G E O T E C H N I C AL
`
`S P E C I AL P U B L I C A T I ON N O.
`
`1 05
`
`ENVIRONMENTAL
`GEOTECHNICS
`
`PROCEEDINGS OF SESSIONS OF GEO-DENVER 2000
`
`SPONSORED BY
`The Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers
`August 5-8, 2000
`Denver, Colorado
`
`EDITED BY
`T.F. Zimmie
`
`jfj ^P^ijtff
`Society
`American
`Wm9%*ma of Civil Engineers
`1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE
`RESTON, VIRGINIA 20191-4400
`
` Environmental Geotechnics
`
`Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by 199.45.12.131 on 02/08/21. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
`
`Tennant Company
`Exhibit 1036
`
`

`

`Abstract: The 12 papers included in this proceedings are quite diverse, and attest to the
`multidisciplinary nature of geoenvironmental engineering. The first section deals with
`landfill settlements, including municipal landfills as well as landfills utilizing recycled
`waste paper sludge, and the use of recycled materials in road construction and as a concrete
`aggregate. The second section deals with contaminant transport through waste contaminant
`barriers, the use of various materials for barrier systems, including slurry trench cutoff
`barriers. The third section deals with processes used in waste remediation projects,
`properties of a modified bentonite, and biological clogging.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Geo-Denver 2000 (2000 : Denver, Colo.)
`Environmental geotechnics : proceedings of sessions of Geo-Denver 2000 : August 5-8,
`2000, Denver, Colorado / sponsored by the Geo-Institute of the American Society of
`Civil Engineers ; edited by T.F. Zimmie.
`p. cm. - (Geotechnical special publication ; no. 105)
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-7844-0519-0
`1. Sanitary landfills—Congresses. 2. Sanitary landfills—Liners—Congresses.
`3. Environmental geotechnology—Congresses. I. Zimmie, T.F. II. American Society
`of Civil Engineers. Geo-Institute. III. Title. IV. Series.
`TD795.7 .G44 2000
`00-044143
`628.4*4564-dc21
`Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not
`necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement
`made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process
`or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by
`ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of
`ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts,
`regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation or
`warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness,
`suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this
`publication, and assumes no liability therefore. This information should not be used without
`first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific
`application. Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use,
`including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.
`Photocopies: Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under
`circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by
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`Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $8.00 per article plus $.50 per
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`for ASCE Books is 0-7844-0519-0/00/ $8.00 + $.50 per page. Requests for special
`permission or bulk copying should be addressed to Permissions & Copyright Dept., ASCE.
`Copyright © 2000 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
`All Rights Reserved.
`Library of Congress Catalog Card No; 00-044143
`ISBN 0-7844-0519-0
`Manufactured in the United States of America.
`
` Environmental Geotechnics
`
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`

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`Geotechnical Special Publications
`1 Terzaghi Lectures
`32 Embankment of Dams-James L Sherard
`2 Geotechnical Aspects of Stiff and Hard
`Contributions
`33 Excavation and Support for the Urban
`Clays
`3 Landslide Dams: Processes, Risk, and
`Infrastructure
`34 Piles Under Dynamic Loads
`Mitigation
`4 Tiebacks for Bulkheads
`35 Geotechnical Practice in Dam Rehabilitation
`5 Settlement of Shallow Foundation on
`36 Fly Ash for Soil Improvement
`Cohesionless Soils: Design and
`37 Advances in Site Characterization: Data
`Performance
`Acquisition, Data Management and Data
`6 Use of In Situ Tests in Geotechnical
`Interpretation
`Engineering
`38 Design and Performance of Deep
`7 Timber Bulkheads
`Foundations: Piles and Piers in Soil and
`8 Foundations for Transmission Line
`Soft Rock
`39 Unsaturated Soils
`Towers
`9 Foundations & Excavations in Decomposed
`40 Vertical and Horizontal Deformations of
`Rock of the Piedmont Province
`Foundations and Embankments
`10 Engineering Aspects of Soil Erosion,
`41 Predicted and Measured Behavior of Five
`Dispersive Clays and Loess
`Spread Footings on Sand
`11 Dynamic Response of Pile Foundations -
`42 Serviceability of Earth Retaining Structures
`43 Fracture Mechanics Applied to Geotechnical
`Experiment, Analysis and Observation
`Engineering
`12 Soil Improvement: A Ten Year Update
`13 Geotechnical Practice for Solid Waste
`44 Ground Failures Under Seismic Conditions
`Disposal #7
`45 In Situ Deep Soil Improvement
`14 Geotechnical Aspects ofKarst Terrains
`46 Geoenvironment 2000
`15 Measured Performance Shallow
`47 Geo-Environmental Issues Facing the
`Americas
`Foundations
`48 Soil Suction Applications in Geotechnical
`16 Special Topics in Foundations
`Engineering
`17 Soil Properties Evaluation from Centrifugal
`49 Sou" Improvement for Earthquake Hazard
`Models
`Mitigation
`18 Geosynthetics for Soil Improvement
`50 Foundation Upgrading and Repair for
`19 Mine Induced Subsidence: Effects on
`Infrastructure Improvement
`Engineered Structures
`51 Performance of Deep Foundations Under
`20 Earthquake Engineering & Soil Dynamics II
`Seismic Loading
`21 Hydraulic FUl Structures
`52 Landslides Under Static and Dynamic
`22 Foundation Engineering
`Conditions-Analysis, Monitoring, and
`23 Predicted and Observed Axial Behavior of
`Mitigation
`Piles
`53 Landfill Closures-Environmental
`24 Resilient Moduli of Soils: Laboratory
`Protection and Land Recovery
`Conditions
`54 Earthquake Design and Performance of
`25 Design and Performance of Earth Retaining
`Solid Waste Landfills
`Structures
`55 Earthquake-Induced Movements and
`26 Waste Containment Systems: Construction,
`Seismic Remediation of Existing
`Regulation, and Performance
`Foundations and Abutments
`27 Geotechnical Engineering Congress
`56 Static and Dynamic Properties of Gravelly
`28 Detection of and Construction at the
`Soil/Rock Interface
`Soils
`57 Verification of Geotechnical Grouting
`29 Recent Advances in Instrumentation, Data
`58 Uncertainty in the Geologic Environment
`Acquisition and Testing in Soil Dynamics
`59 Engineered Contaminated Soils and
`30 Grouting, Soil Improvement and
`Interaction of Soil Geomembranes
`Geosynthetics
`60 Analysis and Design of Retaining
`31 Stability and Performance of Slopes and
`Structures Against Earthquakes
`Embankments II
`
` Environmental Geotechnics
`
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`

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`89 Recent Advances in the Characterization of
`Transportation Geo-Materials
`90 Geo-Engineeringfor Underground
`Facilities
`91 Special Geotechnical Testing: Central
`Artery/Tunnel Project in Boston,
`Massachusetts
`92 Behavioral Characteristics of Residual
`Soils
`93 National Geotechnical Experimentation
`Sites
`94 Performance Confirmation of Constructed
`Geotechnical Facilities
`95 Soil-Cement and Other Construction
`Practices in Geotechnical Engineering
`96 Numerical Methods in Geotechnical
`Engineering: Recent Developments
`97 Innovations and Applications in
`Geotechnical Site Characterization
`98 Pavement Subgrade, Unbound Materials,
`and Nondestructive Testing
`99 Advances in Unsaturated Geotechnics
`100 New Technologies and Design
`Developments in Deep Foundations
`101 Slope Stability 2000
`102 Trends in Rock Mechanics
`103 Advances in Transportation and
`Geoenvironmental Systems Using
`Geosynthetics
`104 Advances in Grouting and Ground
`Modification
`105 Environmental Geotechnics
`
`61 Measuring and Modeling Time Dependent
`Soil Behavior
`62 Case Histories of Geophysics Applied to
`Civil Engineering and Public Policy
`63 Design with Residual Materials:
`Geotechnical and Construction
`Considerations
`64 Observation and Modeling in Numerical
`Analysis and Model Tests in Dynamic
`Soil-Structure Interaction Problems
`65 Dredging and Management of Dredged
`Material
`66 Grouting: Compaction, Remediation and
`Testing
`67 Spatial Analysis in Soil Dynamics and
`Earthquake Engineering
`68 Unsaturated Soil Engineering Practice
`69 Ground Improvement, Ground
`Reinforcement, Ground Treatment:
`Developments 1987-1997
`70 Seismic Analysis and Design for Soil-Pile-
`Structure Interactions
`71 In Situ Remediation of the
`Geoenvironment
`72 Degradation of Natural Building Stone
`73 Innovative Design and Construction for
`Foundations and Substructures Subject to
`Freezing and Frost
`74 Guidelines of Engineering Practice for
`Braced and Tied-Back Excavations
`75 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and
`Soil Dynamics III
`76 Geosynthetics in Foundation
`Reinforcement and Erosion Control
`Systems
`77 Stability of Natural Slopes in the Coastal
`Plain
`78 Filtration and Drainage in
`Geotechnical/Geoenvironmental
`Engineering
`79 Recycled Materials in Geotechnical
`Applications
`80 Grouts and Grouting: A Potpourri of
`Projects
`81 Soil Improvement for Big Digs
`82 Risk-Based Corrective Action and
`Brownfields Restorations
`83 Design and Construction of Earth
`Retain ing Systems
`84 Effects of Construction on Structures
`85 Application of Geotechnical Principles in
`Pavement Engineering
`86 Big Digs Around the World
`87 Jacked Tunnel Design and Construction
`88 Analysis, Design, Construction, and
`Testing of Deep Foundations
`
` Environmental Geotechnics
`
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`

`

`Preface
`This publication contains the twelve papers that were presented at GeoDenver 2000,
`August 5-8, 2000, an ASCE Geo-Institute conference held in Denver, Colorado. A
`wide range of topics is included, in the general area of geoenvironmental engineering.
`The title of this GSP, Environmental Geotechnics, was selected only to allow
`differentiation between this publication and accompanying sessions, versus other
`geoenvironmental publications and sessions which were part of the GeoDenver
`conference. The geotechnical profession appears to have settled on the usage of the
`term geoenvironmental engineering, which can loosely be defined as the application
`of geotechnical engineering principles to the solution of environmental problems.
`The 12 papers included in this proceedings are quite diverse, and attest to the
`multidisciplinary nature of geoenvironmental engineering.
`The papers were
`organized into three sections, but there is a considerable amount of overlap between
`the sections. The first section, entitled landfills and recycled materials, deals with
`landfill settlements, including municipal landfills as well as landfills utilizing
`recycled waste paper sludge, and the use of recycled materials in road construction
`and as a concrete aggregate. The second section, barrier systems, deals with
`contaminant transport through waste contaminant barriers, the use of various
`materials for barrier systems, including slurry trench cutoff barriers. The third
`section, processes and properties, deals with processes used in waste remediation
`projects, properties of a modified bentonite, and biological clogging.
`Each of the papers included in this volume received at least two positive peer
`reviews. Essentially the review process followed the same procedures used for the
`Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering of ASCE. All of the
`papers are eligible for discussion in the Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviron(cid:173)
`mental Engineering, and are eligible for ASCE awards. The editor would like to
`thank the reviewers for the time and effort spent on the reviews. Reviewers were:
`Tarek Abdoun
`Juan Quiroz
`Carsten Floess
`Pickett Simpson
`Jonathan Howland
`Mourad Zeghal
`Christine LaPlante
`Editor
`Thomas F. Zimmie
`Civil Engineering Department
`Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
`
`v
`
` Environmental Geotechnics
`
`Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by 199.45.12.131 on 02/08/21. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
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`

`

`Contents
`Session 1: Landfills and Recycled Materials
`Estimating Method and Use of Landfill Settlement
`Michael L. Leonard, Sr., Kenneth J. Floom, Jr., and Scott Brown
`Evaluation of Paper Sludge Landfill Cover Settlement
`Juan D. Quiroz, Pickett T. Simpson and Thomas F. Zimmie
`Use of Industrial Wastes in the Construction of Low-Volume Roads
`Pentti O. Lahtinen, Harri Jyrava, and Heikki Suni
`Thermally Treated Coal Tar Contaminated Soil as a Concrete Aggregate
`Katherine E. Leblanc, John L. Durant, Christopher Swan,
`Michael J. Weaver, and Daniel C. Jansen
`Analysis of Boundary Conditions for Contaminant Transport Through Adsorptive,
`Session 2: Barrier Systems
`Low-Permeability Slurry Trench Cutoff Walls
`Michael J. Prince, James E. Maneval, and Jeffrey C. Evans
`Laboratory Determination of Slurry Wall Construction with Paper Clay
`Horace Moo-Young, Charles Ochola, and Marc Gallagher
`Bentonite-Kaolinite Mix for Barrier Systems
`N.S. Ahmad, G.P. Karunaratne, S.H. Chew, and S.L. Lee
`Ammonium Transport Through Lagoon Liners: Modeling Studies
`Mohan V.S. Bonala and Lakshmi N. Reddi
`Session 3: Processes and Properties
`Surfactant Effects on the Transport of Air Bubbles in Porous Media
`M. Zhang and Susan E. Burns
`Enhanced Subsurface Flushing of Mixed Waste: A Field Study
`J.D. Quaranta, M.S. Sabodish, K.A. Gates, and M.A. Gabr
`Compressibility and Index Properties of Organic Exchanged Bentonite
`Andria Z. Redding and Susan E. Burns
`Biological Clogging in Porous Media........—
`Malay Ghose Hajra, Lakshmi N. Reddi, George L. Marchin, and
`Jagan Mutyala
`Indexes
`vii
`
`Subject Index
`Author Index.........
`
`1
`
`16
`
`32
`
`44
`
`58
`
`73
`
`93
`
`105
`
`121
`
`132
`
`142
`
`151
`
`167
`168
`
` Environmental Geotechnics
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