PlanetLab: A Blueprint for
`Introducing Disruptive Technology
`into the Internet
`
`Scott Karlin
`Princeton University
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 1
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`Introducing Disruptive Technology
`into the Internet
`
`Scott Karlin
`Princeton University
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 1
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
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`
`
`Innovator's Dilemma
`
`• The Internet is an enormous success story
`- commercially
`-
`impact on our daily lives
`- global reach
`• Success has an unexpected cost: ossification
`- difficult to deploy disruptive technologies
`■ correct vulnerabilities
`■ introduce new capabilities
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`2
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 2
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Today's Internet
`
`Best-Effort Packet
`Delivery Service
`
`Limitations
`; Cl
`- The Internet is "opaque"
`making it difficult to adapt to
`current network conditions
`- Applications cannot be widely
`distributed ( typically split into
`two pieces: client and server)
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`3
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`D
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 3
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Tomorrow's Internet
`
`Collection of
`Planetary-Scale
`Services
`
`01212ortunities
`- multiple vantage points
`■ anomaly detection, robust routing
`- proximity to data sources/sinks
`■ content distribution, data fusion
`- multiple, independent domains
`■ survivable storage
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`4
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`D
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 4
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Evolving the Internet
`• Add a new layer to the network architecture
`- overlay networks
`■ purpose-built virtual
`networks that use the existing
`Internet for transmission
`■ the Internet was once
`deployed as an overlay on
`top of the telephony network
`
`overlay
`
`• Challenge
`- how to innovate & deploy at scale
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`5
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 5
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`The Story So Far
`
`• The Internet is a tremendous success, but ...
`- The architecture has fundamental limits
`-
`Its very success makes it hard to change
`
`• The research community is teeming with
`innovative planetary-scale services (more later)
`- Exploit multiple points-of-presence throughout the net
`
`• Overlays off er an attractive way to introduce
`disruptive technology into the Internet, but ...
`- There is a high barrier-to-entry
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`6
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`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 6
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`PlanetLab is ...
`
`Intel Sea_
`I ..
`Intel Berkel,
`UC
`UCSI
`u
`UC:
`
`·ard
`IT
`ornell
`·1nceton
`olumbia
`
`Goal of 1,000 widely-distributed machines
`-
`today: 280 machines, 100 sites, 20 countries
`- at edge sites and network cross-roads
`- -
`
`~
`
`~ - - - - - - - -
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`7
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 7
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`PlanetLab' s Beginnings
`
`• Started as a grass-roots effort
`- 35 researchers gathered in March 2002
`- Academic and corporate research groups
`• Research Approach for Internet-Scale Services has
`Significant Gap:
`- Simulation
`- Lab-Scale Emulation
`- Ask "family and friends" for accounts elsewhere
`
`• • •
`- Deploy on the Internet (how?)
`• PlanetLab fills the gap
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`8
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 8
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Berkeley: OceanStore
`RAID distributed over the whole Internet
`
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`20 Nov 2003
`
`9
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 9
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Intel: N etbait
`Detect and track Internet worms globally
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`10
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 10
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
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`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 11
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`
`Princeton: CoDeeN
`
`I
`
`.. (
`
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`
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`
`.....-
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`12
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 12
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`PlanetLab is ...
`A common software architecture
`• Distributed virtualization
`- slice ➔ a network of virtual machines
`-
`isolation
`• isolate services from each other
`• protect the Internet from PlanetLab
`• Unbundled Management
`- OS defines only local (per-node) behavior
`• global (network-wide) behavior implemented by services
`- multiple competing services (overlays) running in parallel
`• shared, unprivileged interfaces
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`13
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 13
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Slices
`
`.............
`·······················•··
`
`·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=-=·=:=:=::;
`
`1:.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.,.,.,.,.,,;
`
`·:·:·:·:·:·:':·:·:·:·:·:·:·
`
`=·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·
`
`1·:·:·r:·:·:·:·:·:1:1:1:1:
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`14
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 14
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`PlanetLab is ...
`
`•
`
`A test-bed for experimenting with network
`services
`• 450 active research projects
`• Advantages
`- experiment at scale
`- experiment under real-world conditions
`- potential for real workloads and users
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`15
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 15
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`PlanetLab is ...
`A deployment platform
`• Continuously-running services
`- CoDeeN content distribution network (Princeton)
`- Sophia distributed query processing engine (Princeton)
`- ScriptRoute network measurement tool (Washington)
`- Chord scalable object location service (MIT, Berkeley)
`
`• • •
`
`design - - - - - - - - - deploy -
`
`measure
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`16
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 16
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`PlanetLab is ...
`A microcosm of the next Internet
`• Fold services back into PlanetLab
`- evolve core technologies to support overlays and slices
`• Examples
`- Sophia used to monitor health of PlanetLab nodes
`- Chord provides scalable object location
`• Long-term goals
`- develop open protocols and standards
`■ allow federation of public & private "PlanetLabs" to co-exist
`- discover common sub-services
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`17
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 17
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Roadma,2
`
`• Introduction
`• PlanetLab Overview
`• Virtualization
`• Infrastructure Services
`• Growth Strategy
`• Project Status
`• Summary
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`18
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 18
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Virtualization Levels
`• Hypervisors (e.g., VMWare)
`- don't scale well
`- don't need multi-OS functionality
`• Paravirtualization ( e.g., Xen, Denali)
`- not yet mature
`-
`requires OS tweaks
`• Virtualize at system call interface ( e.g., Jail, V servers)
`-
`reasonable compromise
`- doesn't provide the isolation that hypervisors do
`• Unix processes
`-
`isolation is problematic
`• Java Virtual Machine
`-
`too high-level
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`19
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`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 19
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
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`
`
`Vservers
`• Virtualizes at system call interface
`- each vserver runs in its own security context
`• private UID/GID name space
`• limited superuser capabilities (e.g., no CAP _NET_RA W)
`- uses chroot for file system isolation
`- scales to 1000 of vservers per node (29MB each)
`• Isolation
`- kernel schedulers (processor and link bandwidth)
`- address spaces
`• Node Manager
`- privileged security context
`-
`interface for creating virtual machines
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`20
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 20
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Virtual Machines
`
`lse~icel
`
`lse~icel
`
`lser;icel
`
`lse~icel
`
`lse~icel
`
`Vserverl IVserverl IVserverl IVserver
`
`Vserver
`
`-------------------------- ◄
`+ Resource Isolation
`Linux + Safe Raw Sockets
`+ Instrumentation
`
`Combined
`Isolation and
`Application
`Interface
`
`Hardware
`
`20 Nov 2003
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`21
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`PLA N ET LAB
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`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 21
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
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`
`
`Network Virtualization
`
`• Standard raw sockets
`- privileged operation
`- access to all packets to/from host
`• Safe raw sockets
`- bound to a specific UDP/TCP port(+ related ICMP)
`- ensure that outgoing packets do not spoof
`• Other issues
`-
`rate limiting exceptional packets
`- allowing multiple virtual networks to co-exist
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`22
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`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 22
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
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`
`
`Infrastructure Services
`Slice
`Abstraction
`
`Create
`
`Maintain
`
`Resource I Resource Boot
`Discovery I Allocation Slice
`
`Software
`Upgrades
`
`Monitor
`Health
`
`Monitoring
`Service
`
`Environment
`Service
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`23
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`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 23
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
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`
`
`Monitoring Services
`• Serve several purposes
`- discover/select resources for a slice
`- monitor node/network health (manage PlanetLab)
`- measure/monitor Internet activity ( application of PL)
`• Exploit sensors on each node
`local state (/proc) + local view of the network (ping)
`-
`- http ://local host: 33080/nodes/i p/name
`• Multiple services being built
`- Sophia: distributed Prolog engine
`- PIER: distributed SQL query processor
`-
`IrisNet: XML-based queries
`
`20 Nov 2003
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`24
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`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 24
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
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`
`
`Resource Allocation
`• Multiple allocators
`- PlanetLab Central (PLC)
`- SHARP
`- Emulab
`
`• • •
`
`• Interfaces
`- PLC (API + GUI)
`- node manager (initially private)
`• Evolution
`- centralized ➔ decentralized
`- policy-heavy ➔ user-specified ➔ market-based
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`25
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`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 25
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`PlanetLab Central API
`create_slice(name, credentials)
`delete_slice(name, credentials)
`set_state(name, boot_state, credentials)
`set_resou rces( name, resource_ spec, credentials)
`instantiate_slice(name, nodes[], credentials)
`
`boot_state = {ssh_keys, environment_service}
`resource_spec = {share, duration}
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`26
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 26
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Dynamic Slice Creation
`
`acquire
`ticket ➔ lease
`
`%&
`~(cid:173){615,
`
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`
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`
`.
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`27
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`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 27
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Routing Underlay Service
`
`• Discovering efficient topology requires
`expensive/disturbing network probes
`• Single overlay network
`- aggressive probing does not scale (RON < 50)
`• Multiple overlay networks
`- Redundant probing to discover the same topological
`information
`- 1 GB-per-day of ping traffic on PlanetLab
`• one ping-per-sec-per-node across 125 nodes
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`28
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`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 28
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
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`
`
`Routing Underlay
`
`• Sits between overlays and the Internet
`• Exposes topological information
`- already collected by the Internet (BGP tables)
`- caches active measurements
`• Enables cost-effective network probes
`- primitives: interface to shared probes
`-
`layered architecture: hierarchical probes
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`29
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`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 29
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Hierarchical Probes
`
`Expense
`
`Service Overlay Networks
`Use more expensive probes, but in limited scope
`
`Library of Routing Services
`Probe efficiently using static data as a hint
`-- - - - - - - Primitives - - - - - - - -
`
`I
`
`I
`
`Topology Probing Kernel
`Collect passive data / Cache expensive probes
`
`~ ............................................................................................................... , ....................................................................................................................................................................... :
`
`Scope
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`Raw Topology Information
`
`30
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 30
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Roadma,2
`
`• Introduction
`• PlanetLab Overview
`• Virtualization
`• Infrastructure Services
`• Growth Strategy
`• Project Status
`• Summary
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`31
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 31
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Growth Strategy
`
`• Phase 0: Seed the testbed
`- 100 centrally managed machines
`- pure testbed (no expected client workload)
`• Phase 1: Scale the testbed
`- grow to 1000 nodes with user-provided hardware
`- continuously running services (researchers as clients)
`• Phase 2: Cultivate a user community
`- non-researchers as clients
`- PlanetLab spinoffs interpreted as success
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`32
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 32
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Status
`
`• Funding
`- Intel Seed Funding
`-NSF
`- PlanetLab Consortium
`• Transition Phase (through mid-2004)
`- Moving ''ops'' from Intel to Princeton
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`33
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 33
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`PlanetLab Consortium
`
`• Princeton, Berkeley, University of Washington
`-
`Initial Platinum Members: Intel, HP, Google
`• Build out the PlanetLab infrastructure
`- operations and engineering support
`- equipment renewal
`- bandwidth at network crossroads
`• Broaden and catalyze the community
`- academic and corporate researchers
`-
`lower the barrier to entry for research and teaching
`- drive the research agenda
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`34
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 34
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Current Institutions
`
`Academia Sinica, Taiwan
`Boston University
`Caltech
`Carnegie Mellon University
`Chinese Univ of Hong Kong
`Columbia University
`Cornell University
`Datalogisk Institut Copenhagen
`Duke University
`Georgia Tech
`Harvard University
`HP Labs
`Intel Research
`Johns Hopkins
`Lancaster University
`Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
`MIT
`Michigan State University
`National Tsing Hua Univ.
`New York University
`Northwestern University
`
`Princeton University
`Purdue University
`Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.
`Rice University
`Rutgers University
`Stanford University
`Technische Universitat Berlin
`The Hebrew Univ of Jerusalem
`University College London
`University of Arizona
`University of Basel
`University of Bologna
`University of British Columbia
`UC Berkeley
`UCLA
`UC San Diego
`UC Santa Barbara
`University of Cambridge
`University of Canterbury
`University of Chicago
`University of Illinois
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`35
`
`University of Kansas
`University of Kentucky
`University of Maryland
`University of Massachusetts
`University of Michigan
`University of North Carolina
`University of Pennsylvania
`University of Rochester
`USC/ ISI
`University of Technology Sydney
`University of Tennessee
`University of Texas
`University of Toronto
`University of Utah
`University of Virginia
`University of Washington
`University of Wisconsin
`Uppsala University, Sweden
`Washington University in St Louis
`
`Wayne State University ~-----
`
`PLA N ET LAB
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 35
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`Summary
`
`• PlanetLab: an open, global network test-bed for
`pioneering novel planetary-scale services.
`
`• A model for introducing innovations into the
`Internet through the use of overlay networks.
`
`• A collaborative effort involving hundreds of
`academic and corporate researchers from around
`the world.
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`36
`
`PLA N ET LAB
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`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 36
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
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`
`
`More Information
`
`www. planet-lab. org
`
`20 Nov 2003
`
`37
`
`PLA N ET LAB
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`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 37
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
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`
`
`4/29/2021
`
`Planetlab
`
`The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20040209021259/http://www.planet-lab.org: 80/php/pubs.php
`
`An open platform for developing, deploying,
`and accessing planetary-scale services.
`
`PLA NET LAB
`Presentations
`
`Community:
`Institutions
`Projects
`Working Group~
`Mailing Lists
`Courseware
`Meeting!i
`~11onsors
`
`Joining:
`Institutions
`Users
`Acce11table Use PolicY.
`
`News:
`Press Releases
`Links
`
`Documentation:
`Design Notes (£DNs).
`Guides
`Presentations
`APis
`
`Operations:
`Status
`Contact
`Login
`
`Contributions:
`Software
`Services
`
`• PlanetLab: A Blueprint for Introducing Disruptive Technology into the Internet, Scott
`Karlin. Presented at the joint Princeton ACM I IEEE Computer Society meeting. November
`2003. [P-dfslides].
`
`• What are people doing in/on/with/around PlanetLab?, Timothy Roscoe, April 2003. [P-P..1
`slides], [P-df slides].
`
`• PlanetLab: an open community testbed for Planetary-Scale Services, Timothy Roscoe,
`April 2003 . [P-P-t slides], [P-df slides].
`
`• PlanetLab: A Blueprint for Introducing Disruptive Technology into the Internet, Larry
`Peterson, December 2002. [P-P-t slides].
`
`• PlanetLab Current Status, Timothy Roscoe, November 2002. [P-P-t slides], [P-df slides].
`
`• PlanetLab: a foundation on which the next Internet can emerge, Timothy Roscoe,
`September 2002. [P-nt slides], [P-df slides].
`
`• PlanetLab: a Petri dish for the next Internet, Timothy Roscoe, July 2002. [P-P-t slides], [P-df
`slides].
`
`• Towards a Distributed Test-Lab for Planetary-Scale Services, Timothy Roscoe, June 2002.
`[P-nt slides], [P-df slides].
`
`• PlanetLab: A Distributed Test Lab for Planetary Scale Network Services, Timothy
`Roscoe, June 2002. [P-P-t slides], [ndf slides].
`
`• Towards a Distributed Test-Lab for Planetary-Scale Services, David Culler, June 2002. [P-p..1
`slides], [ndf slides].
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20040209021259/http://www.planet-lab.org/php/pubs.php
`
`1/1
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 38
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`D WaybackMachine
`
`3.; +
`
`
`
`
`
`CIC Q6 : https:,-’..r‘web.archive.orgfwebf200312081537’42.-'hr'rp:r',r"wm~'.... {is a {)5
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Ihtlpfmwmplanet-Iab orgi'pubs."2003-11—2D-Plan etLab-fEEE.pdf
`
`
`1 capture
`
`PlanetLab: A Blueprint for
`
`Introducing Disruptive Technology
`into the Internet
`
`Scott Karlin
`
`Princeton University
`
`
`
`PLAN ETLAI
`
`lnnovator’s Dilemma
`
`.@.
`
`
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 39
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`
`IPR2021-00832
`
`Microsoft Ex. 1024, p. 39
`Microsoft v. Daedalus Blue
`IPR2021-00832
`
`
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