`
`Foundation
`Cure in Mind. Cure in Sight.
`
`Macular
`Degeneration
`Research
`
`Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Facts
`& Figures
`
`Fact Sheet
`
`Published o n: July 13, 2021
`
`Adva nced age-related macular degeneration a leading cause of irreversible
`blindness and visual impa irment in the w o rld. As many as 11 millio n people in
`the United States have some form of age-related macular degeneration. Lea rn
`the facts about macular degeneration.
`
`Quick Facts about Macular Degeneration
`
`Macular degeneration can be very serious.
`
`https://www.brightfocus.org/macular/article/age-related-macular-facts-figures
`
`Novartis Exhibit 2261.001
`Regeneron v. Novartis, IPR2021-00816
`
`
`
`Macular degeneration is a leading cause of vision loss in Americans 60
`years of age and older.
`
`Advanced age-related macular degeneration is a leading cause of
`irreversible blindness and visual impairment in the world.
`
`Age-related macular degeneration is an irreversible destruction of the
`macula, which leads to loss of the sharp, fine-detail, "straight ahead" vision
`required for activities like reading, driving, recognizing faces, and seeing
`the world in color.
`
`Macular degeneration is widespread.
`
`As many as 11 million people in the United States have some form of age(cid:173)
`related macular degeneration. This number is expected to double to nearly
`22 million by 2050.
`
`The number of people living with macular degeneration is expected to
`reach 196 million worldwide by 2020 and increase to 288 million by 2040.
`
`Age is a prominent risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. The
`risk of getting advanced age-related macular degeneration increases from
`2% for those ages 50-59, to nearly 30% for those over the age of 75.
`
`Macular degeneration is expensive, and will only become more
`expensive as the population aged 65 and older increases.
`
`Estimates of the global cost of visual impairment due to age-related
`macular degeneration is $343 billion, including $255 billion in direct health
`care costs.
`
`Estimates of the direct health care costs of visual impairment due to age(cid:173)
`related macular degeneration in the US, Canada, and Cuba (WHO
`subregion AMR-A), collectively, is approximately US$98 billion.
`
`The global cost of vision loss due to all causes is estimated to be nearly $3
`trillion dollars for the 733 million people living with low vision and
`blindness worldwide. In North America alone, the direct cost for vision loss
`
`
`https://www.brightfocus.org/macular/article/age-related-macular-facts-figures
`
`Novartis Exhibit 2261.002
`Regeneron v. Novartis, IPR2021-00816
`
`
`
`due to all causes was $512.8 billion, and the indirect costs were $179
`billion.
`
`There are two forms of macular degeneration: dry and wet.
`
`The dry form of macular degeneration, in which the light sensitive cells of
`the macula slowly break down, is the most common type, accounting for
`90 percent of diagnosed cases.
`
`Wet macular degeneration accounts for approximately 10 percent of
`cases, but results in 90 percent of legal blindness. It is considered
`advanced macular degeneration (there is no early or intermediate stage of
`wet macular degeneration). Wet macular degeneration is always preceded
`by the dry form of the disease.
`
`It is possible for dry macular degeneration to advance and cause loss of
`vision without turning into the wet form of the disease; however, it is also
`possible for early-stage dry age-related macular degeneration to suddenly
`change into the wet form.
`
`An eye care professional can help diagnose macular
`degeneration and determine which form(s) of the disease you
`have.
`
`To help diagnose macular degeneration, an eye care professional will
`perform a dilated eye exam, fundoscopy, a visual acuity test, and fundus
`photography. If wet age-related macular degeneration is suspected,
`fluorescein angiography may be performed, in which dye is used to detect
`leaking blood vessels. The patient may also be asked to look at an Amsler
`grid.
`
`There is no treatment or cure for advanced dry macular
`degeneration. But a specific high-dose formula of antioxidant
`vitamins and zinc may delay or prevent intermediate macular
`degeneration from progressing to the advanced stage.
`
`https://www.brightfocus.org/macular/article/age-related-macular-facts-figures
`
`Novartis Exhibit 2261.003
`Regeneron v. Novartis, IPR2021-00816
`
`
`
`Approved drugs and medications:
`
`Beovu® (brolucizumab)
`
`Eylea™ (aflibercept),
`
`Lucentis® (ranibizumab)
`
`Macugen® (pegaptanib)
`
`Photodynamic therapy:
`
`Treatment that can help control the abnormal blood vessel growth and
`bleeding in the macula for those with wet macular degeneration)
`
`Physicians have also used:
`
`Avastin™ (bevacizumab injection), a cancer therapy manufactured by
`the company that makes Lucentis, as an "off-label" treatment for wet
`macular degeneration.
`
`Vision rehabilitation and low vision aids:
`
`Help improve the quality of life for those who are visually impaired
`
`A healthy lifestyle may help reduce the risk of developing
`macular degeneration.
`
`The following lifestyle changes are recommended:
`
`Don't smoke
`
`Exercise regularly
`
`Keep blood pressure in a normal range and control other medical
`conditions
`
`Maintain a healthy weight
`
`
`https://www.brightfocus.org/macular/article/age-related-macular-facts-figures
`
`Novartis Exhibit 2261.004
`Regeneron v. Novartis, IPR2021-00816
`
`
`
`Eat a diet high in fruits, vegetables and fish, and in low foods that
`rapidly raise blood sugar
`
`Protect eyes from overexposure to sunlight with sunglasses and hats
`
`Promising Research
`
`Ongoing research is exploring environmental, genetic, and dietary factors that
`may contribute to macular degeneration. New treatment strategies are also
`being investigated, including :
`
`retinal cell transplants
`
`drugs to prevent or slow disease progress
`
`radiation therapy
`
`gene therapies
`
`a computer chip implanted in the retina that may help simulate vision
`
`agents that will prevent new blood vessel growth under the macula.
`
`Help find a cure
`
`Donate to help end Macular Degeneration Disease
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`Novartis Exhibit 2261.005
`Regeneron v. Novartis, IPR2021-00816
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`https://www.brightfocus.org/macular/article/age-related-macular-facts-figures
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