(19) United States
`(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2008/0095195A1
`(43) Pub. Date:
`Apr. 24, 2008
`Ahmadi et al.
`
`US 2008.0095195A1
`
`(54)
`
`(76)
`
`(21)
`(22)
`
`(60)
`
`(51)
`
`(52)
`
`DEVICE, SYSTEM, AND METHOD FOR
`PARTITIONING AND FRAMING
`COMMUNICATION SIGNALS IN
`BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS
`NETWORKS
`
`Inventors: Sassan Ahmadi, Portland, OR (US);
`Hujun Yin, San Jose, CA (US)
`Correspondence Address:
`PEARL COHEN ZEDEK LATZER, LLP
`1500 BROADWAY, 12TH FLOOR
`NEW YORK, NY 10036 (US)
`Appl. No.:
`11/907,808
`
`Filed:
`
`Oct. 17, 2007
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`Provisional application No. 60/852,891, filed on Oct.
`17, 2006.
`
`Publication Classification
`
`Int. C.
`H04,
`4/00
`U.S. C.
`
`(2006.01)
`
`- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 370/478
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A method and system for partitioning frames into Sub
`frames, where the frames may be defined according to a
`reference system standard, and transmitting one or more
`Sub-frames during a pre-designated downlink transmission,
`and transmitting one or more Sub-frames during a pre
`designated uplink transmission. A method and system for
`partitioning frames into Sub-frames, transmitting one or
`more Sub-frames including a legacy preamble for commu
`nicating with a legacy terminal operating according to a
`reference system standard during a pre-designated legacy
`transmission period, and transmitting Sub-frames including
`a Supplemental preamble for communicating with a non
`legacy terminal operating according to the evolved version
`of the reference system standard during a pre-designated
`non-legacy transmission period. A method and system for
`partitioning each of two or more frames into two or more
`Sub-frames and transmitting the Sub-frames for a non-relay
`transmission including transmitting a (DL:BS->MS/RS)
`Sub-frame during a pre-designated downlink transmission
`and a (UL:MS/RS->BS) sub-frame during a pre-designated
`uplink transmission, and transmitting Sub-frames for a relay
`transmission including transmitting a (DL:RS->MS) sub
`frame during a pre-designated downlink transmission and a
`(UL:MS->RS) sub-frame during a pre-designated uplink
`transmission.
`
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`US 2008/0095.195 A1
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`Apr. 24, 2008
`
`DEVICE, SYSTEM, AND METHOD FOR
`PARTITIONING AND FRAMING
`COMMUNICATION SIGNALS IN BROADBAND
`WIRELESS ACCESS NETWORKS
`
`PRIORAPPLICATION DATA
`0001. The present application claims priority from U.S.
`provisional application No. 60/852,891, filed on Oct. 17.
`2006, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`0002. Due to increasing demand for broadband commu
`nications, high speed telecommunication services such as
`wireless mediums, which may be relatively inexpensive as
`compared to existing cable and land line technologies, may
`be provided to subscribers. Accordingly, it may be desirable
`to improve efficiency and/or capacity of broadband wireless
`communication systems.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
`0003. The subject matter regarded as the invention is
`particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the con
`cluding portion of the specification. The invention, however,
`both as to organization and method of operation, together
`with objects, features and advantages thereof, may best be
`understood by reference to the following detailed descrip
`tion when read with the accompanied drawings in which:
`0004 FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a wireless
`network according to an embodiment of the present inven
`tion;
`0005 FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an apparatus
`for use in a wireless network according to an embodiment of
`the present invention;
`0006 FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a frame struc
`ture according to an embodiment of the present invention;
`0007 FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a super-frame
`structure according to an embodiment of the present inven
`tion;
`0008 FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a super-frame
`structure according to an embodiment of the present inven
`tion;
`0009 FIGS. 6, 6A, and 6B are schematic illustrations of
`Super-frame structures according to an embodiment of the
`present invention;
`0010 FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a super-frame
`structure having a Supplemental preamble multiplexed with
`a legacy preamble according to an embodiment of the
`present invention;
`0011
`FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a super-frame
`structure having a Supplemental preamble multiplexed with
`a legacy preamble, where the legacy preamble may be
`obscured from legacy terminals, according to an embodi
`ment of the present invention;
`0012 FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of a frame struc
`ture partitioned in the time and/or frequency domain accord
`ing to an embodiment of the present invention;
`
`0013 FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of a frame
`structure in FDD duplex mode according to an embodiment
`of the present invention;
`0014 FIGS. 11-14 are schematic illustrations of super
`frames and their respective frames, each having Substan
`tially different cyclic prefix and duplex modes, according to
`embodiments of the present invention;
`0.015 FIGS. 15-18 are schematic illustrations of fast
`feedback mechanisms according to embodiments of the
`present invention;
`0016 FIGS. 19-23 are schematic illustrations of frame
`structures adapted for coexisting with other wireless systems
`according to embodiments of the present invention;
`0017 FIG. 24 is a flow chart of a method according to an
`embodiment of the present invention;
`0018 FIG. 25 is a schematic illustration of a frame
`structure for non-transparent relay operation with two-hops
`and multi-hops according to an embodiment of the present
`invention; and
`0019 FIG. 26 is a schematic illustration of a super-frame
`structure communicating in a wireless network in TDD
`duplex mode having regular and irregular Sub-frames
`according to an embodiment of the present invention.
`0020. It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity
`of illustration, elements shown in the drawings have not
`necessarily been drawn accurately or to scale. For example,
`the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated
`relative to other elements for clarity or several physical
`components included in one functional block or element.
`Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals
`may be repeated among the drawings to indicate correspond
`ing or analogous elements. Moreover, some of the blocks
`depicted in the drawings may be combined into a single
`function.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
`INVENTION
`0021. In the following detailed description, numerous
`specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough
`understanding of the invention. However it will be under
`stood by those skilled in the art that the present invention
`may be practiced without these specific details. In other
`instances, well-known methods, procedures, components
`and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to
`obscure the present invention.
`0022 Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent
`from the following discussions, it is appreciated that
`throughout the specification discussions utilizing terms such
`as “processing.”"computing.”"calculating.'"determining.”
`or the like, refer to the action and/or processes of a computer
`or computing system, or similar electronic computing
`device, that manipulate and/or transform data represented as
`physical. Such as electronic, quantities within the computing
`system's registers and/or memories into other data similarly
`represented as physical quantities within the computing
`system's memories, registers or other such information
`storage, transmission or display devices. In addition, the
`term “plurality” may be used throughout the specification to
`describe two or more components, devices, elements,
`parameters and the like.
`
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`0023. While the following detailed description may
`describe various embodiments of the present invention in
`relation to wireless networks utilizing orthogonal frequency
`division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation, the embodi
`ments of present invention are not limited thereto and, for
`example, may be implemented using other modulation and/
`or coding schemes where suitably applicable. Further, while
`example embodiments are described herein in relation to
`wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs), the inven
`tion is not limited thereto and can be applied to other types
`of wireless networks where similar advantages may be
`obtained. Such networks specifically include, but are not
`limited to, wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless
`personal area networks (WPANs), and/or wireless wide area
`networks (WWANs).
`0024. The following inventive embodiments may be used
`in a variety of applications including transmitters and receiv
`ers of a radio system, although the present invention is not
`limited in this respect. Radio systems specifically included
`within the scope of the present invention include, but are not
`limited to, network interface cards (NICs), network adap
`tors, mobile stations, base stations, access points (APs),
`gateways, bridges, hubs and cellular radiotelephones. Fur
`ther, the radio systems within the scope of the invention may
`include cellular radiotelephone systems, satellite systems,
`personal communication systems (PCS), two-way radio
`systems, two-way pagers, personal computers (PCs) and
`related peripherals, personal digital assistants (PDAs), per
`Sonal computing accessories and all existing and future
`arising systems which may be related in nature and to which
`the principles of the inventive embodiments could be suit
`ably applied.
`0.025
`Reference is made to FIG. 1, which schematically
`illustrates a wireless network 100 according to an embodi
`ment of the present invention. Wireless network 100 may
`include provider network (PN) 120, a base station (BS) 118,
`and one or more subscriber or other stations 110, 112, 114,
`and/or 116, which may be for example mobile or fixed
`subscriber stations. In some embodiments, base station 118,
`for example, in WLANs, may be referred to as an access
`point (AP), terminal, and/or node, and Subscriber stations
`110, 112, 114, and/or 116 may be referred to as a station
`(STA), terminal, and/or node. However, the terms base
`station and Subscriber station are used merely as an example
`throughout this specification and their denotation in this
`respect is in no way intended to limit the inventive embodi
`ments to any particular type of network or protocols.
`0026 Wireless network 100 may facilitate wireless
`access between each of subscriber stations 110, 112, 114,
`and/or 116 and PN 120. For example, wireless network 100
`may be configured to use one or more protocols specified in
`by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
`(IEEE) 802.11TM standards (“IEEE Standard for Wireless
`LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
`(PHY) Specification. 1999 Edition', reaffirmed Jun. 12,
`2003), such as IEEE 802.11aTM-1999; IEEE 802.11bTM
`1999/Cor1-2001; IEEE 802.11gTM-2003; and/or IEEE
`802.11nTM, in the IEEE 802.16TM standards (“IEEE Stan
`dard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks—Part 16:
`Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access System’,
`Oct. 1, 2004), such as IEEE 802.16-2004/Cor1-2005 or
`IEEE 802.16e-2005, which may herein be referred to as the
`“IEEE 802.16e-2005” or “WiMAX standards, and/or in the
`
`IEEE 802.15.1TM standards (“IEEE Standard for Local and
`Metropolitan Area Networks—Specific Requirements. Part
`15.1: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
`Layer (PHY) Specifications for Wireless Personal Area
`Networks (WPANsTM), Jun. 14, 2005), although the inven
`tion is not limited in this respect and other standards may be
`used. In some embodiments, attributes, compatibility, and/or
`functionality of wireless network 100 and components
`thereof may be defined according to, for example, the IEEE
`802.16 standards (e.g., which may be referred to as a
`worldwide interoperability
`for microwave access
`(WiMAX)). Alternatively or in addition, wireless network
`100 may use devices and/or protocols that may be compat
`ible with a 3" Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long
`Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network or any protocols for
`WPANS or WWANS.
`0027 Embodiments of the invention may enable the next
`generation of mobile WiMAX systems (e.g., based on IEEE
`802.16m standard) to efficiently support substantially high
`mobility and low latency applications, such as, for example,
`Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP), interactive gaming
`over the air-interface, and/or “multi-hop' relay operations,
`while enabling backward compatible operations and inte
`gration with reference standards (e.g., the legacy mobile
`WiMAX systems based on IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard).
`0028. In some embodiments, base station 118 may man
`age and/or control wireless communications among Sub
`scriber stations 110, 112, 114, and/or 116 and between
`subscriber stations 110, 112, 114, and/or 116 and provider
`network 120. Subscriber stations 110, 112, 114, and/or 116
`may, in turn, facilitate various service connections of other
`devices (not shown) to wireless network 100 via a private or
`public local area network (LAN), although the embodiments
`are not limited in this respect.
`0029 Reference is made to FIG. 2, which schematically
`illustrates an apparatus 130 for use in a wireless network
`according to an embodiment of the invention. For example,
`apparatus 130 may be a terminal, device, or node (e.g., one
`of subscriber stations 110, 112, 114, and/or 116, base station
`118, and/or provider network 120, described in FIG. 1) for
`communicating with other terminals, devices, or nodes, in a
`wireless network (e.g., wireless network 100, described in
`FIG. 1). Apparatus 130 may include a controller or process
`ing circuit 150 including logic (e.g., including hard circuitry,
`processor and Software, or a combination thereof) to deter
`mine the false frame detection rate and/or adjust the sensi
`tivity of frame detection as described in one or more
`embodiments of the invention. In some embodiments, appa
`ratus 130 may include a radio frequency (RF) interface 140
`and/or a medium access controller (MAC)/baseband proces
`Sor circuit 150.
`0030. In one embodiment, RF interface 140 may include
`a component or combination of components adapted for
`transmitting and/or receiving single carrier or multi-carrier
`modulated signals (e.g., including complementary code key
`ing (CCK) and/or orthogonal frequency division multiplex
`ing (OFDM) symbols) although the inventive embodiments
`are not limited to any specific over-the-air interface or
`modulation scheme. RF interface 140 may include, for
`example, a receiver 142, a transmitter 144 and/or a fre
`quency synthesizer 146. Interface 140 may include bias
`controls, a crystal oscillator and/or one or more antennas 148
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`and/or 149. In another embodiment, RF interface 140 may
`use external voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), surface
`acoustic wave filters, intermediate frequency (IF) filters
`and/or RF filters, as desired. Due to the variety of potential
`RF interface designs an expansive description thereof is
`omitted.
`0.031) Processing circuit 150 may communicate with RF
`interface 140 to process receive and/or transmit signals and
`may include, for example, an analog-to-digital converter 152
`for down converting received signals, a digital-to-analog
`converter 154 for up converting signals for transmission.
`Further, processor circuit 150 may include a baseband or
`physical layer (PHY) processing circuit 156 for PHY link
`layer processing of respective receive/transmit signals. Pro
`cessing circuit 150 may include, for example, a processing
`circuit 159 for medium access control (MAC)/data link layer
`processing. Processing circuit 150 may include a memory
`controller 158 for communicating with processing circuit
`159 and/or a base station management entity 160, for
`example, via interfaces 155.
`0032. In some embodiments of the present invention,
`PHY processing circuit 156 may include a frame construc
`tion and/or detection module, in combination with additional
`circuitry Such as a buffer memory, to construct and/or
`deconstruct Super-frames as in the embodiments previously
`described. Alternatively or in addition, MAC processing
`circuit 159 may share processing for certain of these func
`tions or perform these processes independent of PHY pro
`cessing circuit 156. In some embodiments, MAC and PHY
`processing may be integrated into a single circuit if desired.
`0033) Apparatus 130 may be, for example, a base station,
`an access point, a Subscriber station, a device, a terminal, a
`node, a hybrid coordinator, a wireless router, a NIC and/or
`network adaptor for computing devices, a mobile station or
`other device suitable to implement the inventive methods,
`protocols and/or architectures described herein. Accord
`ingly, functions and/or specific configurations of apparatus
`130 described herein, may be included or omitted in various
`embodiments of apparatus 130, as suitably desired. In some
`embodiments, apparatus 130 may be configured to be com
`patible with protocols and frequencies associated one or
`more of the IEEE 802.11, 802.15 and/or 802.16 standards
`for WLANs, WPANs and/or broadband wireless networks,
`cited herein, although the embodiments are not limited in
`this respect.
`0034 Embodiments of apparatus 130 may be imple
`mented using single input single output (SISO) architec
`tures. However, as shown in FIG. 2, certain implementations
`may include multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 148 and 149)
`for transmission and/or reception using adaptive antenna
`techniques for beam forming or spatial division multiple
`access (SDMA) and/or using multiple input multiple output
`(MIMO) communication techniques.
`0035. The components and features of station 130 may be
`implemented using any combination of discrete circuitry,
`application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), logic gates
`and/or single chip architectures. Further, the features of
`apparatus 130 may be implemented using microcontrollers,
`programmable logic arrays and/or microprocessors or any
`combination of the foregoing where Suitably appropriate. It
`is noted that hardware, firmware and/or software elements
`may be collectively or individually referred to herein as
`“logic” or “circuit.”
`
`It should be appreciated that the example apparatus
`0036.
`130 shown in the block diagram of FIG.2 may represent one
`functionally descriptive example of many potential imple
`mentations. Accordingly, division, omission or inclusion of
`block functions depicted in the accompanying figures does
`not infer that the hardware components, circuits, software
`and/or elements for implementing these functions would be
`necessarily be divided, omitted, or included in embodiments
`of the present invention.
`0037 Reference is made to FIG. 3, which schematically
`illustrates a frame 300 structure according to an embodiment
`of the present invention. Frame 300 (e.g., a radio frame) may
`be a portion of a transmitted and/or received communication
`in, for example, wireless network 100. In some embodi
`ments, frame 300 may describe a periodically repeating
`segment structure of a larger communication signal or
`stream. In some embodiments, repeating frame 300 may
`include substantially different information, for example,
`during substantially each separate transmission. Frame 300
`may be defined and may include broadband wireless access
`technology according to, for example, the IEEE 802.16e
`2005 standard or mobile WiMAX profiles. According to the
`mobile WiMAX profiles, the duration of frame 300 or
`transmission time interval (TTI) may be, for example,
`approximately 5 ms. Other frame or radio frame sizes such
`as for example 2, 2.5, 4, 8, 10, 12, and 20 ms may be used
`as for example specified in the IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard
`specification.
`0038. In some embodiments, frame 300 may be trans
`mitted and/or received, for example, according to a time
`division duplex (TDD) mode or scheme. Other time and/or
`frequency schemes may be used (e.g., Such as a frequency
`division duplex (FDD) mode or scheme) according to
`embodiments of the invention.
`0.039 Frame 300 may include an integer number of
`OFDM symbols or other multiplexing symbols. The number
`of OFDM symbols per frame may be determined, for
`example, according to a choice of OFDM numerology (e.g.,
`Sub-carrier spacing, cyclic prefix length, Sampling fre
`quency, etc.). In some embodiments, OFDM numerologies
`may be determined, set, or obtained, for example, depend
`ing, on a bandwidth and sampling frequency (e.g., or an
`over-sampling factor according to the mobile WiMAX pro
`files). In various embodiments, substantially different
`OFDM numerologies may be used, which may result in
`substantially different number of OFDM symbols in frame
`3OO.
`0040. In some embodiments, frame 300 may include idle
`symbols and/or idle time slots. In one embodiment, frame
`300 may include one or more switching periods 302 and/or
`304, for example, for changing between a pre-designated
`downlink (DL) transmission 306 and a pre-designated
`uplink (UL) transmission 308 when a TDD duplex mode or
`scheme is used. In other embodiments, for example, when an
`FDD duplex scheme is used, since DL transmissions 306
`and UL transmissions 308 may be sent substantially at the
`same or overlapping times (e.g., over different frequencies
`or network channels) frame 300 may include substantially
`few or no idle symbols, idle time slots, and/or Switching
`periods 302 and/or 304.
`0041. In some embodiments, the TTI or the duration of
`frame 300 may be, for example, approximately 5 ms. A
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`round trip time (RTT) (e.g., the time interval between two
`consecutive pre-designated DL transmissions 306 to a spe
`cific wireless node may be, for example, approximately 10
`ms. Wireless networks (e.g., wireless network 100) having
`rapidly changing channel conditions and/or Small coherence
`times (e.g., rapidly moving mobile stations or nodes, such as
`automobiles having vehicular speeds of for example, in the
`excess of approximately 120 kilometers per hour (km/h))
`may use mechanisms for Supporting Substantially high
`mobility in varying channel conditions. Embodiments of the
`invention may support wireless network 100 having sub
`stantially small round trip times, for example, to enable
`Substantially fast-varying channel condition feedback
`between subscriber stations 110, 112, 114, and/or 116, such
`as a mobile station, and base station 118. Other time dura
`tions may be used.
`0042. The current IEEE 802.16e-2005 specification stan
`dard frame structure may include restrictions, such as Sub
`stantially long TTIs that are typically not suitable for Sup
`porting Substantially fast feedback and low access latency
`(e.g., less than 10 ms), which may be used by, for example,
`emerging rad