CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION, SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION
`Washington, D.C.
`
`Before the Honorable Cameron R. Elliot
`Administrative Law Judge
`
`In the Matter of
`
`CERTAIN WEARABLE ELECTRONIC
`DEVICES WITH ECG FUNCTIONALITY
`AND COMPONENTS THEREOF
`
`Inv. No. 337-TA-1266
`
`EXPERT REPORT OF COLLIN STULTZ, M.D., PH.D. REGARDING INVALIDITY
`
` OF U.S. PATENT NOS. 9,572,499, 10,595,731, AND 10,638,941
`
`
`
`1
`
`APPLE 1081
`Apple v. AliveCor
`IPR2021-00972
`
`

`

`CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION, SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`
`INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 
`I. 
`QUALIFICATIONS ........................................................................................................... 2 
`II. 
`III.  MATERIALS CONSIDERED ........................................................................................... 4 
`IV. 
`SUMMARY OF OPINIONS .............................................................................................. 5 
`V. 
`LEGAL STANDARDS ...................................................................................................... 6 
`A. 
`Claim Construction ................................................................................................. 6 
`B. 
`Invalidity ................................................................................................................. 7 
`1. 
`Ineligible Subject Matter............................................................................. 8 
`2. 
`Anticipation................................................................................................. 9 
`3. 
`Obviousness .............................................................................................. 11 
`Terminal Disclaimer ............................................................................................. 16 
`C. 
`PERSON OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART ............................................................ 16 
`VI. 
`VII.  TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND .................................................................................. 17 
`A. 
`The Cardiovascular System and the Cardiac Cycle .............................................. 17 
`B. 
`Tools Used to Measure Heart Parameters and Other Physiological Information . 21 
`1. 
`Using an ECG to Measure Cardiac Activity ............................................. 22 
`2. 
`Using a PPG to Measure Cardiac Activity ............................................... 27 
`VIII.  THE ’499 AND ’731 PATENTS ...................................................................................... 28 
`A. 
`Overview of the ’499 and ’731 Patents ................................................................. 28 
`B. 
`State of the Art for the ’499 and ’731 Patents ...................................................... 30 
`1. 
`AMON ...................................................................................................... 36 
`2. 
`Kotzin ........................................................................................................ 37 
`3. 
`Almen ........................................................................................................ 39 
`4. 
`Tran ........................................................................................................... 41 
`5. 
`Thomsen .................................................................................................... 43 
`6. 
`Libbus ....................................................................................................... 44 
`Prosecution History of the ’499 and ’731 Patents ................................................ 46 
`1. 
`Prosecution History of the ’499 Patent ..................................................... 46 
`2. 
`Prosecution History of the ’731 Patent ..................................................... 49 
`Asserted Claims of the ’499 and ’731 Patents ...................................................... 51 
`D. 
`Claim Constructions for the ’499 and ’731 Patents .............................................. 53 
`E. 
`THE ’941 PATENT .......................................................................................................... 54 
`A. 
`Overview of the ’941 Patent ................................................................................. 54 
`
`IX. 
`
`C. 
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`X. 
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`CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION, SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
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`B. 
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`C. 
`
`D. 
`
`State of the Art for the ’941 Patent ....................................................................... 56 
`1. 
`Specific ’941 Patent State-of-the-Art Disclosures .................................... 56 
`Prosecution History of the ’941 Patent ................................................................. 62 
`C. 
`Asserted Claims of the ’941 Patent ....................................................................... 65 
`D. 
`Claim Constructions for the ’941 Patent ............................................................... 66 
`E. 
`INVALIDITY OF THE ’499 PATENT ............................................................................ 67 
`A. 
`Summary of Invalidity Opinions for the ’499 Patent............................................ 67 
`B. 
`Ineligible Subject Matter of the ’499 Patent ......................................................... 67 
`1. 
`Independent Claims 1 and 11 .................................................................... 68 
`2. 
`Dependent Claims 6-7, 9-10, 16-17, and 20 ............................................. 74 
`Invalidity in View of AMON, Kotzin, and Almen ............................................... 77 
`1. 
`Reasons to Combine the References ......................................................... 77 
`2. 
`Claim 1 ...................................................................................................... 79 
`3. 
`Claim 6: The method of claim 1, wherein said mobile computing device
`comprises a smartwatch. ........................................................................... 95 
`Claim 7: The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a
`presence of said arrhythmia using a machine learning algorithm. ............ 96 
`Claim 9: The method of claim 7, wherein said machine learning algorithm
`stores heart rate and heart rate variability data associated with arrhythmias
`in a second user and determines said presence of said arrhythmia in said
`first user based on said stored heart and heart rate variability data
`associated with arrhythmias in said second user. ...................................... 98 
`Claim 10: The method of claim 1, wherein an irregularity comprises an
`increase in said heart rate variability of said first user without a
`corresponding increase in said activity level of said first user. .............. 101 
`Claim 11 .................................................................................................. 103 
`Claim 16: The system of claim 11, wherein said mobile computing device
`comprises a smartwatch. ......................................................................... 109 
`Claim 17: The system of claim 11, wherein said computer program further
`causes said processor to determine a presence of said arrhythmia using a
`machine learning algorithm. ................................................................... 109 
`Claim 20: The system of claim 11, wherein an irregularity comprises an
`increase in said heart rate variability of said first user without a
`corresponding increase in said activity level of said first user. .............. 109 
`Invalidity in View of Tran, Thomsen, and Libbus .............................................. 110 
`1. 
`Reasons to Combine the References ....................................................... 110 
`2. 
`Claim 1 .................................................................................................... 111 
`
`7. 
`8. 
`
`4. 
`
`5. 
`
`6. 
`
`9. 
`
`10. 
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`CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION, SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
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`3. 
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`4. 
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`5. 
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`6. 
`
`9. 
`
`10. 
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`3. 
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`4. 
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`7. 
`8. 
`
`Claim 6: The method of claim 1, wherein said mobile computing device
`comprises a smartwatch. ......................................................................... 125 
`Claim 7: The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a
`presence of said arrhythmia using a machine learning algorithm. .......... 126 
`Claim 9: The method of claim 7, wherein said machine learning algorithm
`stores heart rate and heart rate variability data associated with arrhythmias
`in a second user and determines said presence of said arrhythmia in said
`first user based on said stored heart and heart rate variability data
`associated with arrhythmias in said second user. .................................... 127 
`Claim 10: The method of claim 1, wherein an irregularity comprises an
`increase in said heart rate variability of said first user without a
`corresponding increase in said activity level of said first user. .............. 129 
`Claim 11 .................................................................................................. 130 
`Claim 16: The system of claim 11, wherein said mobile computing device
`comprises a smartwatch. ......................................................................... 136 
`Claim 17: The system of claim 11, wherein said computer program further
`causes said processor to determine a presence of said arrhythmia using a
`machine learning algorithm. ................................................................... 136 
`Claim 20: The system of claim 11, wherein an irregularity comprises an
`increase in said heart rate variability of said first user without a
`corresponding increase in said activity level of said first user. .............. 136 
`INVALIDITY OF THE ’731 PATENT .......................................................................... 136 
`A. 
`Summary of Invalidity Opinions for the ’731 Patent.......................................... 136 
`B. 
`Ineligible Subject Matter of the ’731 Patent ....................................................... 137 
`1. 
`Independent Claims 1 and 17 .................................................................. 137 
`2. 
`Dependent Claims 3, 5, 7-10, 12, 15-16, 19, 21, and 23-24 ................... 143 
`Invalidity in View of AMON, Kotzin, and Almen ............................................. 148 
`1. 
`Claim 1 .................................................................................................... 148 
`2. 
`Claim 2: The smart watch of claim 1, further comprising a motion sensor
`operatively coupled to the processing device, wherein to detect the
`presence of the arrhythmia, the processing device is configured to: receive
`motion sensor data from the motion sensor; and determine, from motion
`sensor data, that the user is at rest. .......................................................... 164 
`Claim 3: The smart watch of claim 2, wherein to detect the presence of the
`arrhythmia, the processing device is configured to input the PPG data into
`a machine learning algorithm trained to detect arrhythmias. .................. 165 
`Claim 4: The smart watch of claim 2, wherein to detect the presence of the
`arrhythmia, the processing device is configured to: determine heartrate
`variability (“HRV”) data from the PPG data; and detect, based on the
`HRV data, the presence of the arrhythmia. ............................................. 168 
`
`XI. 
`
`C. 
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`CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION, SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
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`5. 
`
`6. 
`
`7. 
`
`8. 
`
`9. 
`
`10. 
`
`11. 
`
`12. 
`
`13. 
`14. 
`
`15. 
`
`16. 
`
`17. 
`
`18. 
`
`Claim 5: The smart watch of claim 4, wherein to detect the presence of the
`arrhythmia, the processing device is configured to input the HRV data into
`a machine learning algorithm trained to detect arrhythmias. .................. 173 
`Claim 7: The smart watch of claim 1, wherein the processing device is
`further configured to: extract one or more features from the PPG data; and
`detect, based on the one or more features, the presence of the arrhythmia.
`................................................................................................................. 176 
`Claim 8: The smart watch of claim 7, wherein the one or more features
`correspond to an HRV signal analyzed in a time domain. ...................... 180 
`Claim 9: The smart watch of claim 7, wherein the one or more features
`comprise a nonlinear transform of R-R ratio or R-R ratio statistics with an
`adaptive weighting factor. ....................................................................... 181 
`Claim 10: The smart watch of claim 7, wherein the one or more features
`are features of an HRV signal analyzed geometrically. .......................... 182 
`Claim 12: The smart watch of claim 1, wherein the processing device is
`further configured to generate a notification of the detected arrhythmia.
`................................................................................................................. 184 
`Claim 15: The smart watch of claim 1, the processing device further
`configured to display an ECG rhythm strip from the ECG data. ............ 185 
`Claim 16: The smart watch of claim 1, the processing device further to
`receive the ECG data from the ECG sensor in response to receiving an
`indication of a user action. ...................................................................... 186 
`Claim 17 .................................................................................................. 188 
`Claim 18: The method of claim 17, wherein detecting the presence of the
`arrhythmia comprises: receiving motion sensor data from a motion sensor
`of the smartwatch; and determine, from motion sensor data, that the user is
`at rest. ...................................................................................................... 189 
`Claim 19: The method of claim 18, wherein detecting the presence of the
`arrhythmia comprises inputting the PPG data into a machine learning
`algorithm trained to detect arrhythmias. ................................................. 189 
`Claim 20: The method of claim 18, wherein detecting the presence of the
`arrhythmia comprises: determining heartrate variability (“HRV”) data
`from the PPG data; and detecting, based on the HRV data, the presence of
`the arrhythmia. ........................................................................................ 190 
`Claim 21: The method of claim 20, wherein detecting the presence of the
`arrhythmia comprises inputting the HRV data into a machine learning
`algorithm trained to detect arrhythmias. ................................................. 190 
`Claim 23: The method of claim 17, further comprising generating a
`notification of the detected arrhythmia. .................................................. 190 
`
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`CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION, SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
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`D. 
`
`3. 
`
`4. 
`
`5. 
`
`6. 
`
`7. 
`
`8. 
`
`9. 
`
`19. 
`
`Claim 24: The method of claim 17, further comprising receiving the ECG
`data from the ECG sensor in response to receiving an indication of a user
`action. ...................................................................................................... 191 
`Invalidity in View of Tran, Thomsen, and Libbus .............................................. 191 
`1. 
`Claim 1 .................................................................................................... 191 
`2. 
`Claim 2: The smart watch of claim 1, further comprising a motion sensor
`operatively coupled to the processing device, wherein to detect the
`presence of the arrhythmia, the processing device is configured to: receive
`motion sensor data from the motion sensor; and determine, from motion
`sensor data, that the user is at rest. .......................................................... 205 
`Claim 3: The smart watch of claim 2, wherein to detect the presence of the
`arrhythmia, the processing device is configured to input the PPG data into
`a machine learning algorithm trained to detect arrhythmias. .................. 206 
`Claim 4: The smart watch of claim 2, wherein to detect the presence of the
`arrhythmia, the processing device is configured to: determine heartrate
`variability (“HRV”) data from the PPG data; and detect, based on the
`HRV data, the presence of the arrhythmia. ............................................. 209 
`Claim 5: The smart watch of claim 4, wherein to detect the presence of the
`arrhythmia, the processing device is configured to input the HRV data into
`a machine learning algorithm trained to detect arrhythmias. .................. 212 
`Claim 7: The smart watch of claim 1, wherein the processing device is
`further configured to: extract one or more features from the PPG data; and
`detect, based on the one or more features, the presence of the arrhythmia.
`................................................................................................................. 215 
`Claim 8: The smart watch of claim 7, wherein the one or more features
`correspond to an HRV signal analyzed in a time domain. ...................... 218 
`Claim 9: The smart watch of claim 7, wherein the one or more features
`comprise a nonlinear transform of R-R ratio or R-R ratio statistics with an
`adaptive weighting factor. ....................................................................... 219 
`Claim 10: The smart watch of claim 7, wherein the one or more features
`are features of an HRV signal analyzed geometrically. .......................... 221 
`Claim 12: The smart watch of claim 1, wherein the processing device is
`further configured to generate a notification of the detected arrhythmia.
`................................................................................................................. 222 
`Claim 15: The smart watch of claim 1, the processing device further
`configured to display an ECG rhythm strip from the ECG data. ............ 224 
`Claim 16: The smart watch of claim 1, the processing device further to
`receive the ECG data from the ECG sensor in response to receiving an
`indication of a user action. ...................................................................... 225 
`Claim 17 .................................................................................................. 226 
`
`10. 
`
`11. 
`
`12. 
`
`13. 
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`15. 
`
`Claim 18: The method of claim 17, wherein detecting the presence of the
`arrhythmia comprises: receiving motion sensor data from a motion sensor
`of the smartwatch; and determine, from motion sensor data, that the user is
`at rest. ...................................................................................................... 227 
`Claim 19: The method of claim 18, wherein detecting the presence of the
`arrhythmia comprises inputting the PPG data into a machine learning
`algorithm trained to detect arrhythmias. ................................................. 228 
`Claim 20: The method of claim 18, wherein detecting the presence of the
`arrhythmia comprises: determining heartrate variability (“HRV”) data
`from the PPG data; and detecting, based on the HRV data, the presence of
`the arrhythmia. ........................................................................................ 228 
`Claim 21: The method of claim 20, wherein detecting the presence of the
`arrhythmia comprises inputting the HRV data into a machine learning
`algorithm trained to detect arrhythmias. ................................................. 228 
`Claim 23: The method of claim 17, further comprising generating a
`notification of the detected arrhythmia. .................................................. 229 
`Claim 24: The method of claim 17, further comprising receiving the ECG
`data from the ECG sensor in response to receiving an indication of a user
`action. ...................................................................................................... 229 
`INVALIDITY OF THE ’941 PATENT .......................................................................... 229 
`A. 
`Summary of Invalidity Opinions for the ’941 Patent.......................................... 229 
`B. 
`Ineligible Subject Matter of the ’941 Patent ....................................................... 230 
`1. 
`Independent Claims 1 and 12 .................................................................. 230 
`2. 
`Dependent Claims 2, 5, 10-11, 13, 16, and 19-23 .................................. 235 
`Invalidity in View of AMON, Kotzin, and Almen ............................................. 240 
`1. 
`Claim 1 .................................................................................................... 240 
`2. 
`Claim 2: The method according to claim 1, wherein the heart rate
`parameter comprises an indication of a heart rate variability, and wherein
`the arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation. ......................................................... 254 
`Claim 5: The method according to claim 1, wherein indicating to the user
`further comprises: instructing the user to record an ECG using the
`smartwatch. ............................................................................................. 257 
`Claim 10: The method according to claim 1 further comprising: displaying
`an ECG rhythm strip from the electric signals on the smartwatch. ........ 260 
`Claim 11: The method according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode is
`located on the smartwatch in a location where the first electrode contacts a
`first side of the user's body while the user wears the smartwatch, and the
`second electrode is located on the smartwatch in a location where the user
`must actively contact the second electrode with a second side of the user's
`body opposite from the first side. ........................................................... 260 
`
`16. 
`
`17. 
`
`18. 
`
`19. 
`
`3. 
`
`4. 
`
`5. 
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`CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION, SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
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`14. 
`
`XII. 
`
`C. 
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`vi
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`CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION, SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
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`8. 
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`9. 
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`10. 
`
`11. 
`
`6. 
`7. 
`
`Claim 12 .................................................................................................. 262 
`Claim 13: The smartwatch or wristlet according to claim 12, wherein the
`heart rate parameter comprises an indication of a heart rate variability, and
`wherein the arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation. ........................................... 269 
`Claim 16: The smartwatch or wristlet according to claim 12, wherein
`indicating to the user further comprises: instructing the user to record an
`ECG using the ECG sensor. .................................................................... 269 
`Claim 18: The smartwatch according to claim 12, wherein the heart rate
`parameter is a PPG signal. ...................................................................... 269 
`Claim 19: The smartwatch according to claim 18, wherein the heart rate
`parameter is a heartrate variability (“HRV”) value, wherein the HRV
`value is derived from the PPG signal. ..................................................... 271 
`Claim 20: The smartwatch according to claim 18, wherein the heart rate
`parameter is a heartrate, wherein the heartrate is derived from the PPG
`signal. ...................................................................................................... 274 
`Claim 21: The smartwatch according to claim 12, the processor further to:
`display an ECG rhythm strip from the electric signals. .......................... 276 
`Claim 22: The smartwatch according to claim 12, wherein the PPG sensor
`is located on a back of the smartwatch. .................................................. 276 
`Claim 23: The smartwatch according to claim 12, wherein the first
`electrode is located on the smartwatch where the first electrode contacts a
`first side of the user's body while the user wears the smartwatch, and the
`second electrode is located on the smartwatch where the user must
`actively contact the second electrode with a second side of the user's body
`opposite from the first side. .................................................................... 277 
`Invalidity in View of Tran, Thomsen, and Libbus .............................................. 278 
`1. 
`Claim 1 .................................................................................................... 278 
`2. 
`Claim 2: The method according to claim 1, wherein the heart rate
`parameter comprises an indication of a heart rate variability, and wherein
`the arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation. ......................................................... 288 
`Claim 5: The method according to claim 1, wherein indicating to the user
`further comprises: instructing the user to record an ECG using the
`smartwatch. ............................................................................................. 290 
`Claim 10: The method according to claim 1 further comprising: displaying
`an ECG rhythm strip from the electric signals on the smartwatch. ........ 294 
`Claim 11: The method according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode is
`located on the smartwatch in a location where the first electrode contacts a
`first side of the user's body while the user wears the smartwatch, and the
`second electrode is located on the smartwatch in a location where the user
`must actively contact the second electrode with a second side of the user's
`body opposite from the first side. ........................................................... 294 
`
`D. 
`
`12. 
`
`13. 
`
`14. 
`
`3. 
`
`4. 
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`5. 
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`6. 
`7. 
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`8. 
`
`9. 
`
`Claim 12 .................................................................................................. 296 
`Claim 13: The smartwatch or wristlet according to claim 12, wherein the
`heart rate parameter comprises an indication of a heart rate variability, and
`wherein the arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation. ........................................... 306 
`Claim 16: The smartwatch or wristlet according to claim 12, wherein
`indicating to the user further comprises: instructing the user to record an
`ECG using the ECG sensor. .................................................................... 306 
`Claim 18: The smartwatch according to claim 12, wherein the heart rate
`parameter is a PPG signal. ...................................................................... 307 
`Claim 19: The smartwatch according to claim 18, wherein the heart rate
`parameter is a heartrate variability (“HRV”) value, wherein the HRV
`value is derived from the PPG signal. ..................................................... 309 
`Claim 20: The smartwatch according to claim 18, wherein the heart rate
`parameter is a heartrate, wherein the heartrate is derived from the PPG
`signal. ...................................................................................................... 311 
`Claim 21: The smartwatch according to claim 12, the processor further to:
`display an ECG rhythm strip from the electric signals. .......................... 313 
`Claim 22: The smartwatch according to claim 12, wherein the PPG sensor
`is located on a back of the smartwatch. .................................................. 314 
`Claim 23: The smartwatch according to claim 12, wherein the first
`electrode is located on the smartwatch where the first electrode contacts a
`first side of the user's body while the user wears the smartwatch, and the
`second electrode is located on the smartwatch where the user must
`actively contact the second electrode with a second side of the user's body
`opposite from the first side. .................................................................... 316 
`XIII.  ALLEGED SECONDARY CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................... 316 
`A. 
`No Evidence of Copying ..................................................................................... 317 
`B. 
`No Evidence of Long-Felt but Unmet Need and Failure of Others .................... 320 
`C. 
`No Evidence of Commercial Success ................................................................. 322 
`D. 
`Alleged Licenses ................................................................................................. 325 
`E. 
`No Evidence of Skepticism ................................................................................. 326 
`F. 
`No Evidence of Industry Praise .......................................................................... 326 
`
`10. 
`
`11. 
`
`12. 
`
`13. 
`
`14. 
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`CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION, SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`1.
`
`I am an expert, retained on behalf of Apple Inc. (“Apple”). In this report, I set
`
`forth my opinions regarding whether the asserted claims of U.S. Patent Nos. 9,572,499 (“’499
`
`patent”), 10,595,731 (“’731 patent”), and 10,638,941 (“’941 patent”) are valid. This report
`
`contains a statement of my opinions formed in this case and provides the bases and reasons for
`
`those opinions. The statements made below are of my own knowledge and, if called to testify
`
`about these statements, I could and would do so competently.
`
`2.
`
`In preparing this report, I have reviewed and considered the ’499 patent, the ’731
`
`patent, and the ’941 patent (including the figures, specifications, and claims of each patent), each
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`patent’s prosecution history, various references and other documents listed in the “Materials
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`Considered” and referenced in this report, as well as my general knowledge as a medical doctor,
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`a board-certified practicing cardiologist at Massachusetts General Hospital, a Professor of
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`Medical Engineering and Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a
`
`Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, and a faculty member in the
`
`Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology.
`
`3.
`
`I first list my qualifications to demonstrate that I am a person of skill in the art. I
`
`also list the materials that I considered. I then provide an overview of the relevant legal
`
`principles, as explained to me by Apple’s counsel, and the relevant level of ordinary skill in the
`
`art. I subsequently provide a general background on the cardiovascular system, cardiac
`
`arrhythmias, sensors used to take certain physiological measurements, how medical doctors,
`
`including cardiologists have used, and might today use, those measurements to identify certain
`
`cardiac arrhythmias, as well as provide an overview of the asserted patents. Finally, I provide
`
`my opinions on whether the asserted claims of the ’499, ’731, and ’941 patents are valid.
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`CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION, SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
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`4.
`
`This report is based on information currently available to me, and I am willing to
`
`testify on the topics addressed below. This Investigation is ongoing, and I may supplement or
`
`amend these opinions based on the results of further analysis and in rebuttal to positions taken by
`
`Complainant AliveCor and/or by Staff. Because this report is based on information currently
`
`available to me, I reserve the right to continue my investigation, to review documents and
`
`information that may be produced, and to consider reports, declarations, briefing, and deposition
`
`testimony from future depositions in this case. Therefore, I reserve the right to supplement,
`
`expand, and/or modify my opinions as my investigation continues and in response to any
`
`additional information that comes to my attention, including matters raised by Complainants,
`
`including opinions provided by Complainants’ expert(s), and/or position taken by Staff.
`
`5.
`
`I am being compensated at a rate of $900/hour for my work in this matter. This
`
`compensation is in no way based on the outcome of this litigation or on the opinions that I
`
`provide. I have no interest, financial or otherwise, in the outcome of the litigation between
`
`Apple and AliveCor. I have not provided any testimony as an expert at deposition or trial in the
`
`past four years.
`
`6.
`
`If called upon to testify or be deposed in this investigation, I may cite the content
`
`of this report and the materials cited herein, as well as the additional documents considered, and
`
`any statements or references by AliveCor’s witnesses and experts. I also reserve the right to
`
`create demonstrative exhibits, or provide demonstrations in support of any testimony I may
`
`provide relating to the content of this report, the attached claim charts, and any additional
`
`documents and prior art systems described therein.
`
`II.
`
`QUALIFICATIONS
`
`7.
`
`My current CV is attached as Exhibit A. It includes a summary of my educational
`
`background, publications at least within the last 10 years, employment and career history, and
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`CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS