No. 22-111633
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`DEPOSITION OF
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`IGOR EFIMOV, Ph.D.
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`VIA ZOOM VIDEOCONFERENCE
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`JUNE 3, 2022
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`Reported by:
`COLLEEN M. PETERMAN
`CSR 7882
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`ven SULLIVAN GROUP
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`OF COURT REPORTERS
`PHONE 855.525.3860 | 323.938.8750
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`1
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`APPLE 1069
`Apple v. AliveCor
`IPR2021-00970
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`CERTIFIED COPY
`
`IPR2021-00970-972
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nos. 9,572,499,
`10,595,731, and
`10,638, 941
`
`) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
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`APPLE INC.,
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`vs.
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`ALIVECOR,
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`INC.,
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`Petitioner,
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`Patent Owner.
`
`APPLE 1069
`Apple v. AliveCor
`IPR2021-00970
`
`1
`
`
`
`DEPOSITION OF
`
`IGOR EFIMOV, Ph.D.
`
`VIA ZOOM VIDEOCONFERENCE
`
`JUNE 3, 2022
`
`Reported by:
`COLLEEN M. PETERMAN
`CSR 7882
`
`ven SULLIVAN GROUP
`
`OF COURT REPORTERS
`PHONE 855.525.3860 | 323.938.8750
`
`1
`
`APPLE 1069
`Apple v. AliveCor
`IPR2021-00970
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`CERTIFIED COPY
`
`IPR2021-00970-972
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nos. 9,572,499,
`10,595,731, and
`10,638, 941
`
`) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
`
`APPLE INC.,
`
`vs.
`
`ALIVECOR,
`
`INC.,
`
`Petitioner,
`
`Patent Owner.
`
`APPLE 1069
`Apple v. AliveCor
`IPR2021-00970
`
`1
`
`
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`·1· · · · · UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
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`·2· · · · · ·BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
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`·3
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`·4· ·APPLE INC.,· · · · · · · · · · ·)
`· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·)
`·5· · · · · · · · · Petitioner,· · · )
`· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·)· IPR2021-00970-972
`·6· · · · · vs.· · · · · · · · · · · )
`· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·)· U.S. Patent
`·7· ·ALIVECOR, INC.,· · · · · · · · ·)· Nos. 9,572,499,
`· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·)· 10,595,731, and
`·8· · · · · · · · · Patent Owner.· · )· 10,638,941
`· · ·________________________________)
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`15· · · · · · · · · · · · DEPOSITION OF
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`16· · · · · · · · · · · IGOR EFIMOV, Ph.D.
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`17· · · · · · · · · ·VIA ZOOM VIDEOCONFERENCE
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`18· · · · · · · · · · · · ·JUNE 3, 2022
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`· · ·Reported by:
`24· ·COLLEEN M. PETERMAN
`· · ·CSR 7882
`25· ·No. 22-111633
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`2
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`·1· · · · · UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
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`·2· · · · · ·BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
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`·3
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`·4· ·APPLE INC.,· · · · · · · · · · ·)
`· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·)
`·5· · · · · · · · · Petitioner,· · · )
`· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·)· IPR2021-00970-972
`·6· · · · · vs.· · · · · · · · · · · )
`· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·)· U.S. Patent
`·7· ·ALIVECOR, INC.,· · · · · · · · ·)· Nos. 9,572,499,
`· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·)· 10,595,731, and
`·8· · · · · · · · · Patent Owner.· · )· 10,638,941
`· · ·________________________________)
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`15· · · · · · ·DEPOSITION OF IGOR EFIMOV, Ph.D., a
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`16· · · · · · ·witness herein, taken on behalf of the
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`17· · · · · · ·petitioner via Zoom videoconference at
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`18· · · · · · ·6:34 a.m. on Friday, June 3, 2022,
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`19· · · · · · ·before Colleen M. Peterman, CSR 7882.
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`·1· ·APPEARANCES (All Participants Appeared Remotely):
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`·2
`· · ·For Petitioner:
`·3
`· · · · · · · FISH & RICHARDSON P.C.
`·4· · · · · · BY MICHAEL A. AMON
`· · · · · · · 12860 El Camino Real, Suite 400
`·5· · · · · · San Diego, California 92130
`· · · · · · · 858.678.5070
`·6· · · · · · amon@fr.com
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`·7· · · · · · FISH & RICHARDSON P.C.
`· · · · · · · BY RYAN CHOWDHURY
`·8· · · · · · 1000 Maine Avenue SW
`· · · · · · · Washington, DC· 20024
`·9· · · · · · 202.638.6554
`· · · · · · · rchowdhury@fr.com
`10
`· · · · · · · FISH & RICHARDSON P.C.
`11· · · · · · BY JAY ZHU
`· · · · · · · 500 Arguello Street, Suite 400
`12· · · · · · Redwood City, California 94063
`· · · · · · · 650.839.5097
`13· · · · · · jzhu@fr.com
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`14
`· · ·For Patent Owner:
`15
`· · · · · · · QUINN EMANUEL URQUHART & SULLIVAN, LLP
`16· · · · · · BY JAMES M. GLASS
`· · · · · · · 51 Madison Ave, 22nd Floor
`17· · · · · · New York, New York 10010
`· · · · · · · 212.849.7000
`18· · · · · · jimglass@quinnemanuel.com
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`19· · · · · · QUINN EMANUEL URQUHART & SULLIVAN, LLP
`· · · · · · · BY JOSHUA SCHEUFLER
`20· · · · · · 711 Louisiana Street, Suite 500
`· · · · · · · Houston, Texas 77002
`21· · · · · · 713.221.7000
`· · · · · · · joshuascheufler@quinnemanuel.com
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`·1· · · · · · · · · · · · · I N D E X
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`·2· ·WITNESS:· IGOR EFIMOV, Ph.D.
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`·3· ·EXAMINATION BY· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · PAGE
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`·4· ·MR. AMON· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·6
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`·5
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`·6
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`·7· · · · · · · · · · · ·E X H I B I T S
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`·8· ·PETITIONER'S· · · · · ·DESCRIPTION· · · · · · · · PAGE
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`·9· ·Exhibit 1· · ·Declaration in support of patent· · · ·8
`· · · · · · · · · ·owner's response with respect to
`10· · · · · · · · ·the '499 patent
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`11· ·Exhibit 2· · ·Declaration in support of patent· · · ·9
`· · · · · · · · · ·owner's response with respect to
`12· · · · · · · · ·the '731 patent
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`13· ·Exhibit 3· · ·Declaration in support of patent· · · 10
`· · · · · · · · · ·owner's response with respect to
`14· · · · · · · · ·the '941 patent
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`15· ·Exhibit 4· · ·'499 patent· · · · · · · · · · · · · ·12
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`16· ·Exhibit 5· · ·'731 patent· · · · · · · · · · · · · ·12
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`17· ·Exhibit 6· · ·'941 patent· · · · · · · · · · · · · ·12
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`18· ·Exhibit 7· · ·Information about the Holter· · · · · 33
`· · · · · · · · · ·monitor
`19
`· · ·Exhibit 8· · ·Shmueli patent titled "Pulse· · · · · 39
`20· · · · · · · · ·Oximetry Measurement Triggering
`· · · · · · · · · ·ECG Measurement"
`21
`· · ·Exhibit 9· · ·'878 patent· · · · · · · · · · · · · ·41
`22
`· · ·Exhibit 10· · Almen patent· · · · · · · · · · · · · 48
`23
`· · ·Exhibit 11· · Osorio patent· · · · · · · · · · · · ·51
`24
`· · ·Exhibit 12· · Claim construction· · · · · · · · · · 89
`25
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`5
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`·1· ·PETITIONER'S· · · · · ·DESCRIPTION· · · · · · · · PAGE
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`·2· ·Exhibit 13· · Document titled "Machine Learning· · 154
`· · · · · · · · · ·for Detection and Diagnosis of
`·3· · · · · · · · ·Disease"
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`·4· ·Exhibit 14· · Document titled "Support vector· · · 178
`· · · · · · · · · ·machine-based arrhythmia
`·5· · · · · · · · ·classification using reduced
`· · · · · · · · · ·features of heart rate variability
`·6· · · · · · · · ·signal"
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`·7· ·Exhibit 15· · Document titled "Signal quality· · · 187
`· · · · · · · · · ·and data fusion for false alarm
`·8· · · · · · · · ·reduction in the intensive care
`· · · · · · · · · ·unit"
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`·1· · · · · · · · · ·VIA ZOOM VIDEOCONFERENCE
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`·2· · · · · · · · · · · · ·JUNE 3, 2022
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`·3
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`·4· · · · · · · · · · ·IGOR EFIMOV, Ph.D.,
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`·5· · · · · · · ·HAVING BEEN DULY ADMINISTERED AN
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`·6· · · · · · · OATH BY THE REPORTER, WAS EXAMINED
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`·7· · · · · · · · · AND TESTIFIED AS FOLLOWS:
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`·8
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`·9· · · · · · · · · · · · ·EXAMINATION
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`10
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`11· ·BY MR. AMON:
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`12· · · · ·Q.· Good morning, sir.· Could you please state
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`13· ·your name for the record.
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`14· · · · ·A.· My name is Igor Efimov.
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`15· · · · ·Q.· And, Dr. Efimov, could you please provide an
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`16· ·address for the record.
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`17· · · · ·A.· I am currently located in my home office in
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`18· ·Chicago.· The address is 514 North Peshtigo Court,
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`19· ·Chicago, Illinois 60611.
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`20· · · · ·Q.· Thank you, Dr. Efimov.
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`21· · · · ·A.· Can you hold on?· I have to check.· It's still
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`22· ·my new address.· I might have misspoke.· I just moved in
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`23· ·in August here.· It's 514 North Peshtigo Court,
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`24· ·Apartment 705, Chicago, Illinois 60611.
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`25· · · · ·Q.· Okay.· Thank you, Dr. Efimov.
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`7
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`·1· · · · · · ·Now, you've been deposed before; correct?
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`·2· · · · ·A.· Yes, I have.
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`·3· · · · ·Q.· And you were deposed as recently as January of
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`·4· ·this year; correct?
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`·5· · · · ·A.· Well, I don't know about exact date, but
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`·6· ·sounds about right, yeah.
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`·7· · · · ·Q.· You understand that you've given an oath here
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`·8· ·today; yes?
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`·9· · · · ·A.· Yes, I do.
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`10· · · · ·Q.· And that oath requires you to tell the truth;
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`11· ·correct?
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`12· · · · ·A.· Yes.
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`13· · · · ·Q.· The whole truth; correct?
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`14· · · · ·A.· Yes.
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`15· · · · ·Q.· And nothing but the truth; yes?
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`16· · · · ·A.· Yes.
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`17· · · · ·Q.· And you'll agree to do that; correct?
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`18· · · · ·A.· Of course.
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`19· · · · ·Q.· If at any point in the deposition you want to
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`20· ·supplement or change an answer, will you please let me
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`21· ·know?
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`22· · · · ·A.· Absolutely.· Will do.
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`23· · · · ·Q.· Dr. Efimov, is there any reason you can't give
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`24· ·your best, most accurate testimony here today?
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`25· · · · ·A.· No, there is no reason.
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`8
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`·1· · · · ·Q.· Now, Dr. Efimov, let me -- I am loading into
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`·2· ·the chat what will be marked as Exhibit 1 to your
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`·3· ·deposition.· This has been previously marked as
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`·4· ·Exhibit 2016 in IPR No. IPR2021-00970.· Let me know when
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`·5· ·you've been able to download that.
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`·6· · · · · · ·(Exhibit 1 referenced)
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`·7· · · · · · ·THE WITNESS:· I've got it.
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`·8· ·BY MR. AMON:
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`·9· · · · ·Q.· Okay.· What is Exhibit 1 to your deposition,
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`10· ·Dr. Efimov?
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`11· · · · ·A.· This is my declaration, which I submitted on
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`12· ·March 30th, I believe -- yes, on March 30th -- in
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`13· ·support of patent owner's response.
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`14· · · · ·Q.· And this is in support of the patent owner's
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`15· ·response with respect to the '499 patent; correct?
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`16· · · · ·A.· Yes, correct.· '499.
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`17· · · · ·Q.· And when I say '499 patent, you understand
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`18· ·that that's U.S. patent No. 9,572,499?
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`19· · · · ·A.· Let me verify.· Yes.· 9,572,499.· Right.
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`20· · · · ·Q.· So if I refer to the '499 patent, will you
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`21· ·understand that I'm referring to U.S. patent
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`22· ·No. 9,572,499?
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`23· · · · ·A.· Yes, I do understand that.
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`24· · · · ·Q.· I'm going to now load into the chat what will
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`25· ·be marked as Exhibit 2 to your deposition.· And this has
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`9
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`·1· ·been previously identified as Exhibit 2016 in IPR
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`·2· ·No. IPR2021-00971.· Let me know when you have that
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`·3· ·document.
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`·4· · · · · · ·(Exhibit 2 referenced)
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`·5· · · · · · ·THE WITNESS:· I have it.
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`·6· ·BY MR. AMON:
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`·7· · · · ·Q.· And what is Exhibit 2 to your deposition,
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`·8· ·Dr. Efimov?
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`·9· · · · ·A.· This is also my declaration in support of
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`10· ·patent owner's response related to patent '731.
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`11· · · · ·Q.· And when you referred to the '731 patent, you
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`12· ·were referring to U.S. patent No. 10,595,731; is that
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`13· ·correct?
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`14· · · · ·A.· This is correct.
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`15· · · · ·Q.· So if we refer to the '731 patent today,
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`16· ·you'll understand that that's what we're referring to?
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`17· · · · ·A.· Yes.
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`18· · · · ·Q.· Let me backtrack for a second, Dr. Efimov.
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`19· · · · · · ·With respect to Exhibit 1 to your deposition,
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`20· ·which is your '499 declaration, at this time do you have
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`21· ·any corrections or changes you want to make to that
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`22· ·declaration?
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`23· · · · ·A.· I think I found one typo, looking yesterday,
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`24· ·but it's really minor.· I refer to -- I might be
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`25· ·mistaken if it's this declaration or the other
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`10
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`·1· ·declaration.· It was about PR interval, I believe. I
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`·2· ·said the PR interval starts before R wave, but it
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`·3· ·actually ends before R wave.· This is correct
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`·4· ·definition.
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`·5· · · · ·Q.· I appreciate that.· Go ahead.· Sorry.
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`·6· · · · ·A.· Other than that, I did not find any typos.
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`·7· ·This one I just found yesterday, when I was again
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`·8· ·looking through my reports.
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`·9· · · · ·Q.· And with respect to this, your declaration
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`10· ·regarding the '731, which is Exhibit 2 to your
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`11· ·deposition, are there any changes or mistakes that you
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`12· ·found with respect to that declaration?
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`13· · · · ·A.· Like I said, this particular part in the
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`14· ·background probably was cut and paste in both
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`15· ·declarations.· So it's probably the same typo.· But,
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`16· ·again, I need to verify that.· But other than that,
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`17· ·nothing that needs to be amended.
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`18· · · · ·Q.· Okay.· And I've loaded into the chat what is
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`19· ·Exhibit 3 to your deposition, which has been previously
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`20· ·marked as Exhibit 2016 in IPR No. IPR2021-00972.· And
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`21· ·when you have an opportunity to open that, let me know
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`22· ·when that's done.
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`23· · · · · · ·(Exhibit 3 referenced)
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`24· · · · · · ·THE WITNESS:· Done.
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`25
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`11
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`·1· ·BY MR. AMON:
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`·2· · · · ·Q.· And what is Exhibit 3 to your deposition?
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`·3· · · · ·A.· Again, it's a declaration -- my declaration in
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`·4· ·support of patent owner's response related to patent
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`·5· ·'941.
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`·6· · · · ·Q.· And when you refer to the '941 patent, you're
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`·7· ·referring to U.S. patent No. 10,638,941; is that
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`·8· ·correct?
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`·9· · · · ·A.· Let me verify the number.· 10,638,941.· That's
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`10· ·right.
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`11· · · · ·Q.· And if we refer to the '941 patent throughout
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`12· ·this deposition, you'll understand what we're referring
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`13· ·to?
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`14· · · · ·A.· Yes, sir.
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`15· · · · ·Q.· And, Dr. Efimov, if you need the patents
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`16· ·themselves, please let me know.· I'm happy to provide
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`17· ·those to you.
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`18· · · · ·A.· I have them.· I have them.
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`19· · · · ·Q.· Well, okay.· If you have them, then why don't
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`20· ·we go ahead and mark them as exhibits to your
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`21· ·deposition, just so everybody's on the same page.· Let
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`22· ·me load that as well.
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`23· · · · · · ·And I loaded into the chat what will be marked
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`24· ·as Exhibit 4 to your deposition.· And let me know when
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`25· ·you've done that.
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`12
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`·1· · · · · · ·(Exhibit 4 referenced)
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`·2· · · · · · ·THE WITNESS:· Yes, I have it.· It's patent
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`·3· ·'499.
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`·4· ·BY MR. AMON:
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`·5· · · · ·Q.· And that is the '499 patent which is the
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`·6· ·subject of your declaration, Exhibit 1 to this
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`·7· ·deposition; correct?
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`·8· · · · ·A.· That's right.
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`·9· · · · ·Q.· I've loaded into the chat what will be marked
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`10· ·as Exhibit 5 to your deposition.· And if you could let
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`11· ·me know what you understand Exhibit 5 to be.
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`12· · · · · · ·(Exhibit 5 referenced)
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`13· · · · · · ·THE WITNESS:· Yes.· I just loaded it.· It's
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`14· ·'731 patent.
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`15· ·BY MR. AMON:
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`16· · · · ·Q.· And that is the same '731 patent which is the
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`17· ·subject of your declaration, Exhibit 2 to this
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`18· ·deposition; correct?
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`19· · · · ·A.· That's correct.
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`20· · · · ·Q.· And I've just loaded into the chat what will
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`21· ·be marked as Exhibit 6 to your deposition.· If you could
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`22· ·open that and let me know what that is.
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`23· · · · · · ·(Exhibit 6 referenced)
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`24· · · · · · ·THE WITNESS:· I've got it.
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`25
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`13
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`·1· ·BY MR. AMON:
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`·2· · · · ·Q.· And what is Exhibit 6?
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`·3· · · · ·A.· It's patent '941.
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`·4· · · · ·Q.· And that is the same '941 patent that is the
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`·5· ·subject of your declaration, which is Exhibit 3 to this
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`·6· ·deposition?
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`·7· · · · ·A.· This is correct.
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`·8· · · · ·Q.· Dr. Efimov, as you understand it, is it fair
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`·9· ·to say that the '499, '731, and '941 patents are all
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`10· ·directed to detecting cardiac arrhythmias?
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`11· · · · ·A.· Among other things, yes.
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`12· · · · ·Q.· When you say among other things, what other
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`13· ·things do you think are covered by the '499 patent,
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`14· ·first, other than detecting cardiac arrhythmias?
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`15· · · · · · ·MR. GLASS:· Objection to the extent it calls
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`16· ·for a legal conclusion.
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`17· · · · · · ·THE WITNESS:· There are a number of parameters
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`18· ·which are being determined by -- measured by this device
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`19· ·which are going into a determination of arrhythmia, and
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`20· ·that's why I said among other things.
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`21· ·BY MR. AMON:
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`22· · · · ·Q.· But you'll agree with me that all of those
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`23· ·measurements are for the purpose of detecting an
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`24· ·arrhythmia; correct?
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`25· · · · ·A.· Well, it's one of the purposes, but not all
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`14
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`·1· ·purposes, because, again, these devices are health
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`·2· ·devices.· They determine health status.· And many of
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`·3· ·these parameters, like heart rate, for example, they
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`·4· ·have their own value, regardless of arrhythmia.· Or
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`·5· ·physical activity.
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`·6· · · · ·Q.· So if I could ask you to open up what is
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`·7· ·Exhibit 4, which is the '499 patent, and let me know
`
`·8· ·when you've done that.
`
`·9· · · · ·A.· Just a second.· Yes, I have it open.· Uh-huh.
`
`10· · · · ·Q.· And I will share my screen so that we can all
`
`11· ·be looking at the same thing.· And if it's easier for
`
`12· ·you, you're welcome to open it and look at it on your
`
`13· ·own screen, if that's easier for you.
`
`14· · · · · · ·But if I could ask you to turn to the end of
`
`15· ·the '499 patent specifically to look at claim 1.· And
`
`16· ·let me know when you're there.
`
`17· · · · ·A.· Yes, I have it, uh-huh.
`
`18· · · · ·Q.· And hopefully I have done this right and you
`
`19· ·can see claim 1 on the screen as well; is that correct?
`
`20· · · · ·A.· It's small, but I can see it, yes.
`
`21· · · · ·Q.· Fair enough.· And like I said, if it's easier
`
`22· ·for you, please look at your own version on your
`
`23· ·computer.
`
`24· · · · · · ·You understand that the preamble of claim 1
`
`25· ·reads "A method of determining a presence of an
`
`15
`
`
`
`·1· ·arrhythmia of a first user."
`
`·2· · · · · · ·Did I read the preamble for claim 1 correctly?
`
`·3· · · · ·A.· Yes.· For claim 1, the preamble says "A method
`
`·4· ·of determining a presence of an arrhythmia of a first
`
`·5· ·user, said method comprising," and then a list of
`
`·6· ·sensors and the devices.
`
`·7· · · · ·Q.· And you understand that claim 1 is one of two
`
`·8· ·independent claims in the '499 patent; correct?
`
`·9· · · · ·A.· I think -- I think this is correct, yes.
`
`10· · · · ·Q.· In fact, the other independent claim is
`
`11· ·claim 11; correct?
`
`12· · · · ·A.· I believe so, yes.
`
`13· · · · ·Q.· And if we look at claim 11, the preamble for
`
`14· ·claim 11 reads "A system for determining the presence of
`
`15· ·an arrhythmia of a first user, comprising"; correct?
`
`16· · · · ·A.· That's right, uh-huh.
`
`17· · · · ·Q.· Are there any other independent claims that
`
`18· ·you're aware of in the '499 patent?
`
`19· · · · ·A.· Let me verify.
`
`20· · · · · · ·No.· I think all refer to 1 or 11.
`
`21· · · · ·Q.· And you understand that for purposes of the
`
`22· ·'499 patent, the preamble is limiting; correct?
`
`23· · · · ·A.· Yes.
`
`24· · · · ·Q.· And so, again, for purposes of the '499
`
`25· ·patent, both independent claims are directed at
`
`16
`
`
`
`·1· ·detecting arrhythmias?
`
`·2· · · · ·A.· Yes.· This is the goal.· But, again, as I
`
`·3· ·said, there are other parameters also measured which go
`
`·4· ·into it.
`
`·5· · · · ·Q.· If we were to look at the other patents, the
`
`·6· ·'731 is also generally directed at detecting
`
`·7· ·arrhythmias; correct?
`
`·8· · · · ·A.· Well, again, '731 is actually a little bit
`
`·9· ·more general.· It's a dashboard -- I believe that's the
`
`10· ·term they used -- which includes heart -- I'm reading
`
`11· ·from the abstract of '731.
`
`12· · · · · · ·"A dashboard centered around arrhythmia or
`
`13· ·atrial fibrillation tracking is provided.· The dashboard
`
`14· ·includes a heart or cardiac health score that can be
`
`15· ·calculated in response to data from the user such as
`
`16· ·their ECG and other personal information and cardiac
`
`17· ·health influencing factors."
`
`18· · · · · · ·So it's basically -- it sounds a little
`
`19· ·broader, even though arrhythmia is at the center, but
`
`20· ·there are other factors which also have value.· Whole
`
`21· ·health score.
`
`22· · · · ·Q.· Dr. Efimov, you would agree with me that the
`
`23· ·'499 and '731 patents are related; yes?
`
`24· · · · ·A.· Yes.
`
`25· · · · ·Q.· That they share the same specification;
`
`17
`
`
`
`·1· ·correct?
`
`·2· · · · ·A.· Well, I didn't compare word for word.· But
`
`·3· ·they do have similarities, yes.
`
`·4· · · · ·Q.· Do you believe that with respect to the
`
`·5· ·specifications of the '499 and '731 patents, there are
`
`·6· ·any differences?
`
`·7· · · · ·A.· Well, generally, they are the same.· Or
`
`·8· ·similar, rather.
`
`·9· · · · ·Q.· So if I could ask you to open up what is
`
`10· ·Exhibit 5 to your deposition, which is the '731 patent.
`
`11· ·Let me know when you're there.
`
`12· · · · ·A.· Yes, '731.· I have it.
`
`13· · · · ·Q.· And if I could ask you to go to the end and
`
`14· ·specifically to claim 1.· And I'll share my screen so
`
`15· ·that we can all be on the same page.
`
`16· · · · ·A.· I have it.
`
`17· · · · ·Q.· Okay.· And you understand that claim 1 is one
`
`18· ·of the independent claims of the '731 patent?
`
`19· · · · ·A.· Yes.
`
`20· · · · ·Q.· And if you look at the end of claim 1 and read
`
`21· ·up five lines from the bottom of claim 1, from the end
`
`22· ·of claim 1, claim 1 includes, as a limitation, "detect,
`
`23· ·based on the PPG data, the presence of an arrhythmia."
`
`24· · · · · · ·Did I read that correctly?
`
`25· · · · ·A.· Yes, this is correct.
`
`18
`
`
`
`·1· · · · ·Q.· And so you would agree with me that claim 1 of
`
`·2· ·the '731 is directed to detecting arrhythmias; yes?
`
`·3· · · · ·A.· Yes.
`
`·4· · · · ·Q.· If we were to go to claim 17 of the '731 --
`
`·5· ·let me know when you're there.
`
`·6· · · · ·A.· I'm looking at your screen.
`
`·7· · · · ·Q.· Okay.· And you recognize that claim 17 is a
`
`·8· ·second independent claim of the '731 patent; correct?
`
`·9· · · · ·A.· That's right.
`
`10· · · · ·Q.· And do you see where claim 17 reads "detecting
`
`11· ·by a processing device, based on the PPG data, the
`
`12· ·presence of an arrhythmia"?
`
`13· · · · ·A.· Yes, I do.
`
`14· · · · ·Q.· And so you understand that independent
`
`15· ·claim 17 is also directed to detecting the presence of
`
`16· ·an arrhythmia; correct?
`
`17· · · · ·A.· Yes.
`
`18· · · · ·Q.· And if we go to claim 25 of the '731 patent.
`
`19· · · · · · ·Do you see that?
`
`20· · · · ·A.· Uh-huh, yes.
`
`21· · · · ·Q.· It has a third independent claim in the '731
`
`22· ·patent; correct?
`
`23· · · · ·A.· Yes.· It does not cite previous claims.
`
`24· · · · ·Q.· And claim 25 includes, as a limitation,
`
`25· ·"detect by the processing device, based on the PPG data,
`
`19
`
`
`
`·1· ·the presence of an arrhythmia"; yes?
`
`·2· · · · ·A.· Yes.· That's a part of the claim.· Not all the
`
`·3· ·claim but part of it.
`
`·4· · · · ·Q.· Understood.· So you would agree -- wouldn't
`
`·5· ·you -- that the independent claim 25 is also directed at
`
`·6· ·detecting the presence of an arrhythmia?
`
`·7· · · · ·A.· Yes.· I would agree with that.
`
`·8· · · · ·Q.· And so if we were to do the same exercise for
`
`·9· ·the '941 -- and I'm happy to do it -- those claims are
`
`10· ·also directed at detecting the presence of arrhythmias
`
`11· ·generally; correct?
`
`12· · · · ·A.· This is correct.· But, again, it gets another
`
`13· ·angle, frankly.· I remember, not verbatim, but it also
`
`14· ·talks about discordance between a heart rate,
`
`15· ·[indecipherable] heart rate, and the physical activity.
`
`16· · · · ·Q.· Correct.· But all of that is used to help
`
`17· ·determine whether there's an arrhythmia present;
`
`18· ·correct?
`
`19· · · · ·A.· Yes, yes.· But, again, as I said, also, it has
`
`20· ·its own value in determining the health of the patient.
`
`21· · · · ·Q.· Well, okay.· Let's do this.· If I could ask
`
`22· ·you to open up Exhibit 6 to your deposition, which is
`
`23· ·the '941 patent, and again go to the end of the patent,
`
`24· ·the claims.· And I will share my screen so you can see
`
`25· ·that.· But let me know when you're ready.
`
`20
`
`
`
`·1· · · · ·A.· I'm there.
`
`·2· · · · ·Q.· Okay.· And you recognize that claim 1 is an
`
`·3· ·independent claim of the '941 patent?
`
`·4· · · · ·A.· Yes.
`
`·5· · · · ·Q.· And if you look at the penultimate limitation
`
`·6· ·of that claim, next-to-last limitation of that claim, it
`
`·7· ·says "determining, by a processing device, that a
`
`·8· ·discordance is present between the activity level value
`
`·9· ·and the heart rate parameter."· Sorry.· I read the third
`
`10· ·from the bottom.
`
`11· · · · ·A.· Yes, I understand.
`
`12· · · · ·Q.· I was actually meaning to read the penultimate
`
`13· ·one.
`
`14· · · · ·A.· Well, you just supported what I said, yes.
`
`15· · · · ·Q.· Yes.· But then the claims goes on to say
`
`16· ·"based on the presence of the discordance, indicating to
`
`17· ·the user, using the smartwatch, a possibility of an
`
`18· ·arrhythmia being present"; correct?
`
`19· · · · ·A.· Correct.· This is what it said.
`
`20· · · · ·Q.· So that claim is directed to detecting the
`
`21· ·possibility of an arrhythmia; correct?
`
`22· · · · ·A.· Yes.· Based on discordance, yes.
`
`23· · · · ·Q.· And if we were to look at independent
`
`24· ·claim 12, which starts at the bottom of the page -- do
`
`25· ·you see that?
`
`21
`
`
`
`·1· · · · ·A.· Yes, I do.
`
`·2· · · · ·Q.· And it follows up onto the next page.
`
`·3· · · · ·A.· Uh-huh.
`
`·4· · · · ·Q.· And similar -- well, let me take a step back.
`
`·5· · · · · · ·Claim 12 is another independent claim of the
`
`·6· ·'941; correct?
`
`·7· · · · ·A.· That's right.· It doesn't cite previous
`
`·8· ·claims.
`
`·9· · · · ·Q.· And if we look again at the penultimate
`
`10· ·limitation of claim 12, it reads "based on the presence
`
`11· ·of the discordance, indicate to the user a possibility
`
`12· ·of an arrhythmia being present."
`
`13· · · · · · ·Did I read that correctly?
`
`14· · · · ·A.· That's correct.
`
`15· · · · ·Q.· And so, again, the claims of the '941 are
`
`16· ·generally directed to detecting arrhythmias; fair?
`
`17· · · · ·A.· Yes, detecting arrhythmias.
`
`18· · · · ·Q.· Now, what do you understand a cardiac
`
`19· ·arrhythmia to be, Dr. Efimov?
`
`20· · · · ·A.· Well, I mean we have a definition, which I
`
`21· ·agree with.· Basically, it's an abnormal heart rate.
`
`22· ·Normally heart beats between 60 and 100 beats per
`
`23· ·minute, and they're fairly regularly.· There's some
`
`24· ·variability but regularly.· An arrhythmia would be
`
`25· ·abnormal heart rate, which is irregular or slower or
`
`22
`
`
`
`·1· ·faster than normal, those outside of the 60 to 100 beats
`
`·2· ·per minute.
`
`·3· · · · ·Q.· An arrhythmia doesn't necessarily have to be
`
`·4· ·faster or slower?· It can just be irregular; is that
`
`·5· ·fair?
`
`·6· · · · ·A.· Yes.· In some conditions, it could be just
`
`·7· ·irregular, yes.· Like atrial fibrillation, for example.
`
`·8· · · · ·Q.· And in fact, atrial fibrillation, is there a
`
`·9· ·common way that cardiologists or medical practitioners
`
`10· ·refer to atrial fibrillation?
`
`11· · · · ·A.· Well, there are a number of indicators for
`
`12· ·diagnosis of atrial fibrillation.· One of them would
`
`13· ·be -- and I guess that's what you're referring to -- is
`
`14· ·an irregularly irregular rhythm.· Another would be that
`
`15· ·there is a lack of P wave during atrial fibrillation,
`
`16· ·generally, unlike any normal sinus rhythm or sinus
`
`17· ·tachycardia, where a P wave is present.
`
`18· · · · ·Q.· And medical doctors are able to identify an
`
`19· ·irregularly irregular rhythm from manual palpation;
`
`20· ·correct?
`
`21· · · · ·A.· With sufficient training and to some degree,
`
`22· ·yes.· But, again, errors, also, could happen.
`
`23· · · · · · ·(Reporter clarification)
`
`24· · · · · · ·THE WITNESS:· So basically, with sufficient
`
`25· ·training, cardiologists can determine, of course,
`
`23
`
`
`
`·1· ·arrhythmia, but sometimes they make mistakes as well.
`
`·2· ·BY MR. AMON:
`
`·3· · · · ·Q.· They're human.
`
`·4· · · · ·A.· Right, right.
`
`·5· · · · ·Q.· Would you agree that atrial fibrillation is
`
`·6· ·the most common cardiac arrhythmia present?
`
`·7· · · · ·A.· Statistically, yes.· This is what is referred
`
`·8· ·to.· However, again, some arrhythmias cannot be assessed
`
`·9· ·in numbers because they are not documented.
`
`10· · · · · · ·For example, ventricular fibrillation, very
`
`11· ·important arrhythmia.· Majority of people who experience
`
`12· ·that just die without being documented, and it's never
`
`13· ·been diagnosed.· So best assessment, 300,000 people die
`
`14· ·from ventricular fibrillation every year, but if I
`
`15· ·remember correctly, only 7,000 are actually diagnosed
`
`16· ·during this event.
`
`17· · · · · · ·So, basically, atrial fibrillation, based on
`
`18· ·what could be measured, is the most prevalent
`
`19· ·arrhythmia.
`
`20· · · · · · ·(Reporter clarification)
`
`21· · · · · · ·THE WITNESS:· And I'm sorry if I talk too
`
`22· ·fast.· Please just shout and interrupt me.· I know I
`
`23· ·have this sin, talking too fast.
`
`24· ·BY MR. AMON:
`
`25· · · · ·Q.· Dr. Efimov, I believe you state in your
`
`24
`
`
`
`·1· ·declarations that arrhythmias can be intermittent; is
`
`·2· ·that correct?
`
`·3· · · · ·A.· Yes.· Especially such as atrial fibrillation.
`
`·4· ·Many arrhythmias could be intermittent.
`
`·5· · · · ·Q.· Okay.· And intermittent means that they come
`
`·6· ·and go.· They're not constantly present; is that fair?
`
`·7· · · · ·A.· Yes.· It's also referred to as paroxysmal.
`
`·8· ·This is a medical term.· What it means, essentially, it
`
`·9· ·comes, could stay for a short period of time, a long
`
`10· ·period of time, and then goes.· In some cases patients
`
`11· ·will experience severe symptoms, could even die from it,
`
`12· ·and in some other cases patient has no symptoms at all
`
`13· ·and basically can live along with it without noticing
`
`14· ·it.
`
`15· · · · ·Q.· Dr. Efimov, as of -- well, let me just step
`
`16· ·back.
`
`17· · · · · · ·Do you consider yourself to have been a person
`
`18· ·of ordinary skill in the art in December of 2013?
`
`19· · · · ·A.· Well, by the level of the bar we set for a
`
`20· ·person of ordinary skill in the art in 2013, I would be
`
`21· ·probably a little bit overqualified.· I have more
`
`22· ·training than necessary for just clearing the bar.
`
`23· · · · ·Q.· So at a minimum, at least you qualify as a
`
`24· ·person of ordinary skill; correct?· Even though you may
`
`25· ·have more experience?
`
`25
`
`
`
`·1· · · · ·A.· Yes, yes.· I would agree with that.
`
`·2· · · · ·Q.· And do you believe that in December 2013, the
`
`·3· ·definition that you included in your declaration for an
`
`·4· ·arrhythmia would be accurate, would be understood by
`
`·5· ·others of ordinary skill?
`
`·6· · · · ·A.· Yes, I do.
`
`·7· · · · ·Q.· And just so the record's clear, I believe the
`
`·8· ·way you defined it is a cardiac arrhythmia is a cardiac
`
`·9· ·condition in which the electrical activity of the heart
`
`10· ·is irregular or is faster or slower than normal.
`
`11· · · · ·A.· That's correct.
`
`12· · · · ·Q.· Are there other ways, other terms, that
`
`13· ·persons of ordinary skill in the art will refer to
`
`14· ·arrhythmias generally as a class?
`
`15· · · · ·A.· Yes.· It's a general term.· But arrhythmia can
`
`16· ·be distinguished based on a number of factors.· There
`
`17· ·are atrial arrhythmias, which refer to basically upper
`
`18· ·chambers of the heart, atria, left and right atrium.
`
`19· ·There are ventricular arrhythmias, which refer to
`
`20· ·ventricular chambers of the heart, or lower chambers.
`
`21· · · · · · ·And those also could be distinguished with
`
`22· ·respect to heart rate.· For example, slow arrhythmias,
`
`23· ·which is below 60 beats per minute, is usually referred
`
`24· ·to as bradycardia.· And those which are faster are
`
`25· ·referred to as tachycardia.· And then if it becomes
`
`26
`
`
`
`·1· ·really irregular and very dangerous, then it's referred
`
`·2· ·to as fibrillation.
`
`·3· · · · · · ·And then there are many other arrhythmias,
`
`·4· ·which we can go on for a couple hours.· I teach this in
`
`·5· ·approximately two lectures, three hours total.· But
`
`·6· ·there are many other arrhythmias.
`
`·7· · · · ·Q.· Is it fair that all those you just described
`
`·8· ·are examples of species of arrhythmias?
`
`·9· · · · · · ·MR. GLASS:· Object to form.
`
`10· · · · · · ·THE WITNESS:· Well, I don't know.· Species, I
`
`11· ·wouldn't refer to this as species.· It has a different
`
`12· ·connotation.· But it's a different -- I'll still stick
`
`13· ·with the word "type" -- different type of arrhythmias.
`
`14· ·BY MR. AMON:
`
`15· · · · ·Q.· Sure.· Are they subcategories of arrhythmias?
`
`16· · · · ·A.· "Subcategories" is a good word, yes.
`
`17· · · · ·Q.· Okay.· Have you ever heard the term "abnormal
`
`18· ·heart condition"?
`
`19· · · · ·A.· Yes, I have.
`
`20· · · · ·Q.· And in your opinion, would a person of
`
`21· ·ordinary skill in the art in 2013 consider the term
`
`22· ·"abnormal heart condition" to include arrhythmias?
`
`23· · · · ·A.· There are -- again, like arrhythmias, there
`
`24· ·are many classes, many types, many categories of
`
`25· ·abnormal heart condition.
`
`27
`
`
`
`·1· · · · · · ·First what comes to mind, at least to my
`
`·2· ·mind -- and it also is reflected in my teaching of
`
`·3· ·physiology to medical students and engineering
`
`·4· ·students -- I would say abnormal heart condition No. 1
`
`·5· ·would be heart failure, which is actually much more
`
`·6· ·impactful, in general, than arrhythmia.· And then
`
`·7· ·myocardial infarction would be another one.· Metabolic
`
`·8· ·disorder and arrhythmia.
`
`·9· · · · · · ·And sometimes they are also interrelated.· One
`
`10· ·of those conditions can lead to another condition.· For
`
`11· ·example, heart failure can lead to atrial fibrillation.
`
`12· ·And vice versa.· Atrial fibrillation could lead to heart
`
`13· ·failure.
`
`14· · · · ·Q.· I appreciate that.· And I appreciate that
`
`15· ·lengthy explanation.· I guess my question is a little
`
`16· ·bit simpler, though.
`
`17· · · · · · ·Would you consider an arrhythmia to be a
`
`18· ·subcategory of an abnormal heart condition?
`
`19· · · · ·A.· Yes.· It's one of the types of abnormal heart
`
`20· ·condition.
`
`21· · · · · · ·MR. GLASS:· Just for the record, I had an
`
`22· ·objection to form on that.
`
`23· · · · · · ·And, Doctor, if you wouldn't mind -- there is
`
`24· ·a slight delay here.· Give me a half second to get
`
`25· ·objections in, if you wouldn't mind.
`
`28
`
`
`
`·1· · · · · · ·THE WITNESS:· Sure.· Thank you.
`
`·2· ·BY MR. AMON:
`
`·3· · · · ·Q.· Have you heard the term "irregular heart
`
`·4· ·condition"?
`
`·5· · · · ·A.· Yes, I have.· And I would generally say
`
`·6· ·"irregular," "abnormal," these are
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