CASE 0:20-cv-00358-ECT-HB Doc. 80-6 Filed 06/10/21 Page 1 of 8
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`CASE 0:20-cv-00358-ECT-HB Doc. 80-6 Filed 06/10/21 Page 1of8
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`Exhibit 6
`Exhibit 6
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`OWTEx. 2137
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`IPR2021-00625
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`CASE 0:20-cv-00358-ECT-HB Doc. 80-6 Filed 06/10/21 Page 2 of 8
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`CASE 0:20-cv-00358-ECT-HB Doc. 80-6 Filed 06/10/21 Page 2 of 8
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`UtahState
`UNIVERSITY
`
`EXTENSION
`
`ANALYSIS OF WATER
`‘3
`AnimalHealth~~QUALITY FOR LIVESTOCK
`
`
`Clell V. Bagley, DVM, Extension Veterinarian
`Janice Kotuby-Amacher, PhD, Director, Analytical Laboratories
`Kitt Farrell-Poe, PhD, Extension Specialist, Water Quality
`Utah State University, Logan UT 84322-5600
`
`July 1997
`
`AH/Beef/28
`
`Animals are able to ingest a wide variety of different types of water and survive.
`However, some salts and elements, at high levels, may reduce animal growth and production or
`may cause illness and death.
`The measures used to evaluate water quality include salinity, hardness, pH,sulfate, nitrate
`and analysis for other specific elements known to be toxic. Waters can be evaluated for these
`characteristics at university or commercial laboratories. Microbiological agents (bacterial, viral
`and protozoan) can be spread through water and cause disease. These are not usually evaluated in
`livestock waters, but samples could be submitted to an animal disease diagnostic laboratory for
`culture. Only certain laboratories are prepared to test for pesticides and organic toxins.
`
`A. SALINITY
`Salinity refers to salts dissolved in water. The anions (negatively charged ions) commonly
`present include: carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, nitrate, chloride, phosphate and fluoride. The
`cations (positively charged ions) include calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium.
`Salinity may be measured as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) or Total Soluble Salts (TSS)
`and is expressed as parts per million (ppm) (which is equivalent to mg/l or ug/ml). Salinity may
`also be measured by electrical conductivity (EC) and is then expressed as reciprocal micro ohms
`per centimeter (umhos/cm) or decisiemens per meter (dS/m). There is a close correlation of EC
`and ppm with the values of ppm being about 3/5 of those for EC (@ 300 ppm, EC = 500
`umhos/cm and @ 3,000 ppm, EC = 5,000 umhos/cm). The effects seem to be the same whether
`one or several salts are involved. The conversion factors are listed in Table 6.
`An abrupt change from water of low salinity to water of high salinity may cause animals
`harm while a gradual change would not. Animals can consume water of high salinity (TDS) for a
`few days, without harm,if they are then given water of low salinity (TDS). Animaltolerance also
`varies with species, age, water requirement, season of the year, and physiological condition.
`As the TDS of water increases, intake also increases, except at very high content where
`the animals refuse to drink. Depressed water intake is accompanied by depressed feed intake.
`The ions of magnesium(Mg), calctum (Ca), sodium(Na) and chloride (Cl) all contribute
`to the salinity of water, and they may cause toxic effects because of this salinity effect or by
`interference with other elements. But, these four are not usually considered toxic otherwise.
`Salinity by itself tells nothing about which elements are present, but this may be of
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`CASE 0:20-cv-00358-ECT-HB Doc. 80-6 Filed 06/10/21 Page 3of8
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`critical importance. So whenthe salinity is elevated, the water should be analyzed for the specific
`anions and cations.
`The following tables give guidelines on potential uses of waters of various salinity:
`
`Table 1: TDS and Species Variation(1)
`
`
`
`*The limit for drinking water in Utah is 2,000 ppm.
`
`Table 2. A Guide to the Use of Saline Waters for Livestock and Poultry(2)
`
`ess than 1,000 ppm
`(1670 umhos/cm)
`
`1,000-2,999 ppm
`(1670-5008 umhos/cm)
`
`3,000-4,999 ppm
`(5010-8348 umhos/cm)
`
`5,000-6,999 ppm
`(8350-11688 umhos/cm)
`
`Comment
`
`These waters have a relatively lowlevel of salinity and should
`present no serious burden to any livestock or poultry.
`
`These waters should be satisfactory for all classes of livestock
`and poultry. They may cause temporary and mild diarrhea in
`livestock not accustomed to them, or watery droppings in
`poultry (especially at the higher levels}, but should not affect
`their health or performance.
`
`These waters should be satisfactory for livestock, although
`they may cause temporary diarrhea or be refused at first by
`animals not accustomed to them. They are poor waters for
`poultry, often causing watery feces and (at the higher levels of
`salinity) increased mortality and decreased growth, especially
`in turkeys.
`
`These waters can be used with reasonable safety for dairy and
`beef cattle, sheep, swine and horses. Avoid the use of those
`approaching the higher levels for pregnantor lactating
`animals. They are not acceptable waters for poultry, almost
`always causing some type of problem, especially near the
`upper limit, where reduced growth and production or increased
`mortality will probably occur.
`
`
`
`Total Soluble Salts Content
`of Waters
`mg/L or ppm)
`
`( L
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`CASE 0:20-cv-00358-ECT-HB Doc. 80-6 Filed 06/10/21 Page 4 of 8
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`Comment
`
`These waters are unfit for poultry and probably for swine. Con
`7,000-10,000 ppm (11,690-16,700 umhos/cm considerable risk
`may exist in using them for pregnantor lactating cows, horses,
`sheep, the young of these species, or for any animals subjected
`to heavy heat stress or water loss. In general, their use should
`be avoided, although older ruminants, horses, and even poultry
`and swine may subsist on them for long periods of time under
`conditions of low stress
`
`Therisks with these highly saline waters are so great that they
`cannot be recommendedfor use under any conditions.
`
`Brine
`
`
`
`Total Soluble Salts Content
`of Waters
`(mg/L or ppm)
`
`7,000-10,000 ppm
`(11,690-16,700 umhos/cm)
`
`More than 10,000 ppm
`(16,700 umhos/cm)
`
`35,000 ppm
`(58,450 umhos/cm)
`
`B. HARDNESS
`Water containing appreciable amounts of calcium and magnesium are called “hard”
`because it is hard to make such water lather with soap. The free calcium and magnesium react
`with soap to form an insoluble curd-like material. If they are removed, the water will lather
`easily.
`
`Water “hardness” is not necessarily correlated with salinity. Saline waters can be very soft
`if they contain lowlevels of calcium and magnesium (the cations which cause hardness).
`Calcium and magnesium are usually present at less than 1,000 ppm in water. The calcium
`carbonate content of waters of various hardness is classed as:
`
`
`
`0-60
`Soft
`61-120
`Moderate
`121-180
`Hard
`>180
`Very Hard
`Hardness does not cause urinary calculi
`
`Softening the water through exchange of calcium and magnesium with sodium may cause
`problemsif the water is already high in salinity.
`
`C. PH
`
`The pH is a measure ofacidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7 is neutral, under 7 is acidic and
`over 7 is alkaline. Most waters in the western states are slightly alkaline. The preferred pH is 6.0
`to 8.0 for dairy animals and from 5.5 to 8.3 for other livestock. Highly alkaline waters may cause
`digestive upsets, diarrhea, poor feed conversion and reduced water/feed intake.
`
`D. SULFATE
`Sulfate imparts a bitter taste to the water, but animals can acclimateto it. Consider
`diluting high sulfate water for weanling pigs and for animals who are not accustomedto it. The
`maximum recommended levels are:
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`CASE 0:20-cv-00358-ECT-HB Doc. 80-6 Filed 06/10/21 Page 5of8
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`Table 3. Maximum Recommended Levels of Sulfate
`
`
`
`Sulfate as Sulfur (SO4-S)
`
`ppm Sulfate (SO4) ppm
`
`Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) and sodium sulfate (Glauber salt) tend to make water
`taste objectionable. Sulfate levels up to 1500 ppm produceslight effects on livestock and levels
`of 1500 to 2500 produce temporary diarrhea. When the sulfate level reaches 3500 ppm,it is unfit
`for sows. Water with levels above 4500 ppm should not be used.(3)
`
`E. NITRATE
`
`Nitrate toxicity is seldom caused by a water source alone, but it may contribute to a
`problem feed source. The nitrate ion (NO3-) itself is not especially toxic. However,nitrite
`(NO2-) is readily absorbed and is quite toxic (10 times more than nitrate). The bacteria present in
`the digestive tract of ruminants and herbivores can readily convert nitrate to nitrite. The clinical
`signs of nitrate poisoning in animals include lack of coordination, labored breathing, blue
`discoloration of mucous membranes, vomiting and abortions. Dairy cows can have reduced milk
`production without showing anyclinical signs. If animals show signs ofnitrate poisoning or a
`problem is suspected, a veterinarian should be consulted to determineif nitrate is the problem,
`and administer an antidote if needed.
`The following table can be used as a guide for nitrate in water, but must be considered
`along with the forage level.
`
`Table 4. Nitrate Content (ppm)(1)
`
`Nitrate-N|Nitrate Potassium Nitrate|Interpretation
`
`(NO3-N
`(NO3)
`(KNO3)
`
`
`
`A. Water: (ppm)|0-100 0-440 0-720 Considered safe.
`
`100-300
`440-1300
`720-2100
`Exercise caution.
`Consider additive effect
`of nitrate in feed.
`
`Over 300 Over 1300|Over 2100 Potentially toxic.
`
`
`
`
`B. Forages: (%)|0-.15% 0-0.65% Considered safe.
`
`
`0.15-0.45%|0.65-2% Exercise caution. May
`need to dilute or limit
`feed forages
`
`
`
`Over 45%|Over 2% Over 3% Potentially toxic.
`
`
`
`C: Other
`elements
`
`Several other elements can contaminate water under special circumstances.
`These will require special tests and are usually not performed unless there
`are indications of a problem. Questions of cost, accuracy and range of
`detection must be evaluated. Then a request should be madefor the
`specific elements desired.
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`CASE 0:20-cv-00358-ECT-HB Doc. 80-6 Filed 06/10/21 Page 6of8
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`Table 5. Recommended Limits of Concentration of Some Potentially Toxic Substances in
`Drinking Water for Livestock Safe Upper Limit of Concentration (mg/L)
`
`
`
`1.0
`4.0/2.0 (e)
`0.3
`005
`0.05
`0.002
`
`U.S. EPA
`(for humans)
`
`U.S. EPA
`(for livestock)
`
`NAS
`(for livestock
`
`Element
`Aluminum
`Arsenic (b)
`Barium (c)
`Berylium (c)
`Boron
`Cadmium
`Chromium
`Cobalt
`Copper(c)
`Fluoride
`:
`Iron (e)
`No limit
`Lead(a) (b)
`No limit
`Manganese(e)
`0.001
`Mercury (c)
`No limit
`Molybdenum
`—
`Nickel
`100
`Nitrate (d)
`33
`Nitrite (c)
`0.05
`Selenium (a)
`0.1
`Vanadium (a)
`25.0
`:
`Zinc (¢)
`*Not established. Experimental data available are not sufficient to make definite
`recommendations.
`(a) Lead is cumulative and problems maybeginat threshold value (0.05 mg/L).
`(b) The safe limit is below the lowest detectable level.
`(c) Analyses available only at certain laboratories.
`(d) As Nitrate-N (NO3-N).
`(e) Secondary standard. Drinking water limits for humansare classed as primary and secondary.
`Primary limits are health related and are enforced by law. Secondary limits are for aesthetics and
`are recommendations.
`
`G. CONVERSION FACTORS AND TABLES
`
`Table 6. Conversion Factors for Salinity Measures
`
`
`
`
`umhos/cm
`ppm
`
`umhos to ppm = umhos/cm x 3/5 =
`(umhos/cm) to dS/m = (umhos/cm) x (0.001) =
`dS/m (or mmhos/cm) to (amhos/cm) = dS/m / 0.001 =
`ppm to dS/m = ppm x 0.0017 = __
`dS/m
`dS/m to ppm = dS/m / 0.0017 =
`ppm
`
`dS/m (or mmhos/cm)
`umhos/em
`
` ppm to umhos = ppm x 5/3 =
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`CASE 0:20-cv-00358-ECT-HB Doc. 80-6 Filed 06/10/21 Page 7 of 8
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`Table 7: Nitrate and Nitrite Expressions and Conversion Factors for Converting from One
`Form of Expression to Another
`
`
`Nitrogen|Nitrite|Nitrate Potassium Sodium
`
`
`
`(N) (NO2)|(NO3)|Nitrate (KNO3) Nitrate
`(NaNO3)
`
`FORM A
`
`Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3)
`
`Nitrate-Nitrogen (N)
`Nitrate (NO3)
`Nitrite (NO2)
`Potassium Nitrate(KNO3)
`
`1.0
`
`3.3
`
`4.4
`
`.
`
`.
`
`To convert FormA to the equivalent amount of Form B, multiply A by the appropriate
`conversion factor. (Form A X Conversion Factor = Form B)
`
`Examples:
`1. 1.0% nitrate-nitrogen (N) X 4.4 = 4.4% nitrate (NO3)
`2. 1.0% nitrate (NO3) X 0.23 = 0.23% nitrate-nitrogen (N)
`3. 1.0% KNO3 X 0.61 = 0.61% nitrate (NO3)
`4. 1.0% KNO3 X 0.14 = 0.14% nitrate-nitrogen (N)
`
`Table 8. Conversions, Equivalents and Abbreviations
`
`One percent is 10000 parts per million
`
`To convert Ca to CaCO3 multiply by 2.50
`To convert SO4 to S multiply by 0.333
`One US. gallon of water weighs 8.345 lbs.
`One cubic foot of water weighs 62.43 Ibs.
`One US. gallon equals .13368 cubic foot
`One kilogram equals 2.2 pounds
`One pound equals 454 grams
`One ounce equals 28.35 grams
`ppm is parts per million
`ppb is parts per billion
`Onepart per million is equal to 1 mg/l
`Onepart per million is equal to 1 mg/kg
`Onepart per million is 0.0001 percent
`
`H. REFERENCES
`
`1. Boyles, S. et al. Livestock and water. North Dakota State University, Extension Service
`Bulletin #AS-954. June 1988.
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`2. National Academy of Sciences. Nutrients and toxic substances in water for livestock and
`poultry. 1974.
`
`3. Kober, J.A. Water: The most limiting nutrient. Agri-Practice 14:39-42. February 1993.
`
`4. Carson, T.L. Water quality for livestock. In Current Veterinary Therapy, Food AnimalPractice
`3. W.B. Saunders and Co., 1993, pg. 375-377.
`
`5. Water Quality Criteria, 1972. National Academy of Science - National Academyof
`Engineering, Environmental Study Board, ad hoc Committee on Water Quality Criteria,
`US. Gov't. Printing Office.
`
`Utah State University Extension is an affirmative action/equal employment opportunity employer and educational
`organization. We offer our programs to personsregardless of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age ordisability.
`Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S.
`Departmentof Agriculture, Robert L. Gilliland, Vice-President and Director, Cooperative Extension Service, Utah State
`
`University, Logan, Utah. (EP/DF/07-97)
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