12/13/21, 9:36 AM
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`BU-107: Comparison Table of Secondary Batteries - Battery University
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`BU-107: Comparison Table of Secondary BatteriesBU-107: Comparison Table of Secondary Batteries
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`Fundamental Ex 2017
`TCT et al v Fundamental
`IPR2021-00599
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`Rechargeable batteries play an important role in our lives and many daily chores would be unthinkable without the ability to
`recharge. The most common rechargeable batteries are lead acid, NiCd, NiMH and Li-ion. Here is a brief summary of their
`characteristics.
`Lead Acid – This is the oldest rechargeable battery system. Lead acid is rugged, forgiving if abused and is economically
`priced, but it has a low specic energy and limited cycle count. Lead acid is used for wheelchairs, golf cars, personnel
`carriers, emergency lighting and uninterruptible power supply (UPS). Lead is toxic and cannot be disposed in landlls.
`Nickel-cadmium – Mature and well understood, NiCd is used where long service life, high discharge current and extreme
`temperatures are required. NiCd is one of the most rugged and enduring batteries; it is the only chemistry that allows
`ultra-fast charging with minimal stress. Main applications are power tools, medical devices, aviation and UPS. Due to
`environmental concerns, NiCd is being replaced with other chemistries, but it retains its status in aircraft due to its good
`safety record.
`Nickel-metal-hydride – Serves as a replacement for NiCd as it has only mild toxic metals and provides higher specic
`energy. NiMH is used for medical instruments, hybrid cars and industrial applications. NiMH is also available in AA and AAA
`cells for consumer use.
`Lithium-ion – Li-ion is replacing many applications that were previously served by lead and nickel-based batteries. Due to
`safety concerns, Li-ion needs a protection circuit. It is more expensive than most other batteries, but high cycle count and
`low maintenance reduce the cost per cycle over many other chemistries.
`Table 1 compares the characteristics of the four commonly used rechargeable battery systems, showing average performance
`ratings at time of publication. Li-ion is divided into dierent types, named by their active materials, which are cobalt, manganese,
`phosphate and titanate. (See BU-205: Types of Lithium-ion)
`Missing from in the list is the popular lithium-ion-polymer that gets its name from the unique separator and electrolyte system.
`Most are a hybrid version that shares performance with other Li-ion. Also missing is the rechargeable lithium-metal, a battery
`that, once the safety issues are resolved, has the potential of becoming a battery choice with extraordinarily high specic energy
`and good specic power. The table only addresses portable batteries and excludes large systems that resemble a renery.
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`12/13/21, 9:36 AM
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`BU-107: Comparison Table of Secondary Batteries - Battery University
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`The gures are based on average ratings of commercial batteries at time of publication. Specialty batteries with above-average ratings are excluded.
`
`Table 1: Characteristics of commonly used rechargeable batteries.
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`Last Updated: 21-Oct-2021
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`Fundamental Ex 2017
`TCT et al v Fundamental
`IPR2021-00599
`
`1. Combining cobalt, nickel, manganese and aluminum raises energy density up to 250Wh/kg.
`2. Cycle life is based on the depth of discharge (DoD). Shallow DoD prolongs cycle life.
`3. Cycle life is based on battery receiving regular maintenance to prevent
`memory.
`4. Ultra-fast charge batteries are made for a special pupose. (See BU-401a: Fast and Ultra-fast Chargers)
`5. Self-discharge is highest immediately after charge. NiCd loses 10% in the rst 24 hours, then declines to 10% every 30
`days. High temperature and age increase self-discharge.
`6. 1.25V is traditional; 1.20V is more common. (See BU-303: Confusion with Voltages)
`7. Manufacturers may rate voltage higher because of low internal resistance (marketing).
`8. Capable of high current pulses; needs time to recuperate.
`9. Do not charge Li-ion below freezing. (See BU-410: Charging at High and Low Temperatures)
`10. Maintenance may be in the form of equalizing or topping charge* to prevent sulfation.
`11. Protection circuit cuts o below about 2.20V and above 4.30V on most Li-ion; dierent voltage settings apply for lithium-
`iron-phosphate.
`12. Coulombic eciency is higher with quicker charge (in part due to self-discharge error).
`13. Li-ion may have lower cost-per-cycle than lead acid.
`* Topping charge is applied on a battery that is in service or storage to maintain full charge and to prevent sulfation on lead acid
`batteries.
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`12/13/21, 9:36 AM
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`BU-107: Comparison Table of Secondary Batteries - Battery University
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`Fundamental Ex 2017
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`Tekin Akpolat
`·
`7 days ago
`Is Li-ion Phosphate battery same with LiFePO4 battery ? I read your another documents and it says LiFePO4 battery is
`kind of Li-ion battery. What is the dierence between Li-ion and LiFePO4 battery ?
`·
`Reply
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`12/13/21, 9:36 AM
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`BU-107: Comparison Table of Secondary Batteries - Battery University
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`https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-107-comparison-table-of-secondary-batteries
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`Fundamental Ex 2017
`TCT et al v Fundamental
`IPR2021-00599
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