Lenovo EX-1036, Page 001
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`Windows® XP
`Hacks & Mods
`
`FOR
`
`DUMmIES‰
`
`by Woody Leonhard
`
`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 002
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 003
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`Windows® XP
`Hacks & Mods
`
`FOR
`
`DUMmIES‰
`
`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 004
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 005
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`Windows® XP
`Hacks & Mods
`
`FOR
`
`DUMmIES‰
`
`by Woody Leonhard
`
`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 006
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`Windows® XP Hacks & Mods For Dummies®
`Published by
`Wiley Publishing, Inc.
`111 River Street
`Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
`www.wiley.com
`Copyright © 2005 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
`Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
`Published simultaneously in Canada
`No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
`by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permit-
`ted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written
`permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the
`Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600.
`Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing,
`Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at
`http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
`Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the
`Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade
`dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United
`States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. Windows XP is a registered
`trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other trademarks are
`the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or
`vendor mentioned in this book.
`
`LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REP-
`RESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CON-
`TENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT
`LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CRE-
`ATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CON-
`TAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE
`UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR
`OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A
`COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE
`AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION
`OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FUR-
`THER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFOR-
`MATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE.
`FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE
`CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ.
`
`For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care
`Department within the U.S. at 800-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002.
`For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport.
`Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may
`not be available in electronic books.
`Library of Congress Control Number: 2005927631
`ISBN-13: 978-0-471-74897-7
`ISBN-10: 0-471-74897-8
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
`1O/RZ/QZ/QV/IN
`
`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 007
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`About the Author
`
`In the past fifteen years, Woody Leonhard has written more than computer
`books, drawing an unprecedented six Computer Press Association awards
`and two American Business Press awards. Woody was one of the first
`Microsoft Consulting Partners and is a charter member of the Microsoft
`Solutions Provider organization. He’s widely quoted — and reviled — on the
`Redmond campus.
`
`Woody’s Web site, askwoody.com, keeps an eye on the computer industry,
`covering the latest shenanigans from Microsoft, the best software for your
`computer, the worst pitfalls (and patches!) to avoid, updates to his books,
`and all the other information you need to keep your PC chugging away.
`
`Woody lives just this side of paradise in Phuket, Thailand, along with his
`most significant other, Add, and his son, Justin. Most mornings, you can find
`him jogging on Patong Beach with their beagle, Chronos, or sipping a latte at
`Khun Woody’s Bakery. Drop by when you get a chance!
`
`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 008
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 009
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`Dedication
`
`To Duangkhae Tongthueng (better known as “Add”), and to Justin, the best
`parts of my life. Forgive me for all the long hours slaving away on this project.
`
`Author’s Acknowledgments
`
`Justin Leonhard contributed numerous ideas, warnings, and hacks to the
`sections on gaming and the iPod, in particular, and helped with insightful
`comments in several other parts of the book. Thanks, Justin!
`
`Many thanks, as always, to Claudette Moore and Debbie McKenna at Moore
`Literary Agency, my guides for nearly 15 years. Thanks, too, to Steve Hayes,
`Becky Huehls, Colleen Totz, Lee Musick, and all the people at Wiley who
`made this project work.
`
`What a concept: Windows hacking made accessible to regular Windows
`users. With your help, I think this book succeeds marvelously.
`
`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 010
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`Publisher’s Acknowledgments
`We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our online registration form
`located at www.dummies.com/register/.
`Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:
`
`Acquisitions, Editorial, and
`Media Development
`Project Editor: Rebecca Huehls
`Senior Acquisitions Editor: Steven Hayes
`Development and Copy Editor: Colleen Totz
`Technical Editor: Lee Musick
`Editorial Managers: Leah Cameron,
`Carol Sheehan
`Media Development Manager: Laura VanWinkle
`Media Development Supervisor:
`Richard Graves
`Editorial Assistant: Amanda Foxworth
`Cartoons: Rich Tennant
`(www.the5thwave.com)
`
`Composition Services
`Project Coordinator: Adrienne Martinez
`Layout and Graphics: Carl Byers, Andrea Dahl,
`Lauren Goddard, Joyce Haughey,
`Julie Trippetti
`Proofreaders: TECHBOOKS Production
`Services, Leeann Harney
`Indexer: TECHBOOKS Production Services
`Special Help: Andy Hollandbeck
`
`Publishing and Editorial for Technology Dummies
`Richard Swadley, Vice President and Executive Group Publisher
`Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher
`Mary Bednarek, Executive Acquisitions Director
`Mary C. Corder, Editorial Director
`Publishing for Consumer Dummies
`Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher
`Joyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director
`Composition Services
`Gerry Fahey, Vice President of Production Services
`Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services
`
`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 011
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`Contents at a Glance
`
`Introduction ................................................................1
`Part I: The Nuts & Bolts of Hacks & Mods .....................7
`Chapter 1: Windows XP: What’s Not to Love? ...............................................................9
`Chapter 2: Tools of the Hacking Trade .........................................................................17
`Chapter 3: A Quick XP Makeover ..................................................................................25
`Part II: Controlling the Look and Feel of Windows XP ...45
`Chapter 4: TweakUI, the Power User’s PowerToy .......................................................47
`Chapter 5: Pinning Down the Start Menu .....................................................................57
`Chapter 6: Taking On the Taskbar .................................................................................85
`Chapter 7: Decking Out the Desktop .............................................................................97
`Part III: Adjusting Everyday Activities ......................113
`Chapter 8: Reining In Windows Explorer ....................................................................115
`Chapter 9: Cool Keyboard Hacks and Menu Mods ....................................................129
`Chapter 10: Searching on the Desktop .......................................................................139
`Chapter 11: Switching to Better Online Software ......................................................151
`Chapter 12: Pulling Off Pictures ...................................................................................173
`Part IV: Modding to Monitor and Manage ..................191
`Chapter 13: Seeing What’s Happening ........................................................................193
`Chapter 14: Decoding IDs, Accounts, and Passwords ..............................................209
`Chapter 15: Using Remote Assistance ........................................................................225
`Chapter 16: Retooling Disks .........................................................................................237
`Part V: Protecting Yourself (And Your PC) ................247
`Chapter 17: Changing (In)Security Settings ...............................................................249
`Chapter 18: Taking the “Mal” out of Malware ............................................................261
`Chapter 19: Keeping Your Privates Private ................................................................271
`Part VI: Entertaining Yourself ...................................283
`Chapter 20: Making the Most of Media Player ...........................................................285
`Chapter 21: Buying Music and Videos ........................................................................293
`Chapter 22: Trading Music and Videos .......................................................................305
`Chapter 23: Getting Games to Work ............................................................................311
`
`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 012
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`Part VII: The Part of Tens .........................................319
`Chapter 24: Ten Steps to Mastering the Registry ......................................................321
`Chapter 25: Ten Speed-Up Hacks — Maybe ...............................................................333
`Index ......................................................................347
`
`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 013
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`Table of Contents
`
`Introduction .................................................................1
`About This Book ..............................................................................................1
`Conventions Used in This Book ....................................................................2
`What You’re Not to Read ................................................................................3
`Foolish Assumptions ......................................................................................3
`How This Book Is Organized ..........................................................................3
`Part I: The Nuts & Bolts of Hacks & Mods ..........................................3
`Part II: Controlling the Look and Feel of Windows XP ......................4
`Part III: Adjusting Everyday Activities ................................................4
`Part IV: Modding to Monitor and Manage ..........................................4
`Part V: Protecting Yourself (And Your PC) .........................................4
`Part VI: Entertaining Yourself ..............................................................4
`Part VII: The Part of Tens .....................................................................4
`Icons Used in This Book .................................................................................5
`Where to Go from Here ...................................................................................5
`
`Part I: The Nuts & Bolts of Hacks & Mods ......................7
`
`Chapter 1: Windows XP: What’s Not to Love? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
`Well, Perhaps There’s Room for Improvement ............................................9
`When to Hack Windows XP — and When to Let It Be ..............................10
`Hacks that don’t work .........................................................................11
`Keeping hacks and mods in perspective ..........................................12
`A Quick Look at Some Cool XP Hacks and Mods ......................................13
`Staying Safe and Sound While You Work ....................................................14
`Chapter 2: Tools of the Hacking Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
`Understanding How Windows Hangs Together .........................................17
`A world of processes ...........................................................................17
`Windows as referee .............................................................................19
`Amoebus interruptus ..........................................................................20
`Programs talk, talk, talk ......................................................................21
`The Role of the Registry ...............................................................................21
`Great Sources for Hacking Tools .................................................................23
`Chapter 3: A Quick XP Makeover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
`Do You Need a Makeover? ............................................................................25
`Security Check — NOW ................................................................................26
`Get up-to-date ......................................................................................26
`Check your firewall .............................................................................30
`
`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 014
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`xii
`
`Windows XP Hacks & Mods For Dummies
`
`Fire your antivirus program ...............................................................32
`Show filename extensions ..................................................................33
`Protect against spyware .....................................................................34
`Personalize Your eXPerience .......................................................................35
`Change the wallpaper .........................................................................35
`Set the screensaver .............................................................................36
`Align your accounts ............................................................................37
`Eliminate the Obnoxious ..............................................................................38
`Tame (or trash!) Messenger ...............................................................38
`Remove the Language Bar ..................................................................40
`Get Better (Free!) Software ..........................................................................41
`Dump Microsoft’s browser .................................................................41
`Search like a pro ..................................................................................41
`Read PDFs .............................................................................................43
`
`Part II: Controlling the Look and Feel of Windows XP ...45
`
`Chapter 4: TweakUI, the Power User’s PowerToy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
`Downloading and Installing TweakUI ..........................................................48
`TweakUI from 30,000 Feet ............................................................................50
`Knowing the Essential TweakUI Lingo ........................................................51
`Squeezing TweakUI .......................................................................................52
`Making your mouse sensitive ............................................................52
`Changing places ...................................................................................54
`Disabling Autoplay ..............................................................................55
`Chapter 5: Pinning Down the Start Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
`Scoping Out the Start Menu .........................................................................58
`Customizing the Left Side of the Start Menu .............................................60
`Pinning the Tail on This Donkey .................................................................62
`Pinning a program ...............................................................................63
`Pinning a folder ....................................................................................65
`Pinning a file .........................................................................................66
`Pinning a Web page .............................................................................67
`Renaming, moving, and unpinning ....................................................68
`Controlling the Frequently Used Programs List ........................................70
`Rearranging All Programs ............................................................................73
`Controlling the My Recent Documents List ...............................................78
`Advanced Start Tweaks ................................................................................80
`Chapter 6: Taking On the Taskbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
`Customizing the Taskbar ..............................................................................86
`Sizing the Taskbar .........................................................................................87
`Taming the System Tray ...............................................................................88
`Controlling Groups of Buttons ....................................................................90
`
`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 015
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`Table of Contents
`
`xiii
`
`Modifying Quick Launch ..............................................................................91
`Deleting Quick Launch icons .............................................................92
`Adding programs to Quick Launch ...................................................92
`Adding folders and files to Quick Launch ........................................93
`Adding Web pages to Quick Launch .................................................94
`Making room for more icons ..............................................................94
`Changing Quick Launch screen tips ..................................................95
`Changing Quick Launch icons ...........................................................96
`Chapter 7: Decking Out the Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
`Making Your Desktop Home ........................................................................97
`Wrangling with Icons ....................................................................................99
`Exploring and installing Iconoid ......................................................100
`“Snapping” icons to Windows’ invisible grid .................................101
`Autoarranging icons ..........................................................................101
`Moving all icons to the upper-left corner of the screen ...............102
`Working with Themes .................................................................................102
`Using a purpose-built installer ........................................................103
`Installing a Theme manually ............................................................104
`Getting the Most from ClearType ..............................................................108
`Understanding ClearType ................................................................108
`Modifying ClearType .........................................................................109
`
`Part III: Adjusting Everyday Activities .......................113
`
`Chapter 8: Reining In Windows Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
`Fixing Key Explorer Settings ......................................................................115
`How programs start ..........................................................................115
`Changing filename extension associations ....................................116
`Showing filename extensions and hidden/system files ................118
`Setting File Folder Templates ....................................................................121
`Setting a folder’s template ................................................................122
`Curing template amnesia by setting aside extra memory ...........123
`Customizing Shortcuts ...............................................................................124
`Renaming Files en Masse ...........................................................................126
`Chapter 9: Cool Keyboard Hacks and Menu Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
`Listing Files in a Folder ...............................................................................129
`Copy to Folder and Move to Folder ..........................................................134
`Creating Custom Keyboard Shortcuts ......................................................136
`Key Combinations You Need to Know ......................................................137
`Chapter 10: Searching on the Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
`The Lowdown on Searching .......................................................................139
`Installing Google Desktop Search ....................................................141
`Running Google Desktop Search .....................................................143
`
`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 016
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`xiv
`
`Windows XP Hacks & Mods For Dummies
`
`Google Desktop Search Mods ....................................................................145
`Preventing GDS from indexing specific files ..................................145
`Removing files from the index .........................................................146
`Moving GDS’s index file ....................................................................148
`Chapter 11: Switching to Better Online Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
`Surfing with the Fox ....................................................................................151
`Installing Firefox ................................................................................152
`Working with tabs ..............................................................................154
`Installing extensions .........................................................................156
`Hacking and modding Firefox ..........................................................160
`Keyboard shortcuts for Firefox and IE ...........................................163
`Printing a page in Firefox and IE ......................................................164
`IMing with Trillian .......................................................................................165
`Installing Trillian ................................................................................166
`Adding contacts with Trillian ..........................................................167
`Disabling MSN Messenger ..........................................................................169
`Shutting down MSN Messenger the polite way .............................170
`Shutting down MSN Messenger the IMpolite way .........................171
`Chapter 12: Pulling Off Pictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
`Removing Problematic Camera Software .................................................173
`Transferring Pictures from a Camera .......................................................175
`Copying from a Camera Memory Card .....................................................179
`Rummaging Through New Photos ............................................................181
`Undeleting Images on a Camera ................................................................182
`Resizing Pictures .........................................................................................185
`Converting Picture File Formats ...............................................................188
`Changing file formats with Paint .....................................................189
`Saving the contents of the Clipboard as a picture file ..................189
`
`Part IV: Modding to Monitor and Manage ...................191
`
`Chapter 13: Seeing What’s Happening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
`Using Windows Event Viewer ....................................................................193
`Opening the event logs from the Start menu .................................194
`Poking around Windows Event Viewer ...........................................195
`Saving a log file ..................................................................................198
`Hardware Troubleshooting with Windows Device Manager .................199
`Making it easy to start Device Manager .........................................199
`Taking full advantage of Device Manager views ............................200
`Looking up Device Manager error codes .......................................200
`Check for “ghosted” hardware .........................................................200
`Controlling Applications with Task Manager ..........................................202
`Tracking Memory with Task Manager ......................................................204
`Tracking CPU Usage with Task Manager ..................................................206
`
`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 017
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`Table of Contents
`
`xv
`
`Chapter 14: Decoding IDs, Accounts, and Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . .209
`Activating and Reactivating Windows ......................................................209
`Activating shrink-wrapped Windows ..............................................210
`Dealing with preinstalled Windows .................................................211
`Using volume licenses ......................................................................213
`Changing Registered User and Organization ...........................................215
`Tweaking User Accounts ............................................................................217
`Working with Guest ...........................................................................218
`Changing usernames .........................................................................219
`Showing/hiding accounts at logon ..................................................219
`Changing the picture .........................................................................221
`Bypassing the Windows Welcome screen ................................................222
`Chapter 15: Using Remote Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
`Helping a Friend — Long Distance ............................................................225
`Asking for Help ............................................................................................226
`Connecting via MSN or Windows Messenger ................................227
`Connecting via e-mail or by file .......................................................231
`Poking Through the Firewalls ....................................................................233
`Setting Up RA So That You Can Always Use It .........................................234
`Chapter 16: Retooling Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
`Installing a Second Hard Drive ..................................................................237
`Reassigning Drive Letters ..........................................................................241
`Converting a FAT Disk to NTFS ..................................................................243
`Finding out what kind of drive you have ........................................243
`Converting FAT32 to NTFS ................................................................244
`Maintenance Hacks .....................................................................................245
`Stifling the disk cleanup warning ....................................................245
`Forcing a defrag .................................................................................246
`
`Part V: Protecting Yourself (And Your PC) ................247
`
`Chapter 17: Changing (In)Security Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
`Don’t Let Microsoft Muck with Your Computer ......................................249
`Patch Keystone Kops ........................................................................250
`What is a critical patch? ...................................................................250
`Turning off automatic updating .......................................................251
`Analyzing Updates ......................................................................................253
`Applying Updates ........................................................................................254
`Dealing with Windows Firewall .................................................................256
`Setting up Windows Firewall ............................................................256
`Testing your firewall .........................................................................258
`
`Lenovo EX-1036, Page 018
`IPR2021-00786 (Lenovo Inc. v. LiTL LLC.)
`
`

`

`xvi
`
`Windows XP Hacks & Mods For Dummies
`
`Chapter 18: Taking the “Mal” out of Malware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
`Catching Viruses Free .................................................................................261
`Installing AVG Free ............................................................................262
`Adjusting AVG Free settings .............................................................263
`Fighting Spyware .........................................................................................264
`Using Microsoft Antispyware ...........................................................265
`Running CounterSpy .........................................................................265
`Blocking your Registry with Mike Lin’s StartupMonitor ..............267
`Startup sleuthing ...............................................................................268
`Chapter 19: Keeping Your Privates Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
`Covering Your Tracks Online .....................................................................271
`Anonymous surfing ...........................................................................272
`Browser amnesia ...............................................................................273
`Covering Your Tracks in Windows ............................................................277
`Protecting from prying eyes ............................................................277
`Clobbering the MRU lists ..................................................................278
`Keeping Windows from phoning home ...........................................280
`
`Part VI: Entertaining Yourself ...................................283
`
`Chapter 20: Making the Most of Media Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285
`Knowing Your File Format$ ........................................................................285
`Installing the Latest Windows Media Player ............................................286
`Setting Up WMP ...........................................................................................289
`Using TweakMP ...........................................................................................290
`Chapter 21: Buying Music and Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293
`Music Restrictions .............................................................