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`

`Network Performance Effects of HTTP/1.1, C881, and PNG
`5/3/2021
`
`

(cid:13)
`(cid:13)(cid:13)
`(cid:13) (cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:13)
`   
`HTTP/1.1 leaves the TCP connection open between consecutive operations. This technique is called "persistent
`%&&'()*)+,-./-0+12-+&3'+4566-41756+58-6+9-1:--6+4560-4;17/-+58-<.17560*+&270+1-4267=;-+70+4.,,->+?8-<0701-61
`connections,“ which both avoids the costs of multiple opens and closes and reduces the impact of slow start.
`4566-417560@?+:2742+9512+./57>0+12-+45010+5A+B;,178,-+58-60+.6>+4,50-0+.6>+<->;4-0+12-+7B8.41+5A+0,5:+01.<1*
`Persistent connections are more efficient than the current practice of running multiple short TCP connections in
`'-<0701-61+4566-417560+.<-+B5<-+-AA747-61+12.6+12-+4;<<-61+8<.4174-+5A+<;6676C+B;,178,-+025<1+&3'+4566-417560+76
`parallel.
`8.<.,,-,*
`
`By leaving the TCP connection open between requests, many packets can be avoided, while avoiding multiple
`DE+,-./76C+12-+&3'+4566-41756+58-6+9-1:--6+<-=;-010@+B.6E+8.4F-10+4.6+9-+./57>->@+:27,-+./57>76C+B;,178,-
`RTTs due to TCP slow start. The first few packet exchanges of a new TCP connection are either too fast, or too
`G&&0+>;-+15+&3'+0,5:+01.<1*+&2-+A7<01+A-:+8.4F-1+-H42.6C-0+5A+.+6-:+&3'+4566-41756+.<-+-712-<+155+A.01@+5<+155
`slow for that path. If these exchanges are too fast for the route (common in today's Internet), they contribute to
`0,5:+A5<+12.1+8.12*+IA+12-0-+-H42.6C-0+.<-+155+A.01+A5<+12-+<5;1-+J45BB56+76+15>.EK0+I61-<6-1L@+12-E+4561<79;1-+15
`Internet congestion.
`I61-<6-1+456C-01756*
`
`Conversely, since most connections are in slow start at any given time in HTTP/1.0 not using persistent
`356/-<0-,E@+0764-+B501+4566-417560+.<-+76+0,5:+01.<1+.1+.6E+C7/-6+17B-+76+%&&'()*M+651+;076C+8-<0701-61
`connections, keeping a dialup PPP link busy has required running multiple TCP connections simultaneously
`4566-417560@+F--876C+.+>7.,;8+'''+,76F+9;0E+2.0+<-=;7<->+<;6676C+B;,178,-+&3'+4566-417560+07B;,1.6-5;0,E
`(typical implementations have used 4 TCP connections). This can exacerbate the congestion problem further.
`J1E874.,+7B8,-B-61.17560+2./-+;0->+N+&3'+4566-417560L*+&270+4.6+-H.4-<9.1-+12-+456C-01756+8<59,-B+A;<12-<*
`The "Keep-Alive" extension to HTTP/1.0 is a form of persistent connections. HTTP/1.1's design differs in minor
`&2-+?O--8PQ,7/-?+-H1-60756+15+%&&'()*M+70+.+A5<B+5A+8-<0701-61+4566-417560*+%&&'()*)K0+>-07C6+>7AA-<0+76+B765<
`details fiom Keep-Alive to overcome a problem discovered when Keep-Alive is used with more than one proxy
`>-1.7,0+A<5B+O--8PQ,7/-+15+5/-<45B-+.+8<59,-B+>7045/-<->+:2-6+O--8PQ,7/-+70+;0->+:712+B5<-+12.6+56-+8<5HE
`between a client and a server.
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`Persistent connections allow multiple requests to be sent without waiting for a response; multiple requests and
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`responses can be contained in a single TCP segment. This can be used to avoid many round trip delays,
`<-08560-0+4.6+9-+4561.76->+76+.+076C,-+&3'+0-CB-61*+&270+4.6+9-+;0->+15+./57>+B.6E+<5;6>+1<78+>-,.E0@
`improving performance, and reducing the number of packets further. This technique is called "pipelining" in
`7B8<5/76C+8-<A5<B.64-@+.6>+<->;476C+12-+6;B9-<+5A+8.4F-10+A;<12-<*+&270+1-4267=;-+70+4.,,->+?878-,7676C?+76
`HTTP.
`%&&'*
`HTTP/1.1 also enables transport compression of data types so those clients can retrieve HTML (or other)
`%&&'()*)+.,05+-6.9,-0+1<.6085<1+45B8<-00756+5A+>.1.+1E8-0+05+1250-+4,7-610+4.6+<-1<7-/-+%&ST+J5<+512-<L
`uncompressed documents using data compression; HTTP/1.0 does not have sufficient facilities for transport
`;645B8<-00->+>54;B-610+;076C+>.1.+45B8<-00756R+%&&'()*M+>5-0+651+2./-+0;AA747-61+A.47,717-0+A5<+1<.6085<1
`compression. Further work is continuing in this area [26].
`45B8<-00756*+U;<12-<+:5<F+70+456176;76C+76+1270+.<-.+VWXY*
`
`The major HTTP/1.1 design goals therefore include:
`&2-+B.Z5<+%&&'()*)+>-07C6+C5.,0+12-<-A5<-+764,;>-[
`•
`0
`lower HTTP's load on the Internet for the same amount of "real wor ", while solving the congestion
`,5:-<+%&&'K0+,5.>+56+12-+I61-<6-1+A5<+12-+0.B-+.B5;61+5A+?<-.,+:5<F?@+:27,-+05,/76C+12-+456C-01756
`caused by HTTP
`4.;0->+9E+%&&'
`•
`o HTTP/1.0's caching is primitive and error prone; HTTP/1.1 enable applications to work reliably with
`%&&'()*MK0+4.4276C+70+8<7B717/-+.6>+-<<5<+8<56-R+%&&'()*)+-6.9,-+.88,74.17560+15+:5<F+<-,7.9,E+:712
`caching
`4.4276C
`•
`0 end user performance must improve, or it is unlikely that HTTP/1.1 will be deployed
`-6>+;0-<+8-<A5<B.64-+B;01+7B8<5/-@+5<+71+70+;6,7F-,E+12.1+%&&'()*)+:7,,+9-+>-8,5E->
`HTTP/1.1 provides significant improvements to HTTP/1.0 to allow applications to work reliably in the face of
`%&&'()*)+8<5/7>-0+07C67A74.61+7B8<5/-B-610+15+%&&'()*M+15+.,,5:+.88,74.17560+15+:5<F+<-,7.9,E+76+12-+A.4-+5A
`caching, and to allow applications to mark more content cacheable. Today, caching is often deliberately defeated
`4.4276C@+.6>+15+.,,5:+.88,74.17560+15+B.<F+B5<-+4561-61+4.42-.9,-*+&5>.E@+4.4276C+70+5A1-6+>-,79-<.1-,E+>-A-.1->
`in order to achieve reliability. This paper does not explore these effects.
`76+5<>-<+15+.427-/-+<-,7.97,71E*+&270+8.8-<+>5-0+651+-H8,5<-+12-0-+-AA-410*
`HTTP/1.1 does not attempt to solve some commonly seen problems, such as transient network overloads at
`%&&'()*)+>5-0+651+.11-B81+15+05,/-+05B-+45BB56,E+0--6+8<59,-B0@+0;42+.0+1<.607-61+6-1:5<F+5/-<,5.>0+.1
`popular web sites with topical news (e.g. the Schumacher—Levy comet impact on Jupiter), but should at least
`858;,.<+:-9+071-0+:712+15874.,+6-:0+J-*C*+12-+\42;B.42-<PT-/E+45B-1+7B8.41+56+];871-<L@+9;1+025;,>+.1+,-.01
`help these problems.
`2-,8+12-0-+8<59,-B0*
`
`This paper presents measured results of the consequences of HTTP/1.1 transport protocol additions. Many of
`&270+8.8-<+8<-0-610+B-.0;<->+<-0;,10+5A+12-+4560-=;-64-0+5A+%&&'()*)+1<.6085<1+8<51545,+.>>717560*+S.6E+5A
`these additions have been available as extensions to HTTP/1.0, but this paper shows the possible synergy when
`12-0-+.>>717560+2./-+9--6+./.7,.9,-+.0+-H1-607560+15+%&&'()*M@+9;1+1270+8.8-<+025:0+12-+850079,-+0E6-<CE+:2-6
`the extensions to the HTTP protocol are used in concert, and in with changes in content.
`12-+-H1-607560+15+12-+%&&'+8<51545,+.<-+;0->+76+4564-<1@+.6>+76+:712+42.6C-0+76+4561-61*
`
`Range Requests and Validation
`^_`abc^bdebfgfc_`hci_jkh_gkl`
`To improve the perceived response time, a browser needs to learn basic size information of each object in a page
`&5+7B8<5/-+12-+8-<4-7/->+<-08560-+17B-@+.+9<5:0-<+6-->0+15+,-.<6+9.074+07m-+76A5<B.1756+5A+-.42+59Z-41+76+.+8.C-
`(required for page layout) as soon as possible. The first bytes typically contain the image size. To achieve better
`J<-=;7<->+A5<+8.C-+,.E5;1L+.0+0556+.0+850079,-*+&2-+A7<01+9E1-0+1E874.,,E+4561.76+12-+7B.C-+07m-*+&5+.427-/-+9-11-<
`concurrency and retrieve the first few bytes of embedded links while still receiving the bytes for the master
`4564;<<-64E+.6>+<-1<7-/-+12-+A7<01+A-:+9E1-0+5A+-B9->>->+,76F0+:27,-+017,,+<-4-7/76C+12-+9E1-0+A5<+12-+B.01-<
`document, HTTP/1.0 browsers usually use multiple TCP connections. We believe by using range requests
`>54;B-61@+%&&'()*M+9<5:0-<0+;0;.,,E+;0-+B;,178,-+&3'+4566-417560*+n-+9-,7-/-+9E+;076C+<.6C-+<-=;-010
`HTTP/1.1 clients can achieve similar or better results over a single connection.
`%&&'()*)+4,7-610+4.6+.427-/-+07B7,.<+5<+9-11-<+<-0;,10+5/-<+.+076C,-+4566-41756*
`
`https://www.w3.org/ProtocoIs/HTTP/Performance/Pipeline
`
`  
`! 
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`"  
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`
`Petitioners EX-1016, Page 3 0f 19
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`3/19
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`(cid:13)(cid:13)
`(cid:13) (cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:13)
`
`&''()*+,+)-./01.2)32)4356)7/)68.)2631-35-)931-):726);<55.16)&''(*+,=)2.5>.52)3?5.3-@)0:4?.:.16A)B@6.)531C.
`/3;0?060.2)6836)3??7D)3);?0.16)67)4.5/75:)435603?)5.650.>3?)7/)7BE.;62,)'8.)010603?)016.16)7/)531C.)5.F<.262)D32)67
`3??7D);3;801C)457G@)67)/01028)016.55<46.-)65312/.52)B@)5.F<.2601C)71?@)68.)B@6.2)7/)68.)-7;<:.16)68.@);<55.16?@
`-7)176)87?-)01)68.05);3;8.,
`
`'7)27?>.)68.)457B?.:)6836)B57D2.52)1..-)68.)20H.)7/).:B.--.-)7BE.;62I)D.)B.?0.>.)6836)68.)136<53?)5.>3?0-36071
`5.F<.26)/75)&''(*+,+)D0??);7:B01.)B768);3;8.)>3?0-36071)8.3-.52)31-)31)JKLMNOPQR5.F<.26)8.3-.5I)67)45.>.16
`?35C.)7BE.;62)/57:):71747?0H01C)68.);711.;6071)67)68.)2.5>.5)7>.5)062);711.;6071,)'8.)531C.)5.F<.26.-)287<?-)B.
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`7/)&''(*+,+)02)0:4?0;06)01)062);3;801C)31-)531C.)5.F<.26)-.20C1,
`
`S8.1)3)B57D2.5)5.>02062)3)43C.I)06)832)3)>.5@)C77-)0-.3)D836)68.)6@4.)7/)31@).:B.--.-)7BE.;6)02)?0T.?@)67)B.I)31-
`;31)68.5./75.)B768):3T.)3)>3?0-36071)5.F<.26)31-)3?27)20:<?631.7<2?@)5.F<.26)68.):.63-363)7/)68.).:B.--.-
`7BE.;6)0/)68.5.)832)B..1)31@);831C.,)'8.):.63-363)02):<;8):75.)>3?<3B?.)6831)68.).:B.--.-)0:3C.)-363,
`U<B2.F<.16?@I)68.)B57D2.5):0C86)C.1.536.)5.F<.262)/75)68.)5.26)7/)68.)7BE.;6I)75)/75).17<C8)7/).3;8)7BE.;6)67
`3??7D)/75)457C5.220>.)-024?3@)7/)0:3C.)-363)6@4.2)9.,C,)457C5.220>.)(VWI)WXY)75)Z([W)0:3C.2AI)75)67):<?604?.G
`B.6D..1):<?604?.)?35C.)0:3C.2)71)68.)43C.,)S.);3??)6802)26@?.)7/)<2.)7/)&''(*+,+)\4775):31]2):<?604?.G01C,\
`
`S.)B.?0.>.);3;8.)>3?0-36071);7:B01.-)D068)531C.)5.F<.262)D0??)?0T.?@)B.;7:.)3)>.5@);7::71)0-07:)7/
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`
`^_`abcdRefRgchR^faecae
`
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`2..)68.)-.4?7@:.16)7/)j32;3-01C)U6@?.)U8..62)9jUUA)kl=m)31-)1.D)0:3C.)31-)310:36071)/75:362)2<;8)32
`(7563B?.)V.6D75T)W53480;2)9(VWA)kn=m)31-)o<?604?.p0:3C.)V.6D75T)W53480;2)9oVWA)kl+m,
`
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`7/)68.05)-7;<:.162)6831)68.)45.2.1636071,)X1)3)5.2.35;8)5.4756I)68.);870;.)7/)/7162):366.52)?.22)6831)68.)5.2<?62
`B.01C)5.4756.-I)27).35?@)>.520712)7/)&@4.5'.G6)o35T<4)q31C<3C.)9&'oqA)2<//0;.-)/75):726)2;0.160262,
`&7D.>.5I)D8.1)171p2;0.160/0;);7::<1060.2)-02;7>.5.-)68.)S.BI)68.)4.5;.0>.-)?0:06360712)7/)&'oq)B.;3:.)3
`27<5;.)7/)/5<26536071,)S.B)43C.)-.20C1.52)D068)3)B3;TC57<1-)01)434.5pB32.-)-.2T674)4<B?02801C)D316.-):75.
`;71657?)7>.5)68.)45.2.1636071)7/)68.05)-7;<:.162)6831)&'oq)D32):.316)67)457>0-.,)j32;3-01C)U6@?.)U8..62
`9jUUA)7//.5):31@)7/)68.);343B0?060.2)5.F<.26.-)B@)43C.)-.20C1.52)B<6)02)71?@)17D)2..01C)D0-.245.3-
`0:4?.:.1636071,
`
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`012631;.I)B@)26<--01C)68.05)43C.2)D068)2:3??)0:3C.2)6836)-7)?066?.):75.)6831)-024?3@)6.G6,)X1)6802)2.;6071)7/)68.
`26<-@I)D.).260:36.)87D)S.B)4.5/75:31;.)D0??)B.)3//.;6.-)B@)68.)01657-<;6071)7/)jUU,)S.)D0??)176)-02;<22)768.5
`B.1./062)67)B.)5.34.-)D068)26@?.)28..62I)2<;8)32)C5.36.5)3;;.220B0?06@I)0:457>.-)4501601CI)31-).320.5)206.
`:313C.:.16,
`
`r1)68.)D.BI):726)0:3C.2)35.)01)WXY)/75:36,)s)1.D)0:3C.)/75:36I)(VWI)832)2.>.53?)3->3163C.2)7>.5)WXY,)(VW
`0:3C.2)5.1-.5):75.)F<0;T?@)71)68.)2;5..1)31-)p)B.20-.2)457-<;01C)80C8.5)F<3?06@I);5722p4?36/75:)0:3C.2)p)(VW
`0:3C.2)35.)<2<3??@)2:3??.5)6831)WXY)0:3C.2,
`
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`310:36.-)WXY,
`
`tuvfuRgfuw
`
`-
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`B768)4.52026.16);711.;60712)31-)404.?0101CI)31-)26<-@)?36.1;0.2I)6857<C84<6I)31-)2@26.:)7>.58.3-)022<.2)01>7?>.-
`01)4.52026.16);711.;60712,)'802)313?@202)/75:.-)68.)B320;)-363)31-)E<260/0;36071)B.801-)&''(*+,+]2)4.52026.16
`
`  
`! 
`
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`"  
` #"#
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`$ %
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`

`

`Network Performance Effects of HTTP/1.1, C881, and PNG
`5/3/2021
`
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(cid:13)
`(cid:13)(cid:13)
`(cid:13) (cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:13)
`   
`connection and pipelining design. HTTP/1.1 primarily relies on pipelining rather than introducing new HTTP
`%&''(%)*&'+,'-+.*.(/*'*'0+-(1*0'2+34456727+.8*9,8*/:+8(/*(1+&'+.*.(/*'*'0+8,);(8+);,'+*')8&-<%*'0+'(=+3445
`methods to achieve the performance benefits documented below. As this paper makes clear, both pipelining and
`9();&-1+)&+,%;*(>(+);(+.(8?&89,'%(+@('(?*)1+-&%<9(')(-+@(/&=2+A1+);*1+.,.(8+9,B(1+%/(,8C+@&);+.*.(/*'*'0+,'-
`persistent connections are needed to achieve high performance over a single HTTP connection.
`.(81*1)(')+%&''(%)*&'1+,8(+'((-(-+)&+,%;*(>(+;*0;+.(8?&89,'%(+&>(8+,+1*'0/(+3445+%&''(%)*&'2
`Pipelining, or batching, have been successfully used in a number of other systems, notably graphics protocols
`5*.(/*'*'0C+&8+@,)%;*'0C+;,>(+@(('+1<%%(11?<//:+<1(-+*'+,+'<9@(8+&?+&);(8+1:1)(91C+'&),@/:+08,.;*%1+.8&)&%&/1
`such as the X Window System [1_5] or Trestle [E], in its original RPC based implementation.
`1<%;+,1+);(+D+E*'-&=+F:1)(9+G7HI+&8+48(1)/(+G7JIC+*'+*)1+&8*0*',/+K5L+@,1(-+*9./(9('),)*&'2
`
`Touch, Heidemann, and Obraczka [i] explore a number of possible changes that might help HTTP behavior,
`4&<%;C+3(*-(9,''C+,'-+M@8,%NB,+GHI+(O./&8(+,+'<9@(8+&?+.&11*@/(+%;,'0(1+);,)+9*0;)+;(/.+3445+@(;,>*&8C
`including the sharing of TCP control blocks [19] and Transaction TCP (T/TCP) [1_7], [Q]. The extended length
`*'%/<-*'0+);(+1;,8*'0+&?+4L5+%&')8&/+@/&%B1+G7PI+,'-+48,'1,%)*&'+4L5+Q464L5R+G7SIC+G7TI2+4;(+(O)('-(-+/('0);
`of deployment of changes to TCP argued against any dependency of HTTP/1 .1 on either of these; however, we
`&?+-(./&:9(')+&?+%;,'0(1+)&+4L5+,80<(-+,0,*'1)+,':+-(.('-('%:+&?+34456727+&'+(*);(8+&?+);(1(U+;&=(>(8C+=(
`believe that both mechanisms may improve performance, independently to the improvements made by
`@(/*(>(+);,)+@&);+9(%;,'*191+9,:+*9.8&>(+.(8?&89,'%(C+*'-(.('-(')/:+)&+);(+*9.8&>(9(')1+9,-(+@:
`HTTP/1 . 1. T/TCP might help reduce latency when revisiting a Web server after the server has closed its
`344567272+464L5+9*0;)+;(/.+8(-<%(+/,)('%:+=;('+8(>*1*)*'0+,+E(@+1(8>(8+,?)(8+);(+1(8>(8+;,1+%/&1(-+*)1
`connection. Sharing of TCP control blocks would primarily help HTTP/1.0, however, since the HTTP/1.1 limits
`%&''(%)*&'2+F;,8*'0+&?+4L5+%&')8&/+@/&%B1+=&</-+.8*9,8*/:+;(/.+3445672VC+;&=(>(8C+1*'%(+);(+34456727+/*9*)1
`the number of connections between a client/server pair.
`);(+'<9@(8+&?+%&''(%)*&'1+@()=(('+,+%/*(')61(8>(8+.,*82
`
`In independent work, Heidemann [1] describes the interactions of persistent connections with Nagle's algorithm.
`W'+*'-(.('-(')+=&8BC+3(*-(9,''+GSI+-(1%8*@(1+);(+*')(8,%)*&'1+&?+.(81*1)(')+%&''(%)*&'1+=*);+X,0/(Y1+,/0&8*);92
`His experience is confirmed by our experience described in this paper, and by the experience of one of the
`3*1+(O.(8*('%(+*1+%&'?*89(-+@:+&<8+(O.(8*('%(+-(1%8*@(-+*'+);*1+.,.(8C+,'-+@:+);(+(O.(8*('%(+&?+&'(+&?+);(
`authors with the X Window System, which caused the original introduction of the ability to disable Nagle's
`,<);&81+=*);+);(+D+E*'-&=+F:1)(9C+=;*%;+%,<1(-+);(+&8*0*',/+*')8&-<%)*&'+&?+);(+,@*/*):+)&+-*1,@/(+X,0/(Y1
`algorithm into BSD derived TCP implementations.
`,/0&8*);9+*')&+ZF[+-(8*>(-+4L5+*9./(9('),)*&'12
`
`Simon Spero analyzed HTTP/1.0 performance [Q] and prepared a proposal for a replacement for HTTP.
`F*9&'+F.(8&+,',/:N(-+3445672V+.(8?&89,'%(+GJI+,'-+.8(.,8(-+,+.8&.&1,/+?&8+,+8(./,%(9(')+?&8+34452
`HTTP/1.1, however, was constrained to maintain upward compatibility with HTTP/1.0. Many of his suggestions
`34456727C+;&=(>(8C+=,1+%&'1)8,*'(-+)&+9,*'),*'+<.=,8-+%&9.,)*@*/*):+=*);+3445672V2+\,':+&?+;*1+1<00(1)*&'1
`are worthwhile and should be explored further.
`,8(+=&8);=;*/(+,'-+1;&</-+@(+(O./&8(-+?<8);(82
`Style sheets have a long history in the Web [30]. We believe that the character of our results will likely be
`F):/(+1;(()1+;,>(+,+/&'0+;*1)&8:+*'+);(+E(@+G]VI2+E(+@(/*(>(+);,)+);(+%;,8,%)(8+&?+&<8+8(1</)1+=*//+/*B(/:+@(
`similar for other style sheet systems. However, we are not aware of any prior work investigating the network
`1*9*/,8+?&8+&);(8+1):/(+1;(()+1:1)(912+3&=(>(8C+=(+,8(+'&)+,=,8(+&?+,':+.8*&8+=&8B+*'>(1)*0,)*'0+);(+'()=&8B
`performance consequences of style sheets.
`.(8?&89,'%(+%&'1(^<('%(1+&?+1):/(+1;(()12
`
`Test Setup
`_`abcd`bef
`
`Test Web Site
`_`abcg`hcdib`
`
`We synthesized a test web site serving data by combining data (HTML and GIF image data) fiom two very
`E(+1:');(1*N(-+,+)(1)+=(@+1*)(+1(8>*'0+-,),+@:+%&9@*'*'0+-,),+Q34\j+,'-+kWl+*9,0(+-,),R+?8&9+)=&+>(8:
`heavily used home pages (Netscap_e and Microsoft) into one; hereafter called "Microscape". The initial layout of
`;(,>*/:+<1(-+;&9(+.,0(1+QX()1%,.(+,'-+\*%8&1&?)R+*')&+&'(U+;(8(,?)(8+%,//(-+mnopqrsptuvm2+4;(+*'*)*,/+/,:&<)+&?
`the Microscape web site was a single page containing typical HTML totaling 42KB with 42 inlined GIF images
`);(+\*%8&1%,.(+=(@+1*)(+=,1+,+1*'0/(+.,0(+%&'),*'*'0+):.*%,/+34\j+)&),/*'0+wxyZ+=*);+wx+*'/*'(-+kWl+*9,0(1
`totaling 125KB. The embedded images range in size from 70B to 40KB; most are small, with 19 images less
`)&),/*'0+7xHyZ2+4;(+(9@(--(-+*9,0(1+8,'0(+*'+1*N(+?8&9+SVZ+)&+wVyZU+9&1)+,8(+19,//C+=*);+7P+*9,0(1+/(11
`than 1KB, 7 images between 1KB and 2KB, and 6 images between 2KB and 3KB. While the resulting HTML
`);,'+7yZC+S+*9,0(1+@()=(('+7yZ+,'-+xyZC+,'-+J+*9,0(1+@()=(('+xyZ+,'-+]yZ2+E;*/(+);(+8(1</)*'0+34\j
`page is larger, and contains more images than might be typical, such pages can be found on the Web.
`.,0(+*1+/,80(8C+,'-+%&'),*'1+9&8(+*9,0(1+);,'+9*0;)+@(+):.*%,/C+1<%;+.,0(1+%,'+@(+?&<'-+&'+);(+E(@2
`
`First Time Retrieval Test
`zi{abc_i|`c}`b{i`~€c_`ab
`The first time retrieval test is equivalent to a browser visiting a site for the first time, e.g. its cache is empty and
`4;(+?*81)+)*9(+8()8*(>,/+)(1)+*1+(^<*>,/(')+)&+,+@8&=1(8+>*1*)*'0+,+1*)(+?&8+);(+?*81)+)*9(C+(202+*)1+%,%;(+*1+(9.):+,'-
`it has to retrieve the top page and all the embedded objects. In HTTP, this is equivalent to 43 GET requests.
`*)+;,1+)&+8()8*(>(+);(+)&.+.,0(+,'-+,//+);(+(9@(--(-+&@(%)12+W'+3445C+);*1+*1+(^<*>,/(')+)&+w]+‚ƒ„+8(^<(1)12
`
`Revalidate Test
`}`~€i…b`c_`ab
`This test is equivalent to revisiting a home page where the contents are already available in a local cache. The
`4;*1+)(1)+*1+(^<*>,/(')+)&+8(>*1*)*'0+,+;&9(+.,0(+=;(8(+);(+%&')(')1+,8(+,/8(,-:+,>,*/,@/(+*'+,+/&%,/+%,%;(2+4;(
`initial page and all embedded objects are validated, resulting in no actual transfer of the HTML or the embedded
`*'*)*,/+.,0(+,'-+,//+(9@(--(-+&@(%)1+,8(+>,/*-,)(-C+8(1</)*'0+*'+'&+,%)<,/+)8,'1?(8+&?+);(+34\j+&8+);(+(9@(--(-
`objects. In HTTP, this is equivalent to 43 Conditional GET requests. HTTP/1.1 supports two mechanisms for
`&@(%)12+W'+3445C+);*1+*1+(^<*>,/(')+)&+w]+†r‡ˆo‰or‡tŠ(cid:139)‚ƒ„+8(^<(1)12+34456727+1<..&8)1+)=&+9(%;,'*191+?&8
`cache validation: entity tags, which are a guaranteed unique tag for a particular version of an object, and date
`%,%;(+>,/*-,)*&'Œ+v‡‰o‰(cid:139)‰tŽsC+=;*%;+,8(+,+0<,8,')((-+<'*^<(+),0+?&8+,+.,8)*%</,8+>(81*&'+&?+,'+&@(%)C+,'-+-,)(
`stamps. HTTP/1.0 only supports the latter.
`1),9.12+3445672V+&'/:+1<..&8)1+);(+/,))(82
`
`https://www.w3.org/ProtocoIs/HTTP/Performance/Pipeline
`
`  
`! 
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`Petitioners EX-1016, Page 5 0f 19
`
`5/19
` $
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(cid:13)
`(cid:13)(cid:13)
`(cid:13) (cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:13)
`
`&''()*+,-./00123-45.-02167898-:;-5<-1=8-692.71<-1>-=7:444-?692.71<-@+*AB-4C7DC-./0012398-0=57<-&''()*+,
`473C-E/=370=9-.7E/=35<91/.-D1<<9D371<.-:93499<-341-0992.-5<8-<1-092.7.39<3-D5DC9+-F<-3C7.-D5.9-49-.7E/=5398-3C9
`D5DC9-65=785371<-:9C56712-:;-7../7<G-&HIA-29J/9.3.-1<-3C9-7E5G9.-7<.3958-1>-KLMNOPOLMQRSTUV-29J/9.3.+-'C9
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