US007 155236B2
`
`(12) United States Patent
`Chen et al.
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 7,155,236 B2
`Dec. 26, 2006
`
`(54) SCHEDULED AND AUTONOMOUS
`TRANSMISSION AND
`ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
`
`(75) Inventors: Tao Chen, San Diego, CA (US);
`Edward G. Tiedemann, Jr., Concord,
`MA (US); Avinash Jain, San Diego,
`CA (US)
`(73) Assignee: Qualcomm Incorporated, San Diego,
`CA (US)
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 231 days.
`(21) Appl. No.: 10/646,955
`(22) Filed:
`Aug. 21, 2003
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`US 2004/0162083 A1
`Aug. 19, 2004
`Related U.S. Application Data
`(60) Provisional application No. 60/470,770, filed on May
`14, 2003, provisional application No. 60/452,790,
`filed on Mar. 6, 2003, provisional application No.
`60/448,269, filed on Feb. 18, 2003.
`
`(51) Int. Cl.
`(2006.01)
`H04O 7/20
`(52) U.S. Cl. ................... 455/454; 455/524; 455/456.3:
`455/514; 455/84; 455/73; 370/329; 370/340;
`370/230; 370/230.1; 370/277; 370/278; 370/341;
`370/321: 370/320; 370/335; 370/395.41:
`37Of 441
`
`
`
`(58) Field of Classification Search ................ 320/328,
`320/340, 229, 230, 230.1, 222, 228,341,
`320/321, 320, 335,325.41,441; 455/454,
`455/524,514, 84, 23
`See application file for complete search history.
`References Cited
`
`(56)
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`5,754,537 A * 5/1998 Jamal ......................... 370,330
`5,914,950 A
`6/1999 Tiedemann, Jr. et al.
`2002/0172217 A1 11/2002 Kadaba et al.
`* cited by examiner
`Primary Examiner Joseph Feild
`Assistant Examiner—David Q. Nguyen
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm Philip R. Wadsworth; Thien
`T. Nguyen; W. Chris Kim
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`Techniques for efficient signaling to and from a plurality of
`mobile stations are disclosed. In one embodiment, a Subset
`of mobile stations may be allocated a portion of the shared
`resource with one or more individual access grants, another
`subset may be allocated a portion of the shared resource with
`a single common grant, and yet another Subset may be
`allowed to use a portion of the shared resource without any
`grant. In another embodiment, an acknowledge and continue
`command is used to extend all or a Subset of the previous
`grants without the need for additional requests and grants,
`and their associated overhead. In one embodiment, a traffic
`to pilot ratio (T/P) is used to allocate a portion of the shared
`resource, allowing a mobile station flexibility in selecting its
`transmission format based on TVP.
`
`23 Claims, 17 Drawing Sheets
`
`104B
`
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`Dec. 26, 2006
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`US 7,155,236 B2
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`1.
`SCHEDULED AND AUTONOMOUS
`TRANSMISSION AND
`ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
`
`This application is a non-provisional application claiming
`priority to provisional application Ser. No. 60/448,269,
`entitled "Reverse Link Data Communication', filed on Feb.
`18, 2003: U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/452,790,
`entitled “Method and Apparatus for a Reverse Link Com
`munication in a Communication System', filed on Mar. 6,
`10
`2003; and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/470,770,
`entitled “Outer-Loop Power Control for Rel. D', filed on
`May 14, 2003.
`
`FIELD
`
`15
`
`The present invention relates generally to wireless com
`munications, and more specifically to a novel and improved
`method and apparatus for scheduled and autonomous trans
`mission and acknowledgement.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`2
`Systems can incorporate Support for delay-sensitive data,
`Such as Voice channels or data channels Supported in the
`IS-2000 standard, along with support for packet data ser
`vices such as those described in the IS-856 standard. One
`such system is described in a proposal submitted by LG
`Electronics, LSI Logic, Lucent Technologies, Nortel Net
`works, QUALCOMM Incorporated, and Samsung to the 3rd
`Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2). The proposal is
`detailed in documents entitled “Updated Joint Physical
`Layer Proposal for 1xEV-DV, submitted to 3GPP2 as
`document number C50-2001.0611-009, Jun. 11, 2001;
`“Results of L3NQS Simulation Study', submitted to 3GPP2
`as document number C50-20010820-011, Aug. 20, 2001;
`and “System Simulation Results for the L3NQS Framework
`Proposal for cdma2000 1xEV-DV, submitted to 3GPP2 as
`document number C50-20010820-012, Aug. 20, 2001.
`These, and related documents generated Subsequently, Such
`as Revision C of the IS-2000 standard, including C.S0001.C
`through C.S.0006.C. are hereinafter referred to as the 1xEV
`DV proposal.
`In order to coordinate usage of the forward and reverse
`link in an efficient manner, a system, such as the 1xEV-DV
`proposal, for example, may need various signaling mecha
`nisms for controlling transmission between one or more base
`stations and one or more mobile stations. For example,
`mobile stations may need a mechanism to coordinate their
`data transmissions on the reverse link. Mobile stations will
`be, in general, scattered throughout a cell's coverage area,
`and will need varying amounts of transmission power by the
`base station for communicating signals or commands effec
`tively on the forward link as well as by the mobile station for
`transmitting data on the reverse link. A relatively distant, or
`low geometry, mobile station may require higher power
`forward link commands as well as higher power reverse link
`transmission than a relatively close, or high geometry,
`mobile station. In either case, signaling to coordinate access
`of a shared resource uses a portion of the shared resource,
`and thus reduces overall capacity. Examples of Such signal
`ing include access requests, access grants, and acknowledge
`ments of received data transmissions.
`As is well known in wireless system design, when a
`channel can be transmitted using less power for the same
`reliability, the capacity of the system may be improved.
`Furthermore, reducing the amount of coordination overhead
`while keeping a shared resource. Such as a communication
`link, fully loaded will also improve capacity. There is
`therefore a need in the art for efficient transmission sched
`uling and coordination as well as reducing system loading
`allocated to such coordination.
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to
`provide various types of communication Such as voice and
`data. These systems may be based on code division multiple
`access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), or
`Some other multiple access techniques. A CDMA system
`provides certain advantages over other types of systems,
`including increased system capacity.
`A CDMA system may be designed to support one or more
`CDMA standards such as (1) the “TIA/EIA-95-B Mobile
`Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode
`Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System” (the IS-95
`standard), (2) the standard offered by a consortium named
`“3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP) and embodied
`in a set of documents including Document Nos. 3G TS
`25.211 3G TS 25.212, 3G TS 25.213, and 3G TS 25.214
`(the W-CDMA standard), (3) the standard offered by a
`consortium named "3rd Generation Partnership Project 2'
`(3GPP2) and embodied in “TR-45.5 Physical Layer Stan
`dard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems” (the IS-2000
`standard), and (4) Some other standards.
`In the above named Standards, the available spectrum is
`shared simultaneously among a number of users, and tech
`niques such as power control and soft handoff are employed
`to maintain Sufficient quality to Support delay-sensitive
`services, such as voice. Data services are also available.
`More recently, systems have been proposed that enhance the
`capacity for data services by using higher order modulation,
`very fast feedback of Carrier to Interference ratio (C/I) from
`the mobile station, very fast scheduling, and Scheduling for
`services that have more relaxed delay requirements. An
`example of Such a data-only communication system using
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`these techniques is the high data rate (HDR) system that
`conforms to the TIA/EIA/IS-856 standard (the IS-856 stan
`dard).
`In contrast to the other above named standards, an IS-856
`system uses the entire spectrum available in each cell to
`transmit data to a single user at one time, selected based on
`link quality. In so doing, the system spends a greater
`percentage of time sending data at higher rates when the
`channel is good, and thereby avoids committing resources to
`Support transmission at inefficient rates. The net effect is
`higher data capacity, higher peak data rates, and higher
`average throughput.
`
`SUMMARY
`
`Embodiments disclosed herein address the need for effi
`cient signaling to and from a plurality of mobile stations. In
`one embodiment, a Subset of mobile stations may be allo
`cated a portion of the shared resource with one or more
`individual access grants, another Subset may be allocated a
`portion of the shared resource with a single common grant,
`and yet another subset may be allowed to use a portion of the
`shared resource without any grant. In another embodiment,
`an acknowledge and continue command is used to extend all
`or a subset of the previous grants without the need for
`additional requests and grants, and their associated over
`head. In one embodiment, a traffic to pilot ratio (T/P) is used
`to allocate a portion of the shared resource, allowing a
`mobile station flexibility in selecting its transmission format
`based on T/P. Various other aspects are also presented. These
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`aspects have the benefit of providing efficient utilization of
`the reverse link capacity, accommodating varying require
`ments such as low-latency, high throughput or differing
`quality of service, and reducing forward and reverse link
`overhead for providing these benefits, thus avoiding exces
`sive interference and increasing capacity.
`The invention provides methods and system elements that
`implement various aspects, embodiments, and features of
`the invention, as described in further detail below.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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`For simplicity, system 100 is shown to include three base
`stations 104 in communication with two mobile stations
`106. The base station and its coverage area are often
`collectively referred to as a “cell'. In IS-95, cdma2000, or
`1xEV-DV systems, for example, a cell may include one or
`more sectors. In the W-CDMA specification, each sector of
`a base station and the sector's coverage area is referred to as
`a cell. As used herein, the term base station can be used
`interchangeably with the terms access point or Node B. The
`term mobile station can be used interchangeably with the
`terms user equipment (UE), Subscriber unit, Subscriber sta
`tion, access terminal, remote terminal, or other correspond
`ing terms known in the art. The term mobile station encom
`passes fixed wireless applications.
`Depending on the CDMA system being implemented,
`each mobile station 106 may communicate with one (or
`possibly more) base stations 104 on the forward link at any
`given moment, and may communicate with one or more base
`stations on the reverse link depending on whether or not the
`mobile station is in soft handoff. The forward link (i.e.,
`downlink) refers to transmission from the base station to the
`mobile station, and the reverse link (i.e., uplink) refers to
`transmission from the mobile station to the base station.
`While the various embodiments described herein are
`directed to providing reverse-link or forward-link signals for
`Supporting reverse link transmission, and some may be well
`Suited to the nature of reverse link transmission, those
`skilled in the art will understand that mobile stations as well
`as base stations can be equipped to transmit data as
`described herein and the aspects of the present invention
`apply in those situations as well. The word “exemplary” is
`used exclusively herein to mean "serving as an example,
`instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein
`as “exemplary' is not necessarily to be construed as pre
`ferred or advantageous over other embodiments.
`1xEV-DV Forward Link Data Transmission and Reverse
`Link Power Control
`A system 100, such as the one described in the 1xEV-DV
`proposal, generally comprises forward link channels of four
`classes: overhead channels, dynamically varying IS-95 and
`IS-2000 channels, a Forward Packet Data Channel
`(F-PDCH), and some spare channels. The overhead channel
`assignments vary slowly, they may not change for months.
`They are typically changed when there are major network
`configuration changes. The dynamically varying IS-95 and
`IS-2000 channels are allocated on a per call basis or are used
`for IS-95, or IS-2000 Release 0 through B packet services.
`Typically, the available base station power remaining after
`the overhead channels and dynamically varying channels
`have been assigned is allocated to the F-PDCH for remain
`ing data services. The F-PDCH may be used for data
`services that are less sensitive to delay while the IS-2000
`channels are used for more delay-sensitive services.
`The F-PDCH, similar to the traffic channel in the IS-856
`standard, is used to send data at the highest Supportable data
`rate to one user in each cell at a time. In IS-856, the entire
`power of the base station and the entire space of Walsh
`functions are available when transmitting data to a mobile
`station. However, in the proposed 1xEV-DV system, some
`base station power and some of the Walsh functions are
`allocated to overhead channels and existing IS-95 and
`cdma2000 services. The data rate that is supportable
`depends primarily upon the available power and Walsh
`codes after the power and Walsh codes for the overhead,
`
`The features, nature, and advantages of the present inven
`tion will become more apparent from the detailed descrip
`tion set forth below when taken in conjunction with the
`drawings in which like reference characters identify corre
`spondingly throughout and wherein:
`FIG. 1 is a general block diagram of a wireless commu
`nication system capable of Supporting a number of users;
`FIG. 2 depicts an example mobile station and base station
`configured in a system adapted for data communication;
`FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a wireless communication
`device. Such as a mobile station or base station;
`FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary embodiment of data and
`control signals for reverse link data communication;
`FIG. 5 is a timing diagram illustrating autonomous trans
`mission;
`FIG. 6 illustrates an example system including mobile
`stations communicating with a scheduling base station;
`FIG. 7 illustrates system loading in response to grants and
`autonomous transmission;
`FIG. 8 is a timing diagram showing the operation of a
`request and grant, along with autonomous transmission and
`operation of the F-CACKCH:
`FIG. 9 is a timing diagram illustrating an example opera
`tion of the ACK-and-Continue command;
`FIG. 10 is a timing diagram illustrating the operation of
`a common grant,
`FIG. 11 is a timing diagram illustrating a non-granting
`base station participating in decoding a reverse link trans
`mission from and acknowledgement to a mobile station in
`soft handoff
`FIG. 12 is a timing diagram illustrating an example
`embodiment in which re-transmission is given priority over
`a scheduled grant;
`FIG. 13 is a timing diagram illustrating the effect of a
`missed request;
`FIG. 14 is a timing diagram illustrating delay caused by
`a missed grant,
`FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating a method of scheduling
`grants and acknowledging transmissions;
`FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating a method of making
`requests, receiving grants and acknowledgements, and cor
`responding data transmission; and
`FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating a method of selecting
`transmission parameters in response to an available TVP.
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`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`
`FIG. 1 is a diagram of a wireless communication system
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`100 that may be designed to support one or more CDMA
`standards and/or designs (e.g., the W-CDMA standard, the
`IS-95 standard, the cdma2000 standard, the HDR specifica
`tion, the 1xEV-DV proposal). In an alternative embodiment,
`system 100 may additionally support any wireless standard
`or design other than a CDMA system. In the exemplary
`embodiment, system 100 is a 1xEV-DV system.
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`IS-95, and IS-2000 channels have been assigned. The data
`transmitted on the F-PDCH is spread using one or more
`Walsh codes.
`In the 1xEV-DV proposal, the base station generally
`transmits to one mobile station on the F-PDCH at a time,
`although many users may be using packet services in a cell.
`(It is also possible to transmit to two or more users, by
`scheduling transmissions for the two or more users and
`allocating power and/or Walsh channels to each user appro
`priately.) Mobile stations are selected for forward link
`transmission based upon Some scheduling algorithm.
`In a system similar to IS-856 or 1xEV-DV. scheduling is
`based in part on channel quality feedback from the mobile
`stations being serviced. For example, in IS-856, mobile
`stations estimate the quality of the forward link and compute
`a transmission rate expected to be sustainable for the current
`conditions. The desired rate from each mobile station is
`transmitted to the base station. The scheduling algorithm
`may, for example, select a mobile station for transmission
`that Supports a relatively higher transmission rate in order to
`make more efficient use of the shared communication chan
`nel. As another example, in a 1xEV-DV system, each mobile
`station transmits a Carrier-to-Interference (C/I) estimate as
`the channel quality estimate on the Reverse Channel Quality
`Indicator Channel or R-CQICH. The scheduling algorithm is
`used to determine the mobile station selected for transmis
`Sion, as well as the appropriate rate and transmission format
`in accordance with the channel quality.
`As described above, a wireless communication system
`100 may support multiple users sharing the communication
`resource simultaneously, Such as an IS-95 system, may
`allocate the entire communication resource to one user at
`time. Such as an IS-856 system, or may apportion the
`communication resource to allow both types of access. A
`1xEV-DV system is an example of a system that divides the
`35
`communication resource between both types of access, and
`dynamically allocates the apportionment according to user
`demand. Following is a briefbackground on how the com
`munication resource can be allocated to accommodate vari
`ous users in both types of access systems. Power control is
`described for simultaneous access by multiple users. Such as
`IS-95 type channels. Rate determination and scheduling is
`discussed for time-shared access by multiple users, such as
`an IS-856 system or the data-only portion of a 1xEV-DV
`type system (i.e., the F-PDCH).
`45
`Capacity in a system such as an IS-95 CDMA system is
`determined in part by interference generated in transmitting
`signals to and from various users within the system. A
`feature of a typical CDMA system is to encode and modulate
`signals for transmission to or from a mobile station Such that
`the signals are seen as interference by other mobile stations.
`For example, on the forward link, the quality of the channel
`between a base station and one mobile station is determined
`in part by other user interference. To maintain a desired
`performance level of communication with the mobile sta
`tion, the transmit power dedicated to that mobile station
`must be sufficient to overcome the power transmitted to the
`other mobile stations served by the base station, as well as
`other disturbances and degradation experienced in that chan
`nel. Thus, to increase capacity, it is desirable to transmit the
`minimum power required to each mobile station served.
`In a typical CDMA system, when multiple mobile stations
`are transmitting to a base station, it is desirable to receive a
`plurality of mobile station signals at the base station at a
`normalized power level. Thus, for example, a reverse link
`power control system may regulate the transmit power from
`each mobile station Such that signals from nearby mobile
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`stations do not overpower signals from farther away mobile
`stations. As with the forward link, keeping the transmit
`power of each mobile station at the minimum power level
`required to maintain the desired performance level allows
`for capacity to be optimized, in addition to other benefits of
`power savings such as increased talk and standby times,
`reduced battery requirements, and the like.
`Capacity in a typical CDMA system, such as IS-95, is
`constrained by, among other things, other-user interference.
`Other-user interference can be mitigated through use of
`power control. The overall performance of the system,
`including capacity, Voice quality, data transmission rates and
`throughput, is dependant upon stations transmitting at the
`lowest power level to sustain the desired level of perfor
`mance whenever possible. To accomplish this, various
`power control techniques are known in the art.
`One class of techniques includes closed loop power
`control. For example, closed loop power control may be
`deployed on the forward link. Such systems may employ an
`inner and outer power control loop in the mobile station. An
`outer loop determines a target received power level accord
`ing to a desired received error rate. For example, a target
`frame error rate of 1% may be pre-determined as the desired
`error rate. The outer loop may update the target received
`power level at a relatively slow rate, such as once per frame
`or block. In response, the inner loop then sends up or down
`power control messages to the base station until received
`power meets the target. These inner loop power control
`commands occur relatively frequently, so as to quickly adapt
`the transmitted power to the level necessary to achieve the
`desired received signal to noise and interference ratio for
`efficient communication. As described above, keeping the
`forward link transmit power for each mobile station at the
`lowest level reduces other user interference seen at each
`mobile station and allows remaining available transmit
`power to be reserved for other purposes. In a system such as
`IS-95, the remaining available transmit power can be used to
`Support communication with additional users. In a system
`such as 1xEV-DV, the remaining available transmit power
`can be used to Support additional users, or to increase the
`throughput of the data-only portion of the system.
`In a “data-only” system, such as IS-856, or in the “data
`only' portion of a system, such as 1xEV-DV, a control loop
`may be deployed to govern the transmission from the base
`station to a mobile station in a time-shared manner. For
`clarity, in the following discussion, transmission to one
`mobile station at a time may be described. This is to
`distinguish from a simultaneous access system, an example
`of which is IS-95, or various channels in a cdma200 or
`1xEV-DV system. Two notes are in order at this point.
`First, the term “data-only” or “data channel may be used
`to distinguish a channel from IS-95 type voice or data
`channels (i.e. simultaneous access channels using power
`control, as described above) for clarity of discussion only. It
`will be apparent to those of skill in the art that data-only or
`data channels described herein can be used to transmit data
`of any type, including voice (e.g., voice over Internet
`Protocol, or VoIP). The usefulness of any particular embodi
`ment for a particular type of data may be determined in part
`by the throughput requirements, latency requirements, and
`the like. Those of skill in the art will readily adapt various
`embodiments, combining either access type with parameters
`selected to provide the desired levels of latency, throughput,
`quality of service, and the like.
`Second, a data-only portion of a system, such as that
`described for 1xEV-DV, which is described as time-sharing
`the communication resource, can be adapted to provide
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`access on the forward link to more than one user simulta
`neously. In examples herein where the communication
`resource is described as time-shared to provide communi
`cation with one mobile station or user during a certain
`period, those of skill in the art will readily adapt those
`examples to allow for time-shared transmission to or from
`more than one mobile station or user within that time period.
`A typical data communication system may include one or
`more channels of various types. More specifically, one or
`more data channels are commonly deployed. It is also
`common for one or more control channels to be deployed,
`although in-band control signaling can be included on a data
`channel. For example, in a 1xEV-DV system, a Forward
`Packet Data Control Channel (F-PDCCH) and a Forward
`Packet Data Channel (F-PDCH) are defined for transmission
`of control and data, respectively, on the forward link.
`FIG. 2 depicts an example mobile station 106 and base
`station 104 configured in a system 100 adapted for data
`communication. Base station 104 and mobile station 106 are
`shown communicating on a forward and a reverse link.
`Mobile station 106 receives forward link signals in receiving
`subsystem 220. A base station 104 communicating the
`forward data and control channels, detailed below, may be
`referred to herein as the serving station for the mobile station
`106. An example receiving subsystem is detailed further
`below with respect to FIG. 3. A Carrier-to-Interference (C/I)
`estimate is made for the forward link signal received from
`the serving base station in the mobile station 106. A C/I
`measurement is an example of a channel quality metric used
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`as a channel estimate, and alternate channel quality metrics
`can be deployed in alternate embodiments. The C/I mea
`suremen