loss of otherwise
`usable chemical energy by currents that flow within
`regardless of its connections to an external circuit.
`local alarm-An
`alarm that when activated makes a
`loud noise at or near the protected area or floods the site
`with liglht, or both.
`local alarm system-An
`alarm system that when
`activated produces an audible or visible signal in the
`immediate vicinity of the protected premises or object.
`This term usually applies to systems designed to provide
`only a local warning of intrusion and not to transmit to a
`remote inonitoring station. However, local a l m systems
`are sometimes lased in conjunction with a remote alarm.
`locall area network- Abbreviated LAN. A data-
`communications system, usually owned by a single orga-
`nization, that allows similar or dissimilar digital devices to
`talk to each other over a common transmission medium.
`Communications can also take place among diverse
`equipment types: mainframes, minicomputers, microcom-
`puters, work processors, personal computers, intelligent
`tearminalls, workstations, printers, and disk drives. A local
`network provides such communications over a limited
`geographical area: a floor, a section of a building, an entire
`building or a cluster of buildings, or in a multistory build-
`ing or factory complex. Distances can vary from a few
`hundred1 feet to several miles.
`local battery-1. A battery made of single dry
`cells located at the subscriber’s station. 2. A battery that
`actuates the recording instruments at a telegraph station
`(as distinguished from the battery that furnishes current
`to the h e ) . 3. A telephone circuit power source, usually
`in the form of dry cells, located at the customer’s end of
`the line.
`local-battery telephone set -A
`telephone set
`that obiains transmitter current from a battery or other
`current supply circuit individual to the telephone set. The
`signaling current may be obtained from a local hand-
`operated generator or from a central power source.
`
`load-transfer switch - local
`local cable-A
`handmade cable form for circuit
`terminations at an attendant’s switchboard, at unit equip-
`ment, and at other locations where wiring is routed inside
`the section or unit.
`local central office-A
`central office arranged for
`termination of subscriber lines and provided with trunks
`for making connections to and from other central offices.
`local channel - 1. In private line services, that por-
`tion of a through channel within an exchange that is
`provided to connect the main station with an interex-
`change channel. 2. A standard broadcast channel in which
`several stations, with powers not in excess of 1000 watts
`daytime or 250 watts nighttime, may operate. 3. A chan-
`nel connecting a communications subscriber to a central
`office.
`local control-Also
`referred to ips manual control.
`1. Control of a radio transmitter directly at the txansmitter,
`as opposed to remote control. 2. Manual control of a
`transmitter, with the control operator monitoring the
`operation on duty at the control point located at a station
`transmitter with the associated operating adjustments
`directly accessible. (Direct mechanical control, or direct
`wire control of a transmitter from a control point located
`on board an aircraft, vessel, or on the same premises on
`which the transmitter is located, is also considered local
`control.) 3. A method whereby a device is programmable
`by means of its local (front or rear panel) controls in order
`to enable the device to perform different tasks.
`localizer-A
`radio facility that provides signals for
`guiding aircraft onto the center line of a runway.
`localizer on-course line- A vertical line passing
`through a localizer. Indications of opposite sense are
`received on either side of the line.
`localizer station -A ground radionavigation station
`that provides signals for the lateral guidance of aircraft
`with respect to the center line of a runway.
`local loop - 1. The access line from either a user
`terminal or a computer port to the first telephone office
`along the line path. 2. The teletype circuit containing
`a power source, the selector magnets, and a keyboard.
`This connection allows local copy on the teleprinter.
`3. A telephone circuit that connects a subscriber’s station
`equipment to the switching equipment in the telephone
`company local office.
`local memory- Also called buffer RAM or sequence
`processor. A high-speed random-access memory used to
`store sequential data patterns that cannot be generated by a
`hardware pattern generator. Local memory often includes
`the capability to process data stores in ]RAM as if they were
`instructions, thereby modifying data in the buffer.
`local oscillator - Abbreviated LO. Also called beat
`oscillator. 1. An oscillator used in a superheterodyne
`circuit to reproduce a sum or difference frequency equal
`to the intermediate frequency of the receiver. This is done
`by mixing its output with the received signal. 2. The
`oscillator whose output is mixed with the incoming signal
`in superheterodyne receivers to produce an intermediate
`frequency for signal processing (i.e., filtering, amplifying,
`detecting, etc.).
`local-oscillator injection -An
`adjustment used to
`vary the magnitude of the local-oscillator signal that is
`coupled into the mixer.
`local-oscillator radiation -Radiation of the fun-
`damental or harmonics of the local oscillator of a super-
`heterodyne receiver.
`local-oscillator tube-The vacuum tube that pro-
`vides the local-oscillator signal in a superheterodyne
`receiver.
`local program-A
`program originating at and
`released through only one broadcast station.
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`completely closed flux memory
`orthocore-A
`device designed to almost duplicate the geometry of the
`ferrite core memory, eliminate the wiring of memory
`cores, and provide a plurality of wires through the
`memory element. The concept involves the formation of
`a group of plastic rods around a suitable wiring array.
`orthogonal-A
`term that signifies that two signals
`(or signal attributes) are mutually transparent and nonin-
`terfering with each other. Frequency and amplitude mod-
`ulation are orthogonal signal attributes.
`orthogonal antennas-A pair of radar transmitting
`and receiving antennas, or a single antenna for trans-
`mitting and receiving, designed to permit detection of
`a difference in polarization between the transmitted and
`returned energy.
`orthogonal axes- Axes that are perpendicular to
`each other. In an instrument, these axes usually coincide
`with its axes of symmetry.
`OS/:! - One of the first personal computer operating
`systems to s~pport true multitasking with multiple address
`spaces and processes. Introduced by IBM in 1990.
`OSG8A,R -Acronym
`for orbiting satellite carrying
`amateur radio. Acronym describing amateur satellites gen-
`erally; with a number attached (e.g., AMSAT-OSCAR-16,
`or AO- 16), the name of a specific ham radio satellite.
`oscidnrcer- A transducer in which information per-
`taining ILQ the stimulus is provided in the form of deviation
`from the center frequency of an oscillator.
`repeat a cycle of motions or to pass
`oscillate-To
`through a cycle of state with strict periodicity.
`oscillating current -An alternating current; specif-
`ically, one that changes according to some law.
`oscillating quantity-A
`quantity that alternately
`increases and decreases in value, but always remains
`within finite limits-e.g.,
`the discharge of current from
`a capacitor through an inductive resistance (provided
`the inductance is greater than the capacitance times the
`resistance squared).
`oscillating transducer -A
`transducer in which
`information pertaining to the stimulus is provided in
`the form of deviation from the center frequency of an
`oscillator.
`oscilliation - 1. The state of a physical quantity
`when, in the time interval under consideration, the value
`of the quantity is continually changing in such a manner
`that it passes through maxima and minima (e.g., oscillat-
`ing pendulum, oscillating electric current, and oscillating
`electromotive force). 2. Fluctuations in a system or cir-
`cuit, especially those consisting of the flow of electric
`currents alternately in opposite directions; also, the cor-
`responding changes in voltages. 3. See hunting, 1. 4. A
`periodic change in a variable, as in the amplitude of an
`alternating current.
`ascillator- 1. An electronic device that generates
`alternating-current power at a frequency determined by
`the valuer of certain constants in its circuits. An oscillator
`may be considered an amplifier with positive feedback,
`with circuit parameters that restrict the oscillations of the
`device to a single frequency. 2. Something that oscillates.
`In partii:ular, a self-excited electronic circuit whose output
`voltage or current is a periodic function of time. 3. A
`generator of an alternating signal, continuous, sinusoidal,
`OF pulsed.
`oscillator clrcuit- See oscillator.
`caacillator coil - A radio-frequency transformer that
`provides the feedback required for oscillation in the
`oscillatlx circuit of a superheterodyne receiver or in other
`oscialatlcn circuits.
`~ ~ c i i ~ ~ ~ t o ~
`harmonic interference -Interference
`caused in a superheterodyne receiver by the interaction
`
`of incoming signals with harmonics (usually the second
`harmonic) of the local oscillator.
`single stage
`oscillator-mixer-first-detector-A
`that, in a superheterodyne receiver, combines the func-
`tions of the local oscillator and the mixer-first-detector.
`oscillator padder- An adjustable capacitor placed
`in series with the oscillator tank circuit of a superhetero-
`dyne receiver. It is used to adjust the tracking between
`the oscillator and preselector at the low-frequency end of
`the tuning range.
`oscillator radiation -The amount of voltage avail-
`able across the antenna terminals of a receiver (or at a
`distance) traceable to any oscillators incorporated in the
`receiver.
`oscillatory circuit- A circuit containing inductance
`and/or capacitance and resistance, so arranged or con-
`nected that a voltage impulse will produce a current that
`periodically reverses.
`oscillatory current -A
`current that periodically
`reverses its direction.
`oscillatory discharge - Alternating current of
`gradually decreasing amplitude which, under certain
`conditions, flows through a circuit containing inductance,
`capacitance, and resistance when a voltage is applied. See
`also damped waves.
`oscillatory surge-A
`surge that includes both
`positive and negative polarity values.
`semiconductor bar that is subjected
`oscillistor-A
`to a magnetic field and a direct current, and which
`generates oscillations believed to be due to diffusion of
`ions toward the surface of the semiconductor as a result
`of the magnetic field.
`oscillogram- 1. The recorded trace produced by an
`oscillograph. 2. A photograph of the luminous trace or
`image produced by an oscilloscope. 3. A record formed
`when the luminous trace or image produced by an
`oscilloscope is photographed.
`oscillograph - 1. An instrument primarily for pro-
`ducing a record of the instantaneous values of one or
`more rapidly varying electrical quantities as a function
`of time. or of another electrical or mechanical quantity.
`2. An instrument used to record rapidly varying currents
`or voltages. May consist of a CRT oscilloscope with a
`camera attachment, or a mirror galvanometer with a lamp
`and optical system to trace rapid variations of electric cur-
`rent on a moving ribbon of photographic paper. The later
`type of oscillograph is often a multiple unit capable of
`recording 20 or more different current variations side by
`side on the same strip of paper.
`form of mechanical
`oscillograph recorder-A
`oscillograph in which the waveform is traced on a moving
`strip of paper by a pen. It is used to record parameters
`that vary rapidly with time and can record variations in
`excess of 100 Hz. However, at these higher freqnencies,
`the width of the trace is reduced. Typically such a device
`with a 40-mm trace width will record a signal up to
`40 Hz at full trace width. If the maximum excision of
`the recording pen is limited to 8 mm, it will record signals
`up to 100 Hz faithfully. Above 100 Hz, the signal width
`will be reduced. These recorders are available in multipen
`models to record several parameters on a single recorder.
`oscillograph tube-See oscilloscope tube.
`oscillography-The art and practice of uiilizing the
`oscillograph.
`instrument for measuring oscilla-
`oscillometer-An
`tions (periodic variations) of any kind.
`oscilloscope- 1. An instrument in which the hor-
`izontal and vertical deflection of the electron beam of
`a cathode-ray tube are, respectively, proportional to a
`pair of applied voltages. In the most usual application
`
`ParkerVision Ex. 2022
`IPR2021-00985
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`597
`pull curves-The
`characteristics relating force to
`displacement in the actuating system of a relay.
`pull-dio\wt'n resistor- 1. A resistor connected across
`the output of a device or circuit to hold the output equal to
`or less than the zero input level of the following digital
`device. Also used to lower the output impedance of a
`device. 2. A resistor connected to a negative voltage or
`to ground.
`pull-in current (or voltage) -The maximum
`current (or voltage) required to operate a relay. See also
`pickup current.
`pulling - 1. In an oscillator, the undesired change
`kom the desired frequency. It is caused either by coupling
`from another sowce of frequency or by the influence
`of the load impedance. 2. In television, partial loss of
`synchronization.
`difference between the maxi-
`pulling figure-The
`mum and minimum frequencies of an oscillator whenever
`the phase angle of the load-impedance reflection coef-
`ficient varied through 360". The absolute value of this
`coefficient is constant and equal to 0.20.
`pull-in rate-The maximum stepping rate at which
`a stepper motor can start its load without missing a step.
`pull-in torque - 1. Torque that a synchronous motor
`can exert to bring its driven load into synchronous speed.
`There is no corresponding term for induction motors. 2. A
`measure of the maximum torque that can be applied to the
`shaft of a stepper motor without causing it to miss a step
`when starting.
`ull-oiu2 force-The
`tensile force required to sepa-
`rate a conductor from a contact or terminal, or to separate
`a contact from a connector.
`pull-caut rate-The maximum stepping rate at which
`a stepper motor can move its load without losing synchro-
`nism with the field.
`pull-cput t o ~ u e - A l s o called breakdown torque, or
`maximum torque. 1. The maximum torque a motor can
`deliver without stalling. 2. See running torque. 3. The
`maximum torque that a synchronous motor develops
`at synchroaous speed at rated frequency and normal
`excitation. 4. A measure of the maximum torque that can
`be applied to the shaft of a stepper motor running at a
`constant speed within its pull-out ratings before the motor
`loses synchronism with the field.
`pull strength -The values of the pressure achieved
`in a test in which a pulling stress is applied to determine
`breaking strength of a lead or bond.
`pull
`t & t - A
`test for bond strength of a lead,
`interconnecting wire, or a conductor.
`pull t h e plug-CB
`radio term for shut off the radio.
`pull-tipi-1. The placing of the output voltage of a
`logic circuit at the high level by means of an internal cur-
`rent sink or source. 2. A dc voltage imposed on the input
`of an ampllifier to move the amplifier's operating point
`out of the offset range. Pull-up is usually accomplished
`by means of a v