_HANDBOOK OF
`
`E FUNDAMENTALS,TECHNIQUES,eyacy
`Se
`arBrecon EDITION¢.
`:
`AON
`
`oii CS
`
`OCIATE EDITORS
`
`MICHAEL B,
`ERIC Wo. VAN STRYLAND = DAVID R. W
`
`OR IN CHIEF
`* WILLEAM L. WOLFE;
`
`.
`
`AMO Development, LLC
`AMO Development, LLC
`Exhibit 2026
`Exhibit 2026
`Alcon v. AMO
`Alcon v. AMO
`IPR2021-00846
`IPR2021-00846
`Ex. 2026-001
`Ex. 2026-001
`
`

`

`HANDBOOK OF
` HANDBOOK OF
`OPTICS
` OPTICS
`
`Ex. 2026-002
`
`Ex. 2026-002
`
`

`

` Other McGraw-Hill Books of Interest
`
` Hecht — THE LASER GUIDEBOOK
` Manning — STOCHASTIC ELECTROMAGNETIC IMAGE PROPAGATION
` Nishihara , Haruna , Suhara — OPTICAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
` Rancourt — OPTICAL THIN FILMS USERS’ HANDBOOK
` Sibley — OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
` Smith — MODERN OPTICAL ENGINEERING
` Smith — MODERN LENS DESIGN
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` your local McGraw - Hill Of fice .
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` BC14BCZ
`
`Ex. 2026-003
`
`

`

` HANDBOOK OF
` OPTICS
`
` Volume I
` Fundamentals , Techniques ,
` and Design
`
` Second Edition
`
` Sponsored by the
` OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
`
` Michael Bass Editor in Chief
`
` The Center for Research and
` Education in Optics and Lasers ( CREOL )
` Uni ␷ ersity of Central Florida
` Orlando , Florida
`
` Eric W . Van Stryland Associate Editor
`
` The Center for Research and Education
` in Optics and Lasers ( CREOL )
` Uni ␷ ersity of Central Florida
` Orlando , Florida
`
` David R . Williams Associate Editor
`
` Center for Visual Science
` Uni ␷ ersity of Rochester
` Rochester , New York
`
` William L . Wolfe Associate Editor
`
` Optical Sciences Center
` Uni ␷ ersity of Arizona
` Tucson , Arizona
`
` McGRAW-HILL , INC .
`
` New York San Francisco Washington , D .C .
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`Ex. 2026-004
`
`

`

` Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
` Handbook of optics / sponsored by the Optical Society of America ;
` Michael Bass , editor in chief . — 2nd ed .
` p .
` cm .
` Includes bibliographical references and index .
` 1 . Fundamentals , techniques , and design — 2 . Devices ,
` Contents :
` measurement , and properties .
` ISBN 0-07-047740-X
` 2 . Optical instruments—
` 1 . Optics—Handbooks , manuals , etc .
` Handbooks , manuals , etc .
` I .
` Bass , Michael .
` II . Optical Society
` of America .
` QC369 . H35
` 535—dc20
`
` 1995
`
` 94-19339
` CIP
`
` Copyright ÷ 1995 by McGraw-Hill , Inc . All rights reserved . Printed in the
` United States of America . Except as permitted under the United States
` Copyright Act of 1976 , no part of this publication may be reproduced or
` distributed in any form or by any means , or stored in a data base or
` retrieval system , without the prior written permission of the publisher .
`
` 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOC / DOC 9 0 9 8 7 6 5 4
`
` ISBN 0-07-047740-7
`
` The sponsoring editor for this book was Stephen S . Chapman , the editing
` supervisor was Peggy Lamb , and the production supervisor was Pamela A .
` Pelton . It was set in Times Roman by The Universities Press (Belfast) Ltd .
`
` Printed and bound by R . R . Donnelly & Sons Company .
`
` This book was printed on acid-free paper .
`
` Information contained in this work has been obtained by
` McGraw-Hill , Inc . from sources believed to be reliable . How-
` ever , neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantees the
` accuracy or completeness of any information published herein
` and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for
` any errors , omissions , or damages arising out of use of this
` information . This work is published with the understanding that
` McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are
` not attempting to render engineering or other professional
` services . If such services are required , the assistance of an
` appropriate professional should be sought .
`
`Ex. 2026-005
`
`

`

` CONTENTS
`
` Contributors
`
` xvii
`
` Preface
`
` xix
`
` Glossary and Fundamental Constants
`
` xxi
`
` Part 1 .
`
` Geometric Optics
`
` Chapter 1 . General Principles of Geometric Optics Douglas S. Goodman
`
` 1 . 1 .
` 1 . 2 .
` 1 . 3 .
` 1 . 4 .
` 1 . 5 .
` 1 . 6 .
` 1 . 7 .
` 1 . 8 .
` 1 . 9 .
` 1 . 10 .
` 1 . 11 .
` 1 . 12 .
` 1 . 13 .
` 1 . 14 .
` 1 . 15 .
` 1 . 16 .
` 1 . 17 .
` 1 . 18 .
` 1 . 18 .
` 1 . 20 .
`
` 1 . 2 0
`
` 1 . 2 6
`
` Glossary /
` 1 . 3
` Introduction /
` 1 . 7
` /
` 1 . 9
` Fundamentals
` /
` 1 . 1 5
` Characteristic Functions
` Rays in Heterogeneous Media /
` Conservation of Etendue /
` 1 . 2 4
` /
` 1 . 2 5
` Skew Invariant
` Refraction and Reflection at Interfaces Between Homogeneous Media /
` Imaging /
` 1 . 2 9
` Description of Systems of Revolution /
` 1 . 3 5
` Tracing Rays in Centered Systems of Spherical Surfaces
` Paraxial Optics of Systems of Revolution /
` 1 . 4 1
` /
` 1 . 4 6
` Images About Known Rays
` /
` 1 . 4 8
` Gaussian Lens Properties
` Collineation /
` 1 . 6 0
` System Combination—Gaussian Properties
` /
` 1 . 7 0
` Paraxial Matrix Methods
` Apertures , Pupils , Stops , Fields , and Related Matters
` /
` Geometric Aberrations of Point Images-ss-Description /
` /
` 1 . 1 0 0
` References
`
` /
`
` 1 . 3 9
`
` 1 . 8 0
` 1 . 8 2
`
` /
`
` 1 . 6 8
`
` Part 2 .
`
` Physical Optics
`
` Chapter 2 . Interference John E. Greivenkamp , Jr.
`
` 2 . 1 .
` 2 . 2 .
` 2 . 3 .
` 2 . 4 .
` 2 . 5 .
` 2 . 6 .
` 2 . 7 .
` 2 . 8 .
` 2 . 9 .
`
` /
`
` 2 . 3
`
` Glossary /
` 2 . 3
` Introduction /
` 2 . 3
` Waves and Wavefronts
` Interference /
` 2 . 5
` Interference by Wavefront Division /
` Interference by Amplitude Division /
` Multiple Beam Interference /
` 2 . 2 9
` Coherence and Interference /
` 2 . 3 6
` /
` 2 . 4 3
` References
`
` 2 . 1 4
` 2 . 1 9
`
` 1 .1
`
` 1 .3
`
` 2 .1
`
` 2 .3
`
` v
`
`Ex. 2026-006
`
`

`

` vi
`
` CONTENTS
`
` Chapter 3 . Dif fraction A. S. Marathay
`
` 3 .1
`
` 3 . 1 .
` 3 . 2 .
` 3 . 3 .
` 3 . 4 .
` 3 . 5 .
` 3 . 6 .
` 3 . 7 .
` 3 . 8 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 . 1
` Introduction /
` 3 . 1
` /
` 3 . 2
` Light Waves
` Huygens-Fresnel Construction /
` /
` 3 . 1 3
` Cylindrical Wavefront
` Mathematical Theory of Dif fraction /
` Vector Dif fraction /
` 3 . 2 7
` /
` 3 . 3 0
` References
`
` 3 . 4
`
` 3 . 1 9
`
` Chapter 4 . Coherence Theory William H. Carter
`
` 4 .1
`
` 4 . 1 .
` 4 . 2 .
` 4 . 3 .
` 4 . 4 .
` 4 . 5 .
` 4 . 6 .
` 4 . 7 .
` 4 . 8 .
` 4 . 9 .
` 4 . 10 .
`
` Glossary /
` 4 . 1
` Introduction /
` 4 . 1
` Some Elementary Classical Concepts
` Definitions of Coherence Functions
` /
` 4 . 9
` Model Sources
` Propagation /
` 4 . 1 3
` /
` Spectrum of Light
` /
` Polarization Ef fect
` /
` 4 . 2 3
` Applications
` 4 . 2 5
` References
`
` 4 . 2 0
` 4 . 2 3
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 4 . 2
` 4 . 4
`
` /
`
` Chapter 5 . Polarization Jean M. Bennett
`
` 5 .1
`
` 5 . 1 .
` 5 . 1 .
` 5 . 2 .
` 5 . 3 .
` 5 . 4 .
` 5 . 5 .
` 5 . 6 .
` 5 . 7 .
` 5 . 8 .
`
` /
`
` 5 . 2
`
` Glossary /
` 5 . 1
` Basic Concepts and Conventions
` /
` 5 . 4
` Fresnel Equations
` /
` 5 . 1 2
` Basic Relations for Polarizers
` /
` Polarization by Nonnormal-Incidence Reflection (Pile of Plates)
` Polarization by Nonnormal-Incidence Transmission (Pile of Plates)
` /
` 5 . 2 2
` Quarter-Wave Plates and Other Phase Retardation Plates
` Matrix Methods for Computing Polarization /
` 5 . 2 5
` /
` 5 . 2 8
` References
`
` 5 . 1 3
` /
` 5 . 1 6
`
` Chapter 6 . Scattering by Particles Craig F. Bohren
`
` 6 .1
`
` 6 . 1 .
` 6 . 2 .
` 6 . 3 .
` 6 . 4 .
` 6 . 5 .
` 6 . 6 .
` 6 . 7 .
` 6 . 8 .
`
` Glossary /
` 6 . 1
` Introduction /
` 6 . 2
` Scattering : An Overview /
` 6 . 3
` Scattering by Particles : Basic Concepts and Terminology /
` 6 . 5
` Scattering by an Isotropic , Homogeneous Sphere : the Archetype /
` /
` 6 . 1 5
` Scattering by Regular Particles
` Computational Methods for Nonspherical Particles
` /
` 6 . 1 8
` References
`
` 6 . 1 7
`
` /
`
` 6 . 1 2
`
` Chapter 7 . Surface Scattering E. L. Church and P. Z. Takacs
`
` 7 .1
`
` 7 . 1 .
` 7 . 2 .
` 7 . 3 .
` 7 . 4 .
` 7 . 5 .
`
` Glossary /
` 7 . 1
` Introduction /
` Notation /
` 7 . 2
` Scattering Theory /
` 7 . 3
` /
` 7 . 5
` Surface Models
`
` 7 . 1
`
`Ex. 2026-007
`
`

`

` 7 . 6 .
` 7 . 7 .
` 7 . 8 .
` 7 . 9 .
`
` Wavelength Scaling /
` Profile Measurements
` Finish Specification /
` /
` 7 . 1 2
` References
`
` 7 . 7
` /
` 7 . 8
` 7 . 1 1
`
` Part 3 .
`
` Quantum Optics
`
` Chapter 8 . Optical Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Lineshapes
`
` Brian Henderson
`
` CONTENTS
`
` vii
`
` 8 .1
`
` 8 .3
`
` 8 . 1 .
` 8 . 2 .
` 8 . 3 .
` 8 . 4 .
` 8 . 5 .
` 8 . 6 .
` 8 . 7 .
` 8 . 8 .
` 8 . 9 .
` 8 . 10 .
` 8 . 11 .
` 8 . 12 .
`
` /
`
` /
` /
` /
`
` 8 . 6
` 8 . 8
` 8 . 1 0
`
` Glossary /
` 8 . 3
` 8 . 4
` Introductory Comments
` /
` 8 . 5
` Theoretical Preliminaries
` Rates of Spectroscopic Transitions
` Lineshapes of Spectral Transitions
` Spectroscopy of 1-Electron Atoms
` /
` 8 . 1 2
` Multielectron Atoms
` Optical Spectra and the Outer Electronic Structure /
` /
` 8 . 1 5
` Spectra of Tri-Positive Rare Earth Atoms
` /
` Vibrational and Rotational Ef fects of Molecules
` Lineshapes in Solid State Spectroscopy /
` 8 . 2 5
` /
` 8 . 3 0
` References
`
` 8 . 1 4
`
` 8 . 2 1
`
` Chapter 9 . Fundamental Optical Properties of Solids Alan Miller
`
` 9 .1
`
` 9 . 1 .
` 9 . 2 .
` 9 . 3 .
` 9 . 4 .
` 9 . 5 .
` 9 . 6 .
` 9 . 7 .
` 9 . 8 .
`
` Glossary /
` 9 . 1
` Introduction /
` 9 . 4
` Propagation of Lignt in Solids
` /
` 9 . 1 3
` Dispersion Relations
` /
` 9 . 1 6
` Lattice Interactions
` /
` 9 . 1 9
` Free Electron Properties
` Band Structures and Interband Transitions
` /
` 9 . 3 3
` References
`
` 9 . 4
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 9 . 2 4
`
` Part 4 .
`
` Optical Sources
`
` Chapter 10 . Artificial Sources Anthony LaRocca
`
` 10 .1
`
` 10 .3
`
` 10 . 1 .
` 10 . 2 .
` 10 . 3 .
` 10 . 4 .
` 10 . 5 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 0 . 3
` Introduction /
` 1 0 . 3
` Laboratory Sources
` Commercial Sources
` /
` 1 0 . 4 9
` References
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 1 0 . 4
` 1 0 . 1 1
`
` Chapter 11 . Lasers William T. Silfvast
`
` 11 .1
`
` 11 . 1 .
` 11 . 2 .
` 11 . 3 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 1 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 1 . 2
` Laser Properties Associated with the Laser Gain Medium /
`
` 1 1 . 4
`
`Ex. 2026-008
`
`

`

` viii
`
` CONTENTS
`
` 11 . 4 .
` 11 . 5 .
` 11 . 6 .
` 11 . 7 .
`
` Laser Properties Associated with Optical Cavities or Resonators
` /
` 1 1 . 2 7
` Special Laser Cavities
` /
` 1 1 . 3 2
` Specific Types of Lasers
` /
` 1 1 . 3 9
` References
`
` /
`
` 1 1 . 2 0
`
` Chapter 12 . Light-Emitting Diodes Roland H. Haitz , M. George Craford , and
`
` Robert H. Weissman
`
` 12 .1
`
` 12 . 1 .
` 12 . 2 .
` 12 . 3 .
` 12 . 4 .
` 12 . 5 .
` 12 . 6 .
` 12 . 7 .
` 12 . 8 .
` 12 . 9 .
` 12 . 10 .
` 12 . 11 .
` 12 . 12 .
`
` /
`
` Glossary /
` 1 2 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 2 . 2
` Light-Generation Processes
` Light Extraction /
` 1 2 . 7
` /
` 1 2 . 8
` Device Structures
` /
` 1 2 . 1 5
` Materials Systems
` Substrate Technology /
` 1 2 . 2 1
` Epitaxial Technology /
` 1 2 . 2 3
` Wafer Processing /
` 1 2 . 2 4
` LED Quality and Reliability /
` /
` 1 2 . 3 1
` LED Based Products
` /
` 1 2 . 3 8
` References
`
` 1 2 . 2
`
` 1 2 . 2 7
`
` Chapter 13 . Semiconductor Lasers Pamela L. Derry , Luis Figueroa , and
`
` Chi - Shain Hong
`
` 13 .1
`
` 13 . 1 .
` 13 . 2 .
` 13 . 3 .
` 13 . 4 .
` 13 . 5 .
` 13 . 6 .
` 13 . 7 .
` 13 . 8 .
` 13 . 9 .
` 13 . 10 .
` 13 . 11 .
` 13 . 12 .
`
` /
`
` 1 3 . 3
`
` Glossary /
` 1 3 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 3 . 3
` Applications for Semiconductor Lasers
` Basic Operation /
` 1 3 . 4
` Fabrication and Configurations
` /
` 1 3 . 1 0
` Quantum Well Lasers
` High-Power Semiconductor Lasers
` High-Speed Modulation /
` 1 3 . 3 2
` /
` 1 3 . 3 9
` Spectral Properties
` /
` 1 3 . 4 2
` Surface-Emitting Lasers
` Conclusion /
` 1 3 . 4 6
` /
` 1 3 . 4 7
` References
`
` /
`
` 1 3 . 7
`
` /
`
` 1 3 . 1 9
`
` Chapter 14 . Ultrashort Laser Sources Xin Miao Zhao and Jean - Claude Diels
`
` 14 .1
`
` 14 . 1 .
` 14 . 2 .
` 14 . 3 .
` 14 . 4 .
` 14 . 5 .
` 14 . 6 .
` 14 . 7 .
` 14 . 8 .
` 14 . 9 .
` 14 . 10 .
` 14 . 11 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 4 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 4 . 2
` /
` 1 4 . 2
` Passively Mode-Locked Lasers
` Synchronous , Hybrid , and Double Mode Locking /
` Active and Passive Negative Feedback /
` 1 4 . 1 1
` /
` 1 4 . 1 2
` Nonlinear Optical Sources
` Additive and Self-Mode-Locking /
` /
` Other Ultrashort Pulse Sources
` Amplification /
` 1 4 . 2 1
` Diagnostic Techniques
` /
` 1 4 . 2 5
` References
`
` /
`
` 1 4 . 2 2
`
` 1 4 . 1 4
` 1 4 . 1 8
`
` 1 4 . 7
`
`Ex. 2026-009
`
`

`

` Part 5 .
`
` Optical Detectors
`
` Chapter 15 . Photodetectors Paul R. Norton
`
` CONTENTS
`
` ix
`
` 15 .1
`
` 15 .3
`
` 15 . 1 .
` 15 . 2 .
` 15 . 3 .
` 15 . 4 .
` 15 . 5 .
` 15 . 6 .
` 15 . 7 .
` 15 . 8 .
`
` 1 5 . 4
` 1 5 . 5
`
` /
`
` /
`
` Scope /
` 1 5 . 3
` Thermal Detectors
` Quantum Detectors
` /
` 1 5 . 8
` Definitions
` Detector Performance and Sensitivity /
` /
` 1 5 . 1 5
` Other Performance Parameters
` Detector Performance /
` 1 5 . 1 9
` /
` 1 5 . 1 0 0
` References
`
` 1 5 . 1 1
`
` Chapter 16 . Photodetection Abhay M. Joshi and Gregory H. Olsen
`
` 16 .1
`
` 16 . 1 .
` 16 . 2 .
` 16 . 3 .
` 16 . 4 .
` 16 . 5 .
` 16 . 6 .
` 16 . 7 .
` 16 . 8 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 6 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 6 . 2
` Principles of Operation /
` /
` 1 6 . 1 2
` Applications
` Reliability /
` 1 6 . 1 3
` /
` 1 6 . 1 6
` Future Photodetectors
` /
` 1 6 . 1 9
` Acknowledgment
` /
` 1 6 . 1 9
` References
`
` 1 6 . 3
`
` Chapter 17 . High-Speed Photodetectors J. E. Bowers and Y. G. Wey
`
` 17 .1
`
` 17 . 1 .
` 17 . 2 .
` 17 . 3 .
` 17 . 4 .
` 17 . 5 .
` 17 . 6 .
` 17 . 7 .
` 17 . 8 .
` 17 . 9 .
` 17 . 10 .
`
` /
`
` Glossary /
` 1 7 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 7 . 3
` Photodetector Structures
` /
` 1 7 . 6
` Speed Limitations
` /
` 1 7 . 1 1
` PIN Photodetectors
` Schottky Photodiode /
` 1 7 . 1 7
` /
` Avalanche Photodetectors
` /
` 1 7 . 2 2
` Photoconductors
` Summary /
` 1 7 . 2 5
` 1 7 . 2 6
` References
`
` /
`
` 1 7 . 3
`
` 1 7 . 1 9
`
` Chapter 18 . Signal Detection and Analysis John R. Willison
`
` 18 .1
`
` 18 . 1 .
` 18 . 2 .
` 18 . 3 .
` 18 . 4 .
` 18 . 5 .
` 18 . 6 .
` 18 . 7 .
` 18 . 8 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 8 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 8 . 1
` Prototype Experiment
` /
` 1 8 . 3
` Noise Sources
` Applications Using Photomultipliers
` /
` 1 8 . 1 1
` Amplifiers
` /
` 1 8 . 1 3
` Signal Analysis
` /
` 1 8 . 1 6
` References
`
` 1 8 . 2
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 1 8 . 7
`
` Chapter 19 . Thermal Detectors William L. Wolfe and Paul W. Kruse
`
` 19 .1
`
` 19 . 1 .
` 19 . 2 .
` 19 . 3 .
` 19 . 4 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 9 . 1
` Thermal Detector Elements
` /
` 1 9 . 8
` Arrays
` /
` References
`
` 1 9 . 1 3
`
` /
`
` 1 9 . 1
`
`Ex. 2026-010
`
`

`

` x
`
` CONTENTS
`
` Part 6 .
`
` Imaging Detectors
`
` Chapter 20 . Photographic Films Joseph H. Altman
`
` 20 .1
`
` 20 .3
`
` 20 . 1 .
` 20 . 2 .
` 20 . 3 .
` 20 . 4 .
` 20 . 5 .
` 20 . 6 .
` 20 . 7 .
` 20 . 8 .
` 20 . 9 .
` 20 . 10 .
` 20 . 11 .
` 20 . 12 .
` 20 . 13 .
` 20 . 14 .
` 20 . 15 .
` 20 . 16 .
` 20 . 17 .
` 20 . 18 .
` 20 . 19 .
` 20 . 20 .
` 20 . 21 .
` 20 . 22 .
`
` /
`
` 2 0 . 4
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 2 0 . 1 7
`
` Glossary /
` 2 0 . 3
` Structure of Silver Halide Photographic Layers
` /
` 2 0 . 5
` Grains
` Processing /
` 2 0 . 5
` Exposure /
` 2 0 . 6
` Optical Density /
` 2 0 . 6
` D-Log H Curve /
` 2 0 . 9
` Spectral Sensitivity /
` 2 0 . 1 1
` Reciprocity Failure /
` 2 0 . 1 2
` 2 0 . 1 3
` Development Ef fects
` Color Photography /
` 2 0 . 1 4
` /
` 2 0 . 1 6
` Microdensitometers
` Performance of Photographic Systems
` Image Structure /
` 2 0 . 1 8
` Acutance /
` 2 0 . 1 9
` /
` 2 0 . 2 1
` Graininess
` /
` 2 0 . 2 4
` Sharpness and Graininess Considered Together
` Signal to Noise Ratio and Detective Quantum Ef ficiency /
` /
` 2 0 . 2 6
` Resolving Power
` Information Capacity /
` 2 0 . 2 6
` List of Photographic Manufacturers
` /
` 2 0 . 2 7
` References
`
` 2 0 . 2 4
`
` /
`
` 2 0 . 2 7
`
` Chapter 21 . Image Tube Intensified Electronic Imaging C. B. Johnson
`
` and L. D. Owen
`
` 21 .1
`
` 21 . 1 .
` 21 . 2 .
` 21 . 3 .
` 21 . 4 .
` 21 . 5 .
` 21 . 6 .
` 21 . 7 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 1 . 1
` Introduction /
` 2 1 . 2
` Optical Interface /
` 2 1 . 3
` /
` 2 1 . 7
` Image Intensifiers
` Image Intensified Self-Scanned Arrays
` /
` 2 1 . 2 9
` Applications
` 2 1 . 3 1
` References
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 2 1 . 2 0
`
` Chapter 22 . Visible Array Detectors Timothy J. Tredwell
`
` 22 .1
`
` 22 . 1 .
` 22 . 2 .
` 22 . 3 .
` 22 . 4 .
` 22 . 5 .
` 22 . 6 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 2 . 1
` Introduction /
` 2 2 . 2
` /
` Image Sensing Elements
` /
` 2 2 . 1 3
` Readout Elements
` /
` 2 2 . 2 2
` Sensor Architectures
` /
` 2 2 . 3 7
` References
`
` 2 2 . 2
`
` Chapter 23 . Infrared Detector Arrays Lester J. Kozlowski and
`
` Walter F. Kosonocky
`
` 23 .1
`
` 23 . 1 .
` 23 . 2 .
` 23 . 3 .
` 23 . 4 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 3 . 1
` Introduction /
` 2 3 . 4
` /
` 2 3 . 1 0
` Monolithic FPAs
` /
` 2 3 . 1 5
` Hybrid FPAs
`
`Ex. 2026-011
`
`

`

` CONTENTS
`
` xi
`
` 24 .1
`
` 24 .3
`
` 23 . 5 .
` 23 . 6 .
` 23 . 7 .
`
` /
` Performance : Figures of Merit
` Current Status and Future Trends
` /
` 2 3 . 2 5
` References
`
` 2 3 . 2 5
` /
` 2 3 . 3 0
`
` Part 7 .
`
` Vision
`
` Chapter 24 . Optics of the Eye W. N. Charman
`
` 24 . 1 .
` 24 . 2 .
` 24 . 3 .
` 24 . 4 .
` 24 . 5 .
` 24 . 6 .
` 24 . 7 .
` 24 . 8 .
` 24 . 9 .
` 24 . 10 .
` 24 . 11 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 4 . 3
` Introduction /
` 2 4 . 5
` /
` 2 4 . 7
` Eye Models
` Ocular Transmittance and Retinal Illuminance /
` Factors Af fecting Retinal Image Quality /
` 2 4 . 1 3
` Final Retinal Image Quality /
` 2 4 . 1 9
` Depth-of-Focus and Accommodation /
` /
` 2 4 . 3 4
` Movements of the Eyes
` /
` 2 4 . 3 7
` Two Eyes and Steropsis
` Conclusion /
` 2 4 . 4 0
` /
` 2 4 . 4 0
` References
`
` 2 4 . 2 6
`
` 2 4 . 9
`
` Chapter 25 . Visual Performance Wilson S. Geisler and Martin S. Banks
`
` 25 .1
`
` 25 . 1 .
` 25 . 2 .
` 25 . 3 .
` 25 . 4 .
` 25 . 5 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 5 . 1
` Introduction /
` 2 5 . 2
` Optics , Anatomy , Physiology of the Visual System /
` Visual Performance /
` 2 5 . 1 5
` /
` 2 5 . 4 4
` References
`
` 2 5 . 3
`
` Chapter 26 Colorimetry David H. Brainard
`
` 26 .1
`
` 26 . 1 .
` 26 . 2 .
` 26 . 3 .
` 26 . 4 .
` 26 . 5 .
` 26 . 6 .
` 26 . 7 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 6 . 1
` Introduction /
` 2 6 . 1
` /
` 2 6 . 3
` Fundamentals
` /
` 2 6 . 2 5
` Topics
` Appendix A . Matrix Algebra /
` /
` 2 6 . 4 8
` Acknowledgments
` /
` 2 6 . 4 8
` References
`
` 2 6 . 4 4
`
` Chapter 27 . Displays for Vision Research William Cowan
`
` 27 .1
`
` 27 . 1 .
` 27 . 2 .
` 27 . 3 .
` 27 . 4 .
` 27 . 5 .
` 27 . 6 .
` 27 . 7 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 7 . 1
` Introduction /
` 2 7 . 3
` Operational Characteristics of Color Monitors
` /
` Colorimetric Calibration of Video Monitors
` /
` An Introduction to Liquid Crystal Displays
` /
` 2 7 . 4 3
` Acknowledgments
` /
` 2 7 . 4 3
` References
`
` /
` 2 7 . 3
` 2 7 . 2 1
` 2 7 . 3 6
`
` Chapter 28 . Optical Generation of the Visual Stimulus Stephen A. Burns
`
` and Robert H. Webb
`
` 28 . 1 .
` 28 . 2 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 8 . 1
` Introduction /
` 2 8 . 1
`
` 28 .1
`
`Ex. 2026-012
`
`

`

` xii
`
` CONTENTS
`
` 28 . 3 .
` 28 . 4 .
` 28 . 5 .
` 28 . 6 .
` 28 . 7 .
` 28 . 8 .
` 28 . 9 .
` 28 . 10 .
` 28 . 11 .
` 28 . 12 .
` 28 . 13 .
` 28 . 14 .
` 28 . 15 .
`
` /
` 2 8 . 1
` 2 8 . 2
`
` The Size of the Visual Stimulus
` Free or Newtonian Viewing /
` Maxwellian Viewing /
` 2 8 . 4
` Building an Optical System /
` 2 8 . 8
` Light Exposure and Ocular Safety /
` /
` 2 8 . 2 0
` Light Sources
` Coherent Radiation /
` /
` 2 8 . 2 2
` Detectors
` /
` Putting It Together
` /
` 2 8 . 2 7
` Conclusions
` /
` Acknowledgments
` General References
` /
` 2 8 . 2 7
` References
`
` 2 8 . 2 0
`
` 2 8 . 2 3
`
` 2 8 . 2 7
` 2 8 . 2 7
`
` /
`
` 2 8 . 1 9
`
` Chapter 29 . Psychophysical Methods Denis G. Pelli and Bart Farell
`
` 29 .1
`
` 29 . 1 .
` 29 . 2 .
` 29 . 3 .
` 29 . 4 .
` 29 . 5 .
` 29 . 6 .
` 20 . 7 .
` 29 . 8 .
` 29 . 9 .
` 29 . 10 .
`
` Introduction /
` 2 9 . 1
` /
` 2 9 . 2
` Definitions
` /
` 2 9 . 4
` Visual Stimuli
` /
` 2 9 . 4
` Adjustments
` /
` 2 9 . 6
` Judgments
` Stimulus Sequencing /
` Conclusion /
` 2 9 . 1 0
` /
` Tips from the Pros
` /
` Acknowledgments
` /
` 2 9 . 1 2
` References
`
` 2 9 . 1 0
`
` 2 9 . 1 1
` 2 9 . 1 1
`
` Part 8 .
`
` Optical Information and Image Processing
`
` Chapter 30 . Analog Optical Signal and Image Processing
`
` Joseph W. Goodman
`
` 30 . 1 .
` 30 . 2 .
` 30 . 3 .
` 30 . 4 .
` 30 . 5 .
` 30 . 6 .
` 30 . 7 .
` 30 . 8 .
` 30 . 9 .
` 30 . 10 .
` 30 . 11 .
`
` 3 0 . 4
` /
` 3 0 . 5
`
` Glossary /
` 3 0 . 3
` Introduction /
` 3 0 . 3
` /
` Fundamental Analog Operations
` Analog Optical Fourier Transforms
` Spatial Filtering /
` 3 0 . 8
` Coherent Optical Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data /
` /
` 3 0 . 1 0
` Coherent Optical Processing of Temporal Signals
` /
` 3 0 . 1 4
` Optical Processing of Two-Dimensional Images
` /
` 3 0 . 1 9
` Incoherent Processing of Discrete Signals
` /
` 3 0 . 2 2
` Concluding Remarks
` /
` 3 0 . 2 3
` References
`
` 3 0 . 8
`
` 30 .1
`
` 30 .3
`
` Chapter 31 . Principles of Optical Disk Data Storage Masud Mansuripur
`
` 31 .1
`
` 31 . 1 .
` 31 . 2 .
` 31 . 3 .
` 31 . 4 .
` 31 . 5 .
` 31 . 6 .
` 31 . 7 .
` 31 . 8 .
`
` /
`
` 3 1 . 2
`
` Introduction /
` 3 1 . 1
` Preliminaries and Basic Definitions
` The Optical Path /
` 3 1 . 7
` Automatic Focusing /
` 3 1 . 1 3
` Automatic Tracking /
` 3 1 . 1 5
` Thermomagnetic Recording Processes
` /
` 3 1 . 2 2
` Magneto-Optical Readout
` Materials of Magneto-Optical Recording /
`
` /
`
` 3 1 . 1 8
`
` 3 1 . 2 6
`
`Ex. 2026-013
`
`

`

` 31 . 9 .
` 31 . 10 .
` 31 . 11 .
`
` /
` Concluding Remarks
` Further Information /
` /
` 3 1 . 3 2
` References
`
` 3 1 . 2 9
` 3 1 . 3 2
`
` CONTENTS
`
` xiii
`
` Part 9 .
`
` Optical Design Techniques
`
` Chapter 32 . Techniques of First-Order Layout
`
` Warren J. Smith
`
` 32 .1
`
` 32 .3
`
` 32 . 1 .
` 32 . 2 .
` 32 . 3 .
` 32 . 4 .
` 32 . 5 .
` 32 . 6 .
` 32 . 7 .
` 32 . 8 .
` 32 . 9 .
` 32 . 10 .
` 32 . 11 .
` 32 . 12 .
` 32 . 13 .
` 32 . 14 .
` 32 . 15 .
`
` /
`
` 3 2 . 4
`
` /
`
` 3 2 . 5
`
` Glossary /
` 3 2 . 3
` First-Order Layout
` Ray-Tracing /
` 3 2 . 4
` Two-Component Systems
` /
` 3 2 . 7
` Afrocal Systems
` Magnifiers and Microscopes
` /
` 3 2 . 8
` Afocal Attachments
` /
` 3 2 . 8
` Field Lenses
` /
` 3 2 . 1 0
` Condensers
` Zoom or Varifocal Systems
` /
` 3 2 . 1 2
` Additional Rays
` Minimizing Component Power
` Is It a Reasonable Layout? /
` Achromatism /
` 3 2 . 1 4
` Athermalization /
` 3 2 . 1 5
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 3 2 . 8
`
` 3 2 . 1 1
`
` /
` 3 2 . 1 2
` 3 2 . 1 3
`
` Chapter 33 . Aberration Curves in Lens Design Donald C. O ’ Shea and
`
` Michael E. Harrigan
`
` 33 .1
`
` 33 . 1 .
` 33 . 2 .
` 33 . 3 .
` 33 . 4 .
` 33 . 5 .
` 33 . 6 .
` 33 . 7 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 3 . 1
` Introduction /
` 3 3 . 1
` Transverse Ray Plots
` /
` 3 3 . 4
` Field Plots
` Additional Considerations
` Summary /
` 3 3 . 6
` 3 3 . 6
` References
`
` /
`
` 3 3 . 2
`
` /
`
` 3 3 . 5
`
` /
`
` Chapter 34 . Optical Design Software Douglas C. Sinclair
`
` 34 .1
`
` 34 . 1 .
` 34 . 2 .
` 34 . 3 .
` 34 . 4 .
` 34 . 5 .
` 34 . 6 .
` 34 . 7 .
` 34 . 8 .
` 34 . 9 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 4 . 1
` Introduction /
` 3 4 . 2
` Lens Entry /
` 3 4 . 3
` Evaluation /
` 3 4 . 9
` Optimization /
` 3 4 . 1 8
` /
` 3 4 . 2 2
` Other Topics
` Buying Optical Design Software /
` Summary /
` 3 4 . 2 6
` 3 4 . 2 6
` References
`
` /
`
` 3 4 . 2 3
`
` Chapter 35 . Optical Specifications Robert R. Shannon
`
` 35 .1
`
` 35 . 1 .
` 35 . 2 .
` 35 . 3 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 5 . 1
` Introduction /
` 3 5 . 1
` Preparation of Optical Specifications
`
` /
`
` 3 5 . 4
`
`Ex. 2026-014
`
`

`

` xiv
`
` CONTENTS
`
` 35 . 4 .
` 35 . 5 .
` 35 . 6 .
` 35 . 7 .
` 35 . 8 .
`
` /
` 3 5 . 5
` Image Specifications
` Element Description /
` 3 5 . 8
` /
` 3 5 . 1 0
` Environmental Specifications
` /
` 3 5 . 1 0
` Presentation of Specifications
` Problems with Specification Writing /
`
` 3 5 . 1 2
`
` Chapter 36 . Tolerancing Techniques Robert R. Shannon
`
` 36 .1
`
` 36 . 1 .
` 36 . 2 .
` 36 . 3 .
` 36 . 4 .
` 36 . 5 .
` 36 . 6 .
` 36 . 7 .
` 36 . 8 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 6 . 1
` Introduction /
` 3 6 . 1
` /
` Wavefront Tolerances
` /
` 3 6 . 8
` Other Tolerances
` /
` 3 6 . 8
` Starting Points
` /
` 3 6 . 9
` Material Properties
` /
` Tolerancing Procedures
` Problems in Tolerancing /
`
` 3 6 . 3
`
` 3 6 . 9
` 3 6 . 1 1
`
` Chapter 37 . Mounting Optical Components Paul R. Yoder , Jr.
`
` 37 .1
`
` 37 . 1 .
` 37 . 2 .
` 37 . 3 .
` 37 . 4 .
` 37 . 5 .
` 37 . 6 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 7 . 1
` Introduction and Summary /
` 3 7 . 2
` /
` 3 7 . 2
` Mounting Individual Lenses
` /
` Multicomponent Lens Assemblies
` Mounting Small Mirrors and Prisms
` /
` 3 7 . 2 6
` References
`
` 3 7 . 1 4
` /
` 3 7 . 2 0
`
` Chapter 38 . Control of Stray Light
`
` Robert P. Breault
`
` 38 .1
`
` 38 . 1 .
` 38 . 2 .
` 38 . 3 .
` 38 . 4 .
` 38 . 5 .
` 38 . 6 .
` 38 . 7 .
` 38 . 8 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 8 . 1
` Introduction /
` 3 8 . 1
` /
` 3 8 . 2
` Concepts
` Stray Light Software /
` /
` 3 8 . 2 8
` Methods
` Conclusion /
` 3 8 . 3 1
` Sources of Information on Stray Light and Scattered Light
` /
` 3 8 . 3 4
` References
`
` 3 8 . 2 5
`
` /
`
` 3 8 . 3 2
`
` Chapter 39 . Thermal Compensation Techniques P. J. Rogers and
`
` M. Roberts
`
` 39 .1
`
` 39 . 1 .
` 39 . 2 .
` 39 . 3 .
` 39 . 4 .
` 39 . 5 .
` 39 . 6 .
` 39 . 7 .
` 39 . 8 .
` 39 . 9 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 9 . 1
` Introduction /
` 3 9 . 2
` /
` 3 9 . 2
` Homogeneous Thermal Ef fects
` Tolerable Homogeneous Temperature Change (No Compensation)
` /
` 3 9 . 6
` Ef fect of Thermal Gradients
` Intrinsic Athermalization /
` 3 9 . 7
` Mechanical Thermalization /
` 3 9 . 7
` Optical Athermalization /
` 3 9 . 1 3
` /
` 3 9 . 1 6
` References
`
` /
`
` 3 9 . 5
`
`Ex. 2026-015
`
`

`

` Part 10 .
`
` Optical Fabrication
`
` Chapter 40 . Optical Fabrication Robert E. Parks
`
` CONTENTS
`
` xv
`
` 40 .1
`
` 40 .3
`
` 4 0 . 3
`
` 40 . 1 .
` 40 . 2 .
` 40 . 3 .
` 40 . 4 .
` 40 . 5 .
` 40 . 6 .
` 40 . 7 .
` 40 . 8 .
` 40 . 9 .
`
` Introduction /
` 4 0 . 3
` Basic Steps in Optical Fabrication /
` /
` 4 0 . 6
` Plano Optical Surfaces
` /
` 4 0 . 6
` Crystalline Optics
` /
` 4 0 . 6
` Aspherics
` Diamond Turning /
` /
` Purchasing Optics
` /
` 4 0 . 8
` Conclusions
` 4 0 . 8
` References
`
` 4 0 . 7
` 4 0 . 7
`
` /
`
` Chapter 41 . Fabrication of Optics by Diamond Turning Richard L. Rhorer
`
` and Chris J. Evans
`
` 41 .1
`
` 41 . 1 .
` 41 . 2 .
` 41 . 3 .
` 41 . 4 .
` 41 . 5 .
` 41 . 6 .
` 41 . 7 .
` 41 . 8 .
` 41 . 9 .
` 41 . 10 .
` 41 . 11 .
` 41 . 12 .
`
` Glossary /
` 4 1 . 1
` Introduction /
` 4 1 . 1
` /
` 4 1 . 2
` The Diamond-Turning Process
` The Advantages of Diamond Turning /
` /
` 4 1 . 3
` Diamond-Turnable Materials
` Comparison of Diamond Turning and Traditional Optical Fabrication /
` Machine Tools for Diamond Turning /
` 4 1 . 5
` Basic Steps in Diamond Turning /
` 4 1 . 7
` /
` 4 1 . 8
` Surface Finish in Diamond-Turned Optics
` /
` 4 1 . 1 0
` Measuring Diamond-Turned Surfaces
` /
` 4 1 . 1 2
` Conclusions
` 4 1 . 1 2
` References
`
` 4 1 . 2
`
` /
`
` 4 1 . 5
`
` Part 11 .
`
` Optical Properties of Films and Coatings
`
` 42 .1
`
` Chapter 42 . Optical Properties of Films and Coatings J. A. Dobrowolski
`
` 42 .3
`
` 42 . 1 .
` 42 . 2 .
` 42 . 3 .
` 42 . 4 .
` 42 . 5 .
` 42 . 6 .
` 42 . 7 .
` 42 . 8 .
` 42 . 9 .
` 42 . 10 .
` 42 . 11 .
` 42 . 12 .
` 42 . 13 .
` 42 . 14 .
` 42 . 15 .
` 42 . 16 .
` 42 . 17 .
` 42 . 18 .
` 42 . 19 .
`
` Glossary /
` 4 2 . 3
` Introduction /
` 4 2 . 4
` Theory and Design of Optical Thin-Film Coatings
` /
` 4 2 . 1 4
` Thin-Film Manufacturing Considerations
` /
` 4 2 . 1 6
` Measurements on Optical Coatings
` /
` 4 2 . 1 9
` Antireflection Coatings
` Two-Material Periodic Multilayers—Theory /
` 4 2 . 3 4
` /
` 4 2 . 4 1
` Multilayer Reflectors—Experimental Results
` Cut-of f , Heat-Control , and Solar-Cell Cover Filters
` /
` /
` 4 2 . 6 1
` Beam Splitters and Neutral Filters
` Interference Polarizers and Polarizing Beam Splitters
` /
` 4 2 . 7 3
` Bandpass Filters
` Multilayer for Two or Three Spectral Regions
` /
` 4 2 . 9 6
` Phase Coatings
` Interference Filters with Low Reflection /
` /
` 4 2 . 1 0 1
` Reflection Filters and Coatings
` /
` 4 2 . 1 0 7
` Special-Purpose Coatings
` /
` 4 2 . 1 0 9
` Acknowledgments
` /
` 4 2 . 1 0 9
` References
`
` /
`
` 4 2 . 9
`
` 4 2 . 5 4
`
` /
`
` 4 2 . 6 8
`
` /
`
` 4 2 . 9 4
`
` 4 2 . 9 8
`
`Ex. 2026-016
`
`

`

` xvi
`
` CONTENTS
`
` Part 12 .
`
` Terrestrial Optics
`
` Chapter 43 . Optical Properties of Water
`
` Curtis D. Mobley
`
` 43 .1
`
` 43 .3
`
` 43 . 1 .
` 43 . 2 .
` 43 . 3 .
` 43 . 4 .
` 43 . 5 .
` 43 . 6 .
` 43 . 7 .
` 43 . 8 .
` 43 . 9 .
` 43 . 10 .
` 43 . 11 .
` 43 . 12 .
` 43 . 13 .
` 43 . 14 .
` 43 . 15 .
` 43 . 16 .
` 43 . 17 .
` 43 . 18 .
` 43 . 19 .
` 43 . 20 .
` 43 . 21 .
` 43 . 22 .
` 43 . 23 .
` 43 . 24 .
` 43 . 25 .
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 4 3 . 6
`
` 4 3 . 1 4
`
` /
`
` 4 3 . 1 7
`
` /
`
` 4 3 . 2 3
`
` Introduction /
` 4 3 . 3
` Terminology , Notation , and Definitions
` /
` 4 3 . 3
` Radiometric Quantities Useful in Hydrologic Optics
` /
` 4 3 . 4
` Inherent Optical Properties
` /
` 4 3 . 1 2
` Apparent Optical Properties
` Optically Significant Constituents of Natural Waters
` /
` 4 3 . 1 5
` Particle Size Distributions
` Electromagnetic Properties of Water
` Index of Refraction /
` 4 3 . 1 8
` Measurement of Absorption /
` 4 3 . 2 0
` /
` 4 3 . 2 2
` Absorption by Pure Sea Water
` Absorption by Dissolved Organic Matter
` Absorption by Phytoplankton /
` 4 3 . 2 4
` /
` 4 3 . 2 6
` Absorption by Organic Detritus
` Bio-Optical Models of Absorption /
` 4 3 . 2 7
` Measurement of Scattering /
` 4 3 . 3 0
` Scattering by Pure Water and by Pure Sea Water
` /
` 4 3 . 3 3
` Scattering by Particles
` Wavelength Dependence of Scattering ; Bio-Optical Models
` Beam Attenuation /
` 4 3 . 4 2
` Dif fuse Attenuation and Jerlov Water Types
` Irradiance Reflectance and Remote Sensing /
` Inelastic Scattering and Polarization /
` 4 3 . 5 1
` /
` 4 3 . 5 2
` Acknowledgments
` /
` 4 3 . 5 2
` References
`
` /
`
` 4 3 . 3 1
`
` /
`
` 4 3 . 3 5
`
` /
`
` 4 3 . 4 4
` 4 3 . 4 8
`
` Chapter 44 . Atmospheric Optics Dennis K. Killinger , James H. Churnside , and
`
` Laurence S. Rothman
`
` 44 . 1 .
` 44 . 2 .
` 44 . 3 .
` 44 . 4 .
` 44 . 5 .
` 44 . 6 .
` 44 . 7 .
` 44 . 8 .
` 44 . 9 .
` 44 . 10 .
`
` Glossary /
` 4 4 . 1
` Introduction /
` 4 4 . 2
` Physical and Chemical Composition of the Standard Atmosphere /
` 4 4 . 4
` Fundamental Theory of Interaction of Light with the Atmosphere /
` 4 4 . 1 0
` Prediction of Atmospheric Optical Transmission : Computer Programs and Databases
` Atmospheric Optical Turbulence /
` 4 4 . 2 5
` Examples of Atmospheric Optical Remote Sensing /
` /
` 4 4 . 3 9
` Meteorological Optics
` /
` 4 4 . 4 3
` Acknowledgments
` /
` 4 4 . 4 4
` References
`
` 4 4 . 3 6
`
` 44 .1
`
` /
`
` 4 4 . 2 1
`
` Index follows Chapter 44
`
` I .1
`
`Ex. 2026-017
`
`

`

` CHAPTER 24
` OPTICS OF THE EYE
`
` W . N . Charman
`
` Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences
` UMIST
` Manchester , United Kingdom
`
` 2 4 . 1 GLOSSARY
`
` F , F ⬘
` N , N ⬘
` P , P ⬘
`
` focal points
`
` nodal points
`
` principal points
`
` Equation ( 1 )
`
` L e , ␭
` m ( θ , ␾ , ␭ )
` p ( θ , ␾ )
` t ( θ , ␾ , ␭ )
` ␦ ␭
` ( θ , ␾ )
`
` Equation ( 2 )
`
` r
` ␩ / ␩ m a x
` ␳
`
` Equation ( 3 )
`
` spectral radiance per unit wavelength interval per unit solid angle
`
` areal magnification factor
` area of pupil as seen from direction ( θ , ␾ )
` fraction of incident radiant flux which is transmitted by eye
`
` wavelength interval
`
` angular direction coordinates
`
` distance from Stiles-Crawford peak
`
` relative luminous ef ficiency
`
` coef ficient in S-C equation
`
` d
`
` P A
`
` pupil diameter
`
` ratio of ef fective to true pupil area
`
` Equation ( 4 )
`
` I
`
` z
`
` normalized illuminance
`
` dimensionless dif fraction unit
`
` 24 .3
`
`Ex. 2026-018
`
`

`

` 24 .4
`
` VISION
`
` Equation ( 5 )
`
` d
`
` ␥
`
` ␭
`
` Equation ( 6 )
` θ m i n
`
` Equation ( 7 )
`
` pupil diameter
`
` angular distance from center of the Airy pattern
`
` wavelength
`
` angular resolution by Rayleigh criterion
`
` R
`
` R R
`
` spatial frequency
`
` reduced spatial frequency
`
` Equation ( 8 )
`
` ⌬ F
`
` g
`
` dioptric error of focus
`
` number of Rayleigh units of defocus
`
` Equation ( 9 )
`
` ␤
`
` angular diameter of retinal blur circle
`
` Equation ( 1 0 )
`
` R
`
` spatial frequency
`
` T ( R )
`
` MTF
`
` Equation ( 1 1 )
`
` E
`
` L e q
`
` ␻
`
` pp . 2 4 . 2 1 – 2 4 . 2 2
`
` illuminance produced by glare source at eye
`
` equivalent veiling luminance
`
` angle between direction of glare source and fixation axis
`
` M i t ( R )
`
` M o t ( R )
`
` threshold modulation on retina
`
` external threshold modulation
`
` Equation ( 1 2 )
`
` n
`
` R c
`
` exponent of expression
` critical spatial frequency
`
`Ex. 2026-019
`
`

`

` OPTICS OF THE EYE
`
` 24 .5
`
` Equation ( 1 3 )
`
` DOF g o
`
` ␤ t o l
`
` Equation ( 1 4 )
`
` total depth-of-focus by geometrical optics
`
` tolerable angular diameter of retinal blur circle
`
` DOF p o
`
` total depth-of-focus by physical optics (dif fraction-limited)
`
` Equation ( 1 5 )
`
` l
`
` p
`
` ␦ l
` ␦ θ
`
` Equation ( 1 6 )
`
` M
`
` N
`
` object distance
`
` interpupillary distance
`
` mimimum detectable dif ference in distance
`
` stereo acuity
`
` transverse magnification
`
` relative increase in ef fective interpupillary distance
`
` 2 4 . 2 INTRODUCTION
`
` Although the human eye (Fig . 1) is a relatively simple optical system , it is capable of near
` dif fraction-limited performance close to its axis under good lighting conditions when the
`
` FIGURE 1 Schematic horizontal section of the eye . The bar gives
` the approximate scale .
`
`Ex. 2026-020
`
`

`

` 24 .6
`
` VISION
`
` pupil is small (about 2 – 3 mm) . It also has a very wide field of view (about 65 , 75 , 60 , and
` 100 deg in the superior , inferior , nasal , and temporal meridians , respectively , for a fixed
` frontal direction of gaze , the exact values being dependent upon the individual’s facial
` geometry) . Optical image quality , while somewhat degraded in the peripheral field is , in
` general , apparently adequate to meet the needs of the neural network which it serves .
` Control of ocular aberrations is helped by the presence of aspheric corneal and lenticular
` surfaces and by gradients of refractive index in the lens , the index progressively reducing
` from the lens center toward its outer layers .
` Attempts to make general statements about the optical characteristics of the eye are
` complicated by the fact that there are continuous cha