(12) United States Patent
`Walters et al.
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 7,079,548 B1
`Jul.18, 2006
`
`US00707.9548B1
`
`(54) SIMULATED LOW-BANDWIDTH
`CONNECTION
`
`(73)
`
`Assignee:
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`(75) Inventors: Glen R. Walters, Hollywood, FL (US);
`Victor S. Moore, Boynton Beach, FL
`(US)
`International Business Machines
`Corporation, Armonk, NY (US)
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 543 days.
`Appl. No.: 09/299.309
`Filed:
`Apr. 26, 1999
`
`(21)
`(22)
`(51)
`
`(52)
`(58)
`
`Int. C.
`(2006.01)
`H04L 2/66
`U.S. Cl. ....................... 370/468; 370/401; 370/477
`Field of Classification Search ................ 370/465,
`370/468, 477,401; 703/13, 20, 21, 22; 379/26.01,
`379/26.02, 93.01, 93.33
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`6,208.640 B1* 3/2001 Spell et al. ................. 370,358
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`“IP Technology Product Testing: How to Evaluate IP based
`product robustness and performance over changing network
`conditions'. SHUNRA Software, Ltd. Document Created
`Feb. 16, 1999. pp. 1.-19.*
`Carson, Mark. “Application and Protocol Testing Through
`Network Emulation”. Internetworking Technologies Group,
`NIST. Sep., 1997. Slides 1-20.*
`
`
`
`Carson, Mark. “NIST Net (network emulator) beta avail
`able'. Netdev newsgroup nuclecu.unam.mx. Jan. 23, 1998.*
`Terai et al. “Design and Implemention Experiments of
`Scalable Socket Buffer Tuning. Document created Aug. 1,
`2001. Section 3.2 and figure 3.*
`Jones, Frank. “Internet Basics”. IEEE ELECTRO. Apr.
`30-May 2, 1996. pp. 155-189.*
`The Packeteer Technical Forum. “Controlling TCP/IP Band
`width. Updated Nov., 1998. Packeteer, Inc. pp. 3-14.*
`(Continued)
`Primary Examiner Derrick Ferris
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Richard A. Tomlin; Stephen
`Bongini; Fleit, Kain, Gibbons, Gutman, Bongini & Bianco
`P.L.
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`A method of simulating a low-bandwidth connection over a
`higher-bandwidth connection. According to the method,
`data is received from a first device at a first predetermined
`speed, and the data is transferred to a second device over the
`high-bandwidth connection at a second predetermined
`speed. The second predetermined speed is less than the first
`predetermined speed and less than the speed of the high
`bandwidth connection. In one preferred method, the data is
`transferred over a high-bandwidth LAN and the second
`predetermined speed is the speed of a modem connection. A
`computer system is also provided. The computer system
`includes a first device, a second device, and a speed control
`layer. The speed control layer is coupled between the first
`and second devices, and slows data transfer from the first
`device to the second device over a connection to a first
`predetermined speed that is less than the normal speed of the
`connection. In a preferred embodiment, the speed control
`layer includes an interface that is used to set the first
`predetermined speed.
`
`24 Claims, 2 Drawing Sheets
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`Speed Control
`Layer
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`10
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`14
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`12
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`Cloudflare - Exhibit 1083, page 1
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`US 7,079,548 B1
`Page 2
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`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`The Packeteer Technical Forum. "Shaping Traffic Behav-
`ior”. Updated Nov., 1998. Packeteer, Inc. pp. 15-22.*
`The Packeteer Technical Forum. “Managing UDP Traffic”.
`Updated Nov., 1998. Packeteer, Inc. pp. 23-26.*
`
`Garroppo et al. “A teletraffic analysis of dial-up connections
`over PSTN. IEEE Global Telecommunications. Nov. 12,
`1998. pp. 1190-1195.*
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`Cloudflare - Exhibit 1083, page 2
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`

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`U.S. Patent
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`Jul.18, 2006
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`Sheet 1 of 2
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`US 7,079,548 B1
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`Proxy
`Server
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`Speed Control Layer
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`22
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`24
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`Client 4
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`3
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`FIG.2
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`4
`3
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`

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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul.18, 2006
`
`Sheet 2 of 2
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`US 7,079,548 B1
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`510
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`512
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`514
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`Client Sends
`Pr0Xy Request.
`
`Proxy PrOCesses
`Request.
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`Proxy Contacts Server
`To Set Up Proxy Connection.
`
`PrOXy Sends Connection
`Information To Client.
`
`Proxy Transfers Data
`Between Client And
`Server At A Selectively
`Limited Speed.
`
`FIG. 3
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`Cloudflare - Exhibit 1083, page 4
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`US 7,079,548 B1
`
`1.
`SIMULATED LOW-BANDWIDTH
`CONNECTION
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`10
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`15
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`1. Field of the Invention
`The present invention relates to computer systems, and
`more specifically to a method and apparatus for simulating
`a low-bandwidth connection over a higher-bandwidth con
`nection.
`2. Description of Related Art
`As computing power and computer memory have become
`more affordable, local area computer networks (LANs) have
`largely displaced mainframes and minicomputers as a busi
`ness platform. Further, large and dispersed public networks
`Such as the Internet have been created and expanded
`throughout the world. While computers that are directly
`connected to the Internet or a LAN receive data at a high
`speed through a high-bandwidth connection, the typical
`home computer receives data at a much lower speed through
`a low-bandwidth connection. For example, while a LAN can
`currently transfer data to a directly connected client com
`puter at 16 Mbps, the expense of such connections effec
`25
`tively limits home computers to a transfer speed of 128 kbps
`through an ISDN line and the vast majority of home com
`puters connect through a modem at rates such as 56 kbps and
`28.8 kbps.
`Programmers that develop network centric software for
`use by home computer users typically work on high speed
`LANs to boost productivity. However, many of the home
`users targeted by the software have network connections in
`the 28.8 kbps range, as explained above. Thus, a common
`problem for the network program developers is a failure to
`35
`be able to properly simulate the experience the end user has
`when using the Software over the network. In particular,
`while the developers understand that a 28.8 kbps connection
`speed is generally adequate for Surfing the Internet and
`running Java applets, the network centric code that is
`developed is seldom tested by the developer in the user's
`28.8 kbps environment. Therefore, the developers never
`actually experience their software from the viewpoint of a
`typical user.
`This common situation has lead to many problems. First,
`programs that work quite well on LANs sometimes fail
`entirely when accessed over a low speed connection. For
`example, large applets can take so long to load that the user
`thinks the browser has crashed and closes the browser
`window. Likewise, with a point and click graphical user
`interface (GUI), if the actual connection speed is not prop
`erly accounted for the end user can get out of sync with what
`the GUI is doing. If the user clicks on an icon and nothing
`happens in a short time, he assumes the program has stopped
`responding. Further, an animation that looks normal at the
`developer's LAN connection speed can be difficult to rec
`ognize and understand at the user's modem speeds.
`One way for a developer to experience the user's view
`point is to use another computer that is connected to the
`network through an actual modem. However, this is seldom
`done primarily due to the fact that it is often impractical for
`security and hardware reasons to provide telephone or other
`low speed connections to the developer's LANs. In a work
`environment, additional hardware and analog phone lines
`can be difficult for the developer to obtain. Further, allowing
`phone line access can expose the developer's LAN to access
`by ill-intentioned third parties.
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`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`In view of these drawbacks, it is an object of the present
`invention to remove the above-mentioned drawbacks and to
`provide a simulated low-bandwidth connection over a
`higher-bandwidth connection. A speed control layer is
`placed between two devices. The speed control layer adjusts
`the speed at which data is transferred from one device to the
`other. Therefore, a developer can easily experience the
`program being developed from the standpoint of a typical
`USC.
`Another object of the present invention is to provide a
`method for simulating any speed connection on a faster
`network.
`Yet another object of the present invention is to provide
`simulated low-bandwidth access in parallel with high-band
`width access on the same computer system.
`One embodiment of the present invention provides a
`method of simulating a low-bandwidth connection over a
`higher-bandwidth connection. According to the method,
`data is received from a first device at a first predetermined
`speed, and the data is transferred to a second device over the
`high-bandwidth connection at a second predetermined
`speed. The second predetermined speed is less than the first
`predetermined speed and less than the speed of the high
`bandwidth connection. In one preferred method, the data is
`transferred over a high-bandwidth LAN and the second
`predetermined speed is the speed of a modem connection.
`Another embodiment of the present invention provides a
`computer system that includes a first device, a second
`device, and a speed control layer. The speed control layer is
`coupled between the first and second devices, and slows data
`transfer from the first device to the second device over a
`connection to a first predetermined speed that is less than the
`normal speed of the connection. In a preferred embodiment,
`the speed control layer includes an interface that is used to
`set the first predetermined speed.
`Other objects, features, and advantages of the present
`invention will become apparent from the following detailed
`description. It should be understood, however, that the
`detailed description and specific examples, while indicating
`preferred embodiments of the present invention, are given
`by way of illustration only and various modifications may
`naturally be performed without deviating from the present
`invention.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing two devices coupled
`together through a speed control layer in accordance with
`one embodiment of the present invention;
`FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a computer network
`that includes a speed control layer according to a preferred
`embodiment of the present invention; and
`FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing a process for simulating a
`low-bandwidth connection in accordance with an embodi
`ment of the present invention.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED
`EMBODIMENTS
`
`Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be
`described in detail hereinbelow with reference to the
`attached drawings.
`FIG. 1 shows a system that includes a speed control layer
`in accordance with one embodiment of the present inven
`tion. The system includes a first device such as server device
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`US 7,079,548 B1
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`3
`10 and a second device such as client device 12. Addition
`ally, a speed control layer (or device) 14 is used to couple the
`server device 10 to the client device 12. The speed control
`layer 14 can be set (e.g., through physical controls or a GUI)
`to limit the maximum data transfer speed between the two
`devices in one or both directions. During operation, the
`speed control layer inserts a delay to limit the data transfer
`speed to the selected limit. Thus, a low-bandwidth connec
`tion environment (e.g., a 28.8 kbps environment) can be
`simulated over a high-bandwidth connection.
`A computer network that includes a speed control layer
`according to a preferred embodiment of the present inven
`tion is shown in FIG. 2. A proxy server 22 is used to connect
`a network server 20 to various client computers 30, 32, 34,
`and 36. When one of the client computers (e.g., 30) wants to
`connect to the network server 20, the client 30 connects to
`the proxy server 22. The network server's address and port
`number are passed to the proxy server 22 via a proxy
`protocol, and the proxy server 22 then connects to the
`network server 20. After the connection to the network
`server 20 is established, the proxy server 22 relays data
`between the client 30 and the network server 20. Thus, from
`the network server's perspective, the proxy server 22
`appears as the client and the actual clients 30 are hidden. In
`other words, the proxy server provides a single point of
`access for external traffic.
`In the preferred embodiment, the proxy server 22 is a
`SOCKS server. The SOCKS protocol is a popular firewall
`protocol having two current versions (i.e., versions 4 and 5).
`The SOCKS server 22 includes a speed control layer 24 that
`can restrain specific data streams that pass through the server
`to a set speed. To SOCKS-enabled applications such as
`Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer, the
`SOCKS server 22 having the speed control layer 24 appears
`as a conventional SOCKS server. Thus, such applications
`pass all requests through the SOCKS server 22. However,
`unlike a conventional SOCKS server, the speed control layer
`24 can be used to adjust the speed at which data flows
`through the SOCKS server 22 of FIG. 2.
`In other words, no changes to an application are required
`for the application to utilize the connection speed control
`embedded within the SOCKS server. More specifically, the
`application to be tested contacts the SOCKS server on port
`1080. The SOCKS server transfers the connection to another
`port and establishes a connection between the network
`server and the application being tested on the client in the
`conventional manner. However, the SOCKS server also
`inserts code to set the connection speed (i.e., the speed
`control layer) between the application and the network
`server. FIG. 3 shows a flowchart of the connection and data
`transfer process.
`In the preferred embodiment, the code limits the connec
`tion speed by inserting delays in the data path to hold the
`bytes per second to the selected level. Therefore, even
`though a network program developer is using a client
`computer that has a high-bandwidth connection to the net
`work server, the developer can use the speed control layer of
`the SOCKS server to easily see how the program being
`developed will be experienced by a user that accesses the
`program over a low-bandwidth connection. While some
`embodiments of the invention limit one specific connection
`to a preset speed, other embodiments have additional fea
`tures such as Support for multiple connections, multiple
`speeds, and simultaneous simulations at different speeds.
`The preferred embodiment of the speed control layer is a
`Java-based program that transferS data from the network
`server to a client at about 3K per second by default to
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`simulate a 28.8 kbps modem connection. However, the
`speed can be adjusted through a GUI to any speed that is less
`than the actual speed of the network connection (i.e., the
`high-bandwidth connection). Further, each data stream
`through the proxy server can be given its own speed and all
`unslowed data traffic proceeds through the proxy server in
`the normal manner. Thus, one client computer (e.g., 30) can
`be used to test a program as if it had a low-bandwidth
`connection Such as 28.8 kbps modem connection, while
`another client computer (e.g., 34) accesses the same network
`server at the full speed of its high-bandwidth connection.
`This allows productivity on the network to be maintained in
`parallel with any low-bandwidth connection testing. Further,
`one port on the proxy server is reserved for interfacing with
`the speed control layer. Through this interface, the desired
`connection speed can be set for each of the data streams.
`In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the proxy server is a stand
`alone server that makes connections back to the originating
`network. In other words, the proxy server does not connect
`two networks together but operates on a single network.
`Further, embedding the speed control layer in a proxy server
`allows security-approved conventional network Software
`components to be used.
`Accordingly, preferred embodiments of the present inven
`tion provide a low-bandwidth environment over a high
`bandwidth connection Such as a LAN connection. Any
`connection speed can be set and each connection through the
`interfacing device can be established at a different speed.
`Additionally, the low-bandwidth simulation can occur in
`parallel with full speed access to the same physical device.
`Further, this can all be accomplished without altering the
`application being tested or the server device. Thus, a devel
`oper can experience a typical user's experience over a
`low-bandwidth modem connection.
`The speed control layer of the present invention can be
`implemented in hardware, Software, or a combination of the
`two. For example, at least a portion of the speed control
`layer can be embodied in Software programs that are stored
`on a computer-readable medium (e.g., magnetic disk, optical
`disk, or non-volatile memory) for execution by a computer.
`Further, while the embodiments described above relate to a
`speed control layer embedded in a proxy server, one of
`ordinary skill in the art could easily embody the speed
`control layer of the present invention directly in the network
`server or any other server (e.g., a web server) as a server-side
`“governor'. Similarly, the speed control layer could be
`embodied in the client as a client-side governor, and could
`even be embodied directly in the application being tested.
`Additionally, while the embodiments above relate to LAN
`connections, the speed control layer of the present invention
`can be used to limit the speed of any type of data transfer
`connection (e.g., an ISDN line, a T1 line, or a 56 kbps
`modem connection). In general, the speed control layer of
`the present invention can be inserted into any data path
`between any two devices to limit the data transfer rate. For
`example, the speed control layer could be inserted between
`a hard drive and system bus to simulate the speed of a floppy
`or other slower drive. Design choices, such as the type of
`interface to the speed control layer, the method of slowing
`and controlling the data transfer rate, and the type of data
`transfer path being controlled, could also easily be adapted.
`Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention may not
`include all of the features described above.
`While there has been illustrated and described what are
`presently considered to be the preferred embodiments of the
`present invention, it will be understood by those skilled in
`the art that various other modifications may be made, and
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`5
`equivalents may be substituted, without departing from the
`true Scope of the invention. Additionally, many modifica
`tions may be made to adapt a particular situation to the
`teachings of the present invention without departing from
`the central inventive concept described herein. Therefore, it
`is intended that the present invention not be limited to the
`particular embodiments disclosed, but that the invention
`include all embodiments falling within the scope of the
`appended claims.
`What is claimed is:
`1. A method of simulating a low-bandwidth connection
`over a higher-bandwidth connection, said method compris
`ing the steps of
`receiving at a speed control layer data from a first device
`at a first speed; and
`limiting the maximum data transfer speed of a high
`bandwidth connection between the speed control layer
`and a second device so as to transfer the data from the
`speed control layer to the second device over the
`high-bandwidth connection at a second predetermined
`speed, which is less than the first speed,
`wherein the second device is a client device,
`the high-bandwidth connection is at a third speed, and
`the second predetermined speed at which the data is
`transferred from the speed control layer to the second
`device over the high-bandwidth connection is less than
`the third speed of the high-bandwidth connection.
`2. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein in the
`limiting step, the data is transferred over a high-bandwidth
`LAN.
`3. The method as defined in claim 2, wherein the second
`predetermined speed is a modem connection speed.
`4. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising
`the step of:
`before the limiting step, setting the second predetermined
`speed.
`5. The method as defined in claim 4, further comprising
`the step of changing the second predetermined speed to a
`fourth predetermined speed, which is also less than the first
`speed and less than the third speed of the high-bandwidth
`connection.
`6. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising
`the steps of:
`receiving second data from the first device at the first
`speed; and
`limiting the maximum data transfer speed of a high
`bandwidth connection between the speed control layer
`and a third device so as to transfer the second data from
`the speed control layer to the third device over the
`high-bandwidth connection at a fifth predetermined
`speed, which is different than the second predetermined
`speed, less than the first speed, and less than the third
`speed of the high-bandwidth connection, wherein the
`third device is a client device.
`7. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising
`the steps of:
`receiving second data from the first device at the first
`speed; and
`limiting the maximum data transfer speed of a high
`bandwidth connection between the speed control layer
`and a third device so as to transfer the second data from
`the speed control layer to the third device over the
`high-bandwidth connection at the second predeter
`mined speed,
`wherein the third device is a client device.
`8. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising
`the steps of:
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`receiving second data from the first device at the first
`speed; and
`limiting the maximum data transfer speed of a high
`bandwidth connection between the speed control layer
`and a third device so as to transfer the second data from
`the speed control layer to the third device over the
`high-bandwidth connection at the third speed of the
`high-bandwidth connection,
`wherein the third device is a client device.
`9. A machine-readable medium encoded with a program
`for simulating a low-bandwidth connection over a higher
`bandwidth connection, said program containing instructions
`for performing the steps of
`receiving at a speed control layer data from a first device
`at a first speed; and
`limiting the maximum data transfer speed of a high
`bandwidth connection between the speed control layer
`and a second device so as to transfer the data from the
`speed control layer to the second device over the
`high-bandwidth connection at a second predetermined
`speed, which is less than the first speed,
`wherein the second device is a client device,
`the high-bandwidth connection is at a third speed, and
`the second predetermined speed at which the data is
`transferred from the speed control layer to the second
`device over the high-bandwidth connection is less than
`the third speed of the high-bandwidth connection.
`10. The machine-readable medium as defined in claim 9,
`wherein said program further contains instructions for per
`forming the step of
`before the limiting step, setting the second predetermined
`speed.
`11. The machine-readable medium as defined in claim 10,
`wherein said program further contains instructions for per
`forming the step of changing the second predetermined
`speed to a fourth predetermined speed, which is also less
`than the first speed and less than the third speed of the
`high-bandwidth connection.
`12. The machine-readable medium as defined in claim 9,
`wherein said program further contains instructions for per
`forming the steps of
`receiving second data from the first device at the first
`speed; and
`limiting the maximum data transfer speed of a high
`bandwidth connection between the speed control layer
`and a third device so as to transfer the second data from
`the speed control layer to the third device over the
`high-bandwidth connection at a fifth predetermined
`speed, which is different than the second predetermined
`speed, less than the first speed, and less than the third
`speed of the high-bandwidth connection,
`wherein the third device is a client device.
`13. The machine-readable medium as defined in claim 9,
`wherein said program further contains instructions for per
`forming the steps of
`receiving second data from the first device at the first
`speed; and
`limiting the maximum data transfer speed of a high
`bandwidth connection between the speed control layer
`and a third device so as to transfer the second data from
`the speed control layer to the third device over the
`high-bandwidth connection at the second predeter
`mined speed,
`wherein the third device is a client device.
`14. The machine-readable medium as defined in claim 9,
`wherein said program further contains instructions for per
`forming the steps of
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`7
`receiving second data from the first device at the first
`speed; and
`limiting the maximum data transfer speed of a high
`bandwidth connection between the speed control layer
`and a third device so as to transfer the second data from
`the speed control layer to the third device over the
`high-bandwidth connection at the third speed of the
`high-bandwidth connection,
`wherein the third device is a client device.
`15. A computer system comprising:
`a first device transferring data at a first speed;
`a second device, the second device being a client device;
`and
`a speed control layer coupled between the first and second
`devices, the speed control layer limiting the maximum
`data transfer speed of a high-bandwidth connection
`between the speed control layer and the second device
`so as to transfer data from the first device to the second
`device over a high-bandwidth connection at a second
`predetermined speed that is less than the first speed and
`less than the normal speed of the high-bandwidth
`connection.
`16. The computer system as defined in claim 15, wherein
`the speed control layer includes an interface that is used to
`set the second predetermined speed.
`17. The computer system as defined in claim 15, further
`comprising:
`a third device coupled to the speed control layer, the third
`device being a client device,
`wherein the speed control layer also limits the maximum
`data transfer speed of a high-bandwidth connection
`between the speed control layer and the third device so
`as to transfer data from the first device to the third
`device at a third predetermined speed which is different
`from the second predetermined speed.
`18. The computer system as defined in claim 15, further
`comprising:
`a third device coupled to the speed control layer, the third
`device being a client device,
`wherein the speed control layer also limits the maximum
`data transfer speed of a high-bandwidth connection
`between the speed control layer and the third device so
`as to transfer data from the first device to the third
`device at the second predetermined speed.
`19. The computer system as defined in claim 15, further
`comprising:
`a third device coupled to the speed control layer, the third
`device being a client device,
`wherein the speed control layer does not limit the maxi
`mum data transfer speed of a high-bandwidth connec
`tion between the speed control layer and the third
`device.
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`20. A proxy server for transferring data between a server
`and at least one client computer, said proxy server compris
`ing:
`a first interface for transferring data with the server;
`a second interface for transferring data with the client
`computer, and
`speed control means for limiting the maximum data
`transfer speed of a high-bandwidth connection between
`the server and the client computer so as to transfer data
`from the server to the client computer over a high
`bandwidth connection at a first predetermined speed
`that is less than the normal speed of the high-bandwidth
`connection.
`21. The proxy server as defined in claim 20, wherein the
`speed control means includes an interface that is used to set
`the first predetermined speed before the speed control means
`limits the maximum data transfer speed.
`22. The proxy server as defined in claim 20, further
`comprising:
`a third interface for transferring data with a second client
`computer,
`wherein the speed control means also limits the maximum
`data transfer speed of a high-bandwidth connection
`between the server and the second client computer so as
`to transfer data from the server to the second client
`computer over a high-bandwidth connection at a sec
`ond predetermined speed, which is different than the
`first predetermined speed and less than the normal
`speed of the high-bandwidth connection.
`23. The proxy server as defined in claim 20, further
`comprising:
`a third interface for transferring data with a second client
`computer,
`wherein the speed control means also slows data transfer
`to the second client computer to the first predetermined
`speed,
`wherein the speed control means also limits the maximum
`data transfer speed of a high-bandwidth connection
`between the server and the second client computer so as
`to transfer data from the server to the second client
`computer over a high-bandwidth connection at the first
`predetermined speed.
`24. The proxy server as defined in claim 20, further
`comprising:
`a third interface for transferring data with a second client
`computer,
`wherein the speed control means does not limit the
`maximum data transfer speed of a high-bandwidth
`connection between the server and the second client
`computer.
`
`Cloudflare - Exhibit 1083, page 8
`
`