DECLARATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
`LIBRARIES REGARDING THE “LTE FOR UMTS: EVOLUTION TO LTE-
`ADVANCED” REFERENCE
`
`OPEN RECORDS REQUEST NO. R001063-010521
`
`
`
`I, Sean O’Bryan declare as follows:
`
`1.
`
`I am over the age of 18, have never been convicted of a felony or
`
`crime of moral turpitude and am legally competent to make this
`
`declaration. I have personal knowledge of the matters stated herein.
`
`2.
`
`I am a librarian at Perry-Castaneda Library (“Library”) located within
`
`the University of Texas, Austin, TX.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`5.
`
`I have been employed by the library for 19 years.
`
`I am familiar with the routine record-keeping practices of the library.
`
`The library’s records that are regularly maintained in the course of its
`
`operation reflects that “LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced” 2nd ed. by
`
`Harri Holma and Antti Toskala (eds.) is in the library’s collection. According to
`
`our records, this item was catalogued on July 7, 2011.
`
`6.
`
`A true and accurate copy of the cataloging record for “LTE for
`
`UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced” 2nd ed. is attached as Exhibit A.
`
`7.
`
`At the time of the acquisition of “LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-
`
`Advanced” 2nd ed., the library typically made newly catalogued items available to
`
`the public with __3____ business days of cataloging.
`
`
`
`1
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`1 of 19
`
`

`

`8.
`
`I have reviewed the portions of “LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-
`
`Advanced” 2nd ed. in Exhibit B and they reflect a true and accurate copy of the
`
`corresponding portions of the item as it exists in the Library.
`
`
`
`Note: In January 2020, UT Libraries completed a migration/implementation of a
`new Library Service Platform (ExLibris’ Alma Library Service) as our catalog of
`record. Prior to January 2020, Innovative Interfaces’ Sierra ILS was employed as
`our catalog. Prior to 2007, UT Libraries employed a locally developed catalog
`system (UTCAT/UTNetCat). All accession data required migration to this new
`platform from two previous systems and was required to be archived in available
`fields in the new Alma system. The “catalog date” was archived in MARC field
`998 |b.
`
`
`
`
`2
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`2 of 19
`
`

`

`I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct.
`
`
`
`Executed on January 11, 2021.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Sean O’Bryan
`
`Assistant Director of Access
`
`University of Texas Libraries
`
`3
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`3 of 19
`
`

`

`
`
`Exhibit A
`
`LOR 03070cam a2200505 i 4500
`
`001 991031757129706011
`
`005 20110618155138.0
`
`008 10112912011201 lnjua b 001 O eng
`
`010 _ Ia 2010050375
`
`020 _ Ia 9780470660003 (hardback)
`
`020 _ la 0470660007 (hardback)
`
`035 _ la (IXA)b77588885-01utau_inst
`
`035 _ Ia (OCoLC)694616471
`
`040 _ la DLC le rda IC DLC Id YDX Id YDXCP
`
`042 _ Iapcc
`
`049 _ lalXAM
`
`050 00 la TK5103.4883 lb 178 2011
`
`082 oo la 621.3845/612 22
`
`084 _ la TEC061000I2 bisacsh
`
`245 00 la LTE for UMTS: lb Evolution to LTE·Advanced / le edited by Harri H<Jma, Antti Toskala.
`
`246 3_ la Long Term Evolution for Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems
`
`250 _ la Second Edition.
`
`260 _ la Hoboken, NJ lb John Wiley & Sons, IC 2011, ©2011.
`
`300 _ la xxxi, 543 pages : lb illustrations ; IC 25 cm.
`
`336 _ la text 12 rdacontent
`
`337 _ la unmediated 12 rdamedia
`
`338 _ la volume 12 rdacarrier
`
`_ la 'Written by experts actively involved in the 3GPP standards and prcx!uct developmen~ LTE for UMTS, Second Edrtion gives a complete and up-tirdate overview of Long term Evolution (LTE) in a systematic and
`clear manner. Building upon on the success of the first edition, LTE for UMTS, Second Edition has been revised to now contain improved coverage of the Release 8 LTE details, including field performance results,
`500 transport networ1<, self optimized networks and also covering the enhancements done in 3GPP Release 9. This new edition also provides an outbok to Release 10, including the overview of Release 10 LTE-Advanced
`techno~y components which enable reaching data rates beyond 1 Gb(s. Key updates for the second edrtion of LTE for UMTS are focused on the new topics from Release 9 & 10, and include: LTE·Advanced; Self
`
`
`
`
`
`4
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`4 of 19
`
`

`

`optimized networks (SON); Transport network dimensioning; Measurement results'-Provided by publisher.
`
`504 _ la Includes bibliographical references and index.
`
`520
`
`_ la 'Still prov~ing the thorough breakdown of the key areas of LTE of the first edition, this new revised edition of LTE for UMTS includes some important new sections on updates to the standards, as well as a look at
`possible Mure developments'-Provided by publisher.
`
`650 _o 1a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System.
`
`650 _o 1a Wireless communication systems Ix Standards.
`
`650 _O 1a Mobile communication systems Ix Standards.
`
`650 _o 1a Global system for mobile communications.
`
`650 _o 1a Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications)
`
`650 _71a TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING/ Mobile & Wireless Communications 12 bi sac sh
`
`700
`
`l_la Holma, Harri, Id 1970-
`
`700
`
`l_la Toskala,Antti.
`
`907 _ la b77588885 Jb 02-02-12 Jc 06-03-11
`
`915 _ Ja694616471
`
`938 _ Ja YBP Library Services lb YANK In 100552691
`
`945 _ Ja Promptcat
`
`945 _ Ja TK 5103.4883 L78 2011 le 10-08-201313 54 Jg 1 Ji 059173030258455 'i O II eng Jn RFID conversion 2017 Jo- IP $0.00 Jq- Ir-ls- It 10 lu 6 Iv 131W O Ix O IY .i185725879 lz 07-07-11
`
`994 _ Ja 92 lb IXA
`
`998 _la eng ib 07-07-lllc m Id a le -If eng lg nju lh o Ii 1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`5
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`5 of 19
`
`

`

`@WILEY
`
`LTE for UMTS
`Evolution to
`LTE-Advanced
`
`SECOND EDITION
`
`--
`
`.. ~·· · -~··_..: : ~ -
`"-:..,_ -.. · : -. -
`
`! ~.~ . . 1(
`I~
`'
`.,- ~
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`6 of 19
`
`

`

`LTE for UMTS
`Evolution to LTE-Advanced
`Second Edition
`
`Edited by
`
`Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland
`
`~WILEY
`
`A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`7 of 19
`
`

`

`This edition first published 2011
`© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
`
`Registered office
`John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
`
`For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for
`permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.
`
`The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the
`Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
`any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by
`the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
`
`Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be
`available in electronic books.
`
`Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names
`and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their
`respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This
`publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered.
`It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional
`advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`LTE for UMTS : Evolution to LTE-Advanced / edited by Harri Holma, Antti Toskala. - Second Edition.
`p. cm
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 978-0-470-66000-3 (hardback)
`I. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. 2. Wireless communication systems - Standards. 3. Mobile
`communication systems - Standards. 4. Global system for mobile communications. 5. Long-Term Evolution
`(Telecommunications) I. Holma, Harri (Harri Kalevi), 1970-11. Toskala, Antti. ill. Title: Long Term Evolution for
`Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems.
`TK5103.4883.L78 201 I
`621.3845' 6 - dc22
`
`2010050375
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Print ISBN: 9780470660003 (H/B)
`ePDF ISBN: 9781119992950
`oBook ISBN: 9781119992943
`ePub ISBN: 9781119992936
`
`Typeset in 10/12 Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India.
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`8 of 19
`
`

`

`1
`
`Introduction
`
`Harry Holma and Antti Toskala
`
`1.1 Mobile Voice Subscriber Growth
`The number of mobile subscribers increased tremendously from 2000 to 2010. The first
`billion landmark was passed in 2002, the second billion in 2005, the third billion 2007,
`the fourth billion by the end of 2008 and the fifth billion in the middle of 2010. More
`than a million new subscribers per day have been added globally - that is more than ten
`subscribers on average every second. This growth is illustrated in Figure 1.1. Worldwide
`mobile phone penetration is 75% 1. Voice communication has become mobile in a massive
`way and the mobile is the preferred method of voice communication, with mobile networks
`covering over 90% of the world's population. This growth has been fueled by low-cost
`mobile phones and efficient network coverage and capacity, which is enabled by standard(cid:173)
`ized solutions, and by an open ecosystem leading to economies of scale. Mobile voice is
`not the privilege of the rich; it has become affordable for users with a very low income.
`
`1.2 Mobile Data Usage Growth
`Second-generation mobile networks - like the Global System for Mobile Communications
`(GSM) - were originally designed to carry voice traffic; data capability was added later.
`Data use has increased but the traffic volume in second-generation networks is clearly
`dominated by voice traffic. The introduction of third-generation networks with High Speed
`Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) boosted data use considerably.
`Data traffic volume has in many cases already exceeded voice traffic volume when
`voice traffic is converted into terabytes by assuming a voice data rate of 12 kbps. As an
`example, a European country with three operators (Finland) is illustrated in Figure 1.2.
`The HSDPA service was launched during 2007; data volume exceeded voice volume
`during 2008 and the data volume was already ten times that of voice by 2009. More
`than 90% of the bits in the radio network are caused by HSDPA connections and less
`than I 0% by voice calls. High Speed Downlink Packet Access data growth is driven by
`
`1 The actual user penetration can be different since some users have multiple subscriptions and some subscriptions
`are shared by multiple users.
`
`LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced, Second Edition. Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala.
`© 201 I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`9 of 19
`
`

`

`2
`
`LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced
`
`8000 l'r======:;;::;---:----:------::~.......,,.,,.--:--~~..,.....,-T 100 %
`• World population
`90 %
`
`7000
`
`80 %
`
`70 %
`60 % §
`:c
`50 % ~
`~
`40 % ~
`
`30 %
`
`20 %
`
`10 %
`
`0 %
`
`5000
`
`§
`:: 4000
`~
`3000
`
`2000
`
`1000
`
`0
`,o,°''T,
`
`,o,°'°' ",# "v,S;' "v.s:,"- i" ",# "v,S;., ",# "vr§' "v,S;'T, ",# rfl'<;;j
`
`Figure 1.1 Growth of mobile subscribers
`
`Data volume (relative to voice)
`
`(cid:127) Voice
`(cid:127) Data
`
`18
`16
`14
`12
`JO
`8
`6
`4
`2
`0
`
`I H/2007 2H/2007 I H/2008 2H/2008 I H/2009 2H/2009 I H/20 JO
`
`Figure 1.2 HSDPA data volume exceeds voice volume (voice traffic 2007 is scaled to one)
`
`high-speed radio capability, flat-rate pricing schemes and simple device installation. In
`short, the introduction of HSDPA has turned mobile networks from voice-dominated to
`packet-data-dominated networks.
`Data use is driven by a number of bandwidth-hungry laptop applications, including
`internet and intranet access, file sharing, streaming services to distribute video content and
`mobile TV, and interactive gaming. Service bundles of video, data and voice - known also
`as triple play - are also entering the mobile market, causing traditional fixed-line voice and
`broadband data services to be replaced by mobile services, both at home and in the office.
`A typical voice subscriber uses 300 minutes per month, which is equal to approximately
`30 megabytes of data with the voice data rate of 12.2 kbps. A broadband data user can
`easily consume more than 1000 megabytes (1 gigabyte) of data. The heavy broadband
`data use takes between ten and 100 times more capacity than voice usage, which sets
`high requirements for the capacity and efficiency of data networks.
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`10 of 19
`
`

`

`Introduction
`
`3
`
`It is expected that by 2015, five billion people will be connected to the internet. Broad(cid:173)
`band internet connections will be available practically anywhere in the world. Already,
`existing wireline installations can reach approximately one billion households and mobile
`networks connect more than three billion subscribers. These installations need to evolve
`into broadband internet access. Further extensive use of wireless access, as well as new
`wireline installations with enhanced capabilities, is required to offer true broadband con(cid:173)
`nectivity to the five billion customers.
`
`1.3 Evolution of Wireline Technologies
`Wide-area wireless networks have experienced rapid evolution in terms of data rates but
`wireline networks are still able to provide the highest data rates. Figure 1.3 illustrates
`the evolution of peak user data rates in wireless and wireline networks. Interestingly,
`the shape of the evolution curve is similar in both domains with a relative difference of
`approximately 30 times. Moore's law predicts that the data rates should double every
`18 months. Currently, copper-based wireline solutions with Very-High-Data-Rate Digital
`Subscriber Line (VDSL2) can offer bit rates of tens of Mbps and the passive optical(cid:173)
`fiber-based solution provides rates in excess of 100 Mbps. Both copper and fiber based
`solutions will continue to evolve in the near future, increasing the data rate offerings to
`the Gbps range.
`Wireless networks must push data rates higher to match the user experience that wire(cid:173)
`line networks provide. Customers are used to wireline performance and they expect the
`wireless networks to offer comparable performance. Applications designed for wireline
`networks drive the evolution of the wireless data rates. Wireless solutions also have an
`important role in providing the transport connections for the wireless base stations.
`Wireless technologies, on the other hand, have the huge advantage of being able to
`offer personal broadband access independent of the user's location - in other words, they
`provide mobility in nomadic or full mobile use cases. The wireless solution can also
`
`1.000
`
`100
`
`i
`~ 10
`OI ..
`s OI
`..
`
`~
`
`"0
`
`~
`;;)
`
`Wireline
`
`TE
`
`.,.
`Optics
`VDSL2 100 Mbps.,..,..,..,.
`ADSL2+ 25-50 Mbp~
`.,,.
`ADSL 16-20 Mbps
`ADSL 6-8 Mbps
`HSDPA
`l-3Mbps
`1-:,,...~ - - - - - - - - - -=~HSDPA 3.6-7.2 Mbps _ _ _ _
`I.SMbps
`
`HSPA;'.,..,..,.
`
`........
`
`Wireless
`
`0.1
`
`0.01
`2000
`
`2005
`Year of availability
`
`2010
`
`Figure 1.3 Evolution of wireless and wireline user data rates GPON = Gigabit Passive Opti(cid:173)
`cal Network. VDSL = Very High Data Rate Subscriber Line. ADSL = Asymmetric Digital
`Subscriber Line
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`11 of 19
`
`

`

`4
`
`LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced
`
`provide low-cost broadband coverage compared to new wireline installations if there is
`no existing wireline infrastructure. Wireless broadband access is therefore an attractive
`option, especially in new growth markets in urban areas as well as in rural areas in other
`markets.
`
`1.4 Motivation and Targets for LTE
`Work towards 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) started in 2004 with the definition
`of the targets. Even though High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) was not yet
`deployed, it was evident that work for the next radio system should be started. It takes more
`than five years from system target settings to commercial deployment using interoperable
`standards, so system standardization must start early enough to be ready in time. Several
`factors can be identified driving LTE development: wireline capability evolution, need
`for more wireless capacity, need for lower cost wireless data delivery and competition
`from other wireless technologies. As wireline technology improves, similar evolution is
`required in the wireless domain to ensure that applications work fluently in that domain.
`There are also other wireless technologies - including IEEE 802.16 - which promised
`high data capabilities. 3GPP technologies must match and exceed the competition. More
`capacity is needed to benefit maximally from the available spectrum and base station
`sites. The driving forces for LTE development are summarized in Figure 1.4.
`LTE must be able to deliver performance superior to that of existing 3GPP networks
`based on HSPA technology. The performance targets in 3GPP are defined relative to
`HSPA in Release 6. The peak user throughput should be a minimum of lOOMbps in
`the downlink and 50 Mbps in the uplink, which is ten times more than HSPA Release 6.
`Latency must also be reduced to improve performance for the end user. Terminal power
`consumption must be minimized to enable more use of multimedia applications without
`recharging the battery. The main performance targets are listed below and are shown in
`Figure 1.5:
`
`• spectral efficiency two to four times more than with HSPA Release 6;
`• peak rates exceed 100 Mbps in the downlink and 50 Mbps in the uplink;
`• enables a round trip time of < 10 ms;
`• packet switched optimized;
`• high level of mobility and security;
`• optimized terminal power efficiency;
`• frequency flexibility with allocations from below 1.5 MHz up to 20 MHz.
`
`Figure 1.4 Driving forces for LTE development
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`12 of 19
`
`

`

`Introduction
`
`5
`
`Peak user
`throughput
`
`Latency
`
`Spectral
`efficiency
`
`HSPAR6 LTE
`
`HSPAR6 LTE
`
`HSPAR6 LTE
`
`Figure 1.5 Main LTE performance targets compared to HSPA Release 6
`
`1.5 Overview of LTE
`The multiple-access scheme in the LTE downlink uses Orthogonal Frequency Division
`Multiple Access (OFDMA). The uplink uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
`Access (SC-FDMA). Those multiple-access solutions provide orthogonality between the
`users, reducing interference and improving network capacity. Resource allocation in the
`frequency domain takes place with the resolution of 180 kHz resource blocks both in
`uplink and in downlink. The frequency dimension in the packet scheduling is one reason
`for the high LTE capacity. The uplink user specific allocation is continuous to enable
`single-carrier transmission, whereas the downlink can use resource blocks freely from
`different parts of the spectrum. The uplink single-carrier solution is also designed to
`allow efficient terminal power amplifier design, which is relevant for terminal battery
`life. The LTE solution enables spectrum flexibility . The transmission bandwidth can be
`selected between 1.4 MHz and 20 MHz depending on the available spectrum. The 20 MHz
`bandwidth can provide up to 150 Mbps downlink user data rate with 2 x 2 MIMO and
`300 Mbps with 4 x 4 MIMO. The uplink peak data rate is 75 Mbps. The multiple access
`schemes are illustrated in Figure 1.6.
`High network capacity requires efficient network architecture in addition to advanced
`radio features. The aim of 3GPP Release 8 is to improve network scalability for increased
`traffic and to minimize end-to-end latency by reducing the number of network elements. All
`radio protocols, mobility management, header compression and packet retransmissions are
`located in the base stations called eNodeB. These stations include all those algorithms that
`
`Uplink
`
`SC-FDMA
`
`User I User 2
`
`User 3
`
`........ _ OFDMA
`Downlink flfil._____.rffi
`
`Frequency
`
`Figure 1.6 LTE multiple access schemes
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`13 of 19
`
`

`

`6
`
`LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced
`
`Release 6
`
`GGSN
`
`SGSN
`
`Release 8 L TE
`
`S-GW
`
`Core network functionality split
`MME for control plane
`User plane by-pass MME
`
`eNodeB functionalities
`•
`All radio protocols
`• Mobility management
`•
`All retransmissions
`Header compression
`
`• • • = Control plane
`-
`= User plane
`
`Figure 1.7 LTE network architecture
`
`are located in Radio Network Controller (RNC) in 3GPP Release 6 architecture. The core
`network is streamlined by separating the user and the control planes. The Mobility Man(cid:173)
`agement Entity (MME) is just a control plane element and the user plane bypasses MME
`directly to Serving Gateway (S-GW). The architecture evolution is illustrated in Figure 1.7.
`
`1.6 3GPP Family of Technologies
`3GPP technologies - GSM/EDGE and WCDMA/HSPA - are currently serving 90% of
`global mobile subscribers. The market share development of 3GPP technologies is illus(cid:173)
`trated in Figure 1.8. A number of major CDMA operators have already turned to, or
`
`Global subscribers until end 20IO
`100 % -,-,---.,.,,--,,..:-::-,--,,-,,..,,,,.-::r,-..,,,,-,,.....,,"""""..,,,.,.,.,...,..-,--""==""'"':-,-,,,-,..,.,===
`90 %
`80%
`70 %
`60 % ...... ...,..~ ...... ~ ..... ~
`50 %
`40 %
`30 %
`20%
`l0 %
`0 % ..J--....f.~3.il~...:......
`
`Figure 1.8 Global market share of 3GPP and 3GPP2 technologies
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`14 of 19
`
`

`

`Introduction
`
`3GPP schedule
`
`1999 2000
`
`Commercial
`deployment
`
`7
`
`Figure 1.9 Schedule of 3GPP standard and their commercial deployments
`
`will soon be turning to, GSM/WCDMA for voice evolution and to HSPA/LTE for data
`evolution to access the benefits of the large and open 3GPP ecosystem and for economies
`of scale for low-cost mobile devices. The number of subscribers using 3GPP-based tech(cid:173)
`nologies is currently more than 4.5 billion. The 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) will
`be built on this large base of 3GPP technologies.
`The time schedules of 3GPP specifications and the commercial deployments are illus(cid:173)
`trated in Figure 1.9. The 3GPP dates refer to the approval of the specifications. WCDMA
`Release 99 specification work was completed at the end of 1999 and was followed by
`the first commercial deployments during 2002. The HSDPA and HSUPA standards were
`completed in March 2002 and December 2004 and the commercial deployments followed
`in 2005 and 2007. The first phase of HSPA evolution, also known as HSPA+, was com(cid:173)
`pleted in June 2007 and the deployments started during 2009. The LTE standard was
`approved at the end of 2007, backwards compatibility started in March 2009 and the first
`commercial networks started during 2010. The next step is LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and
`the specification was approved in December 2010.
`The new generations of technologies push the data rates higher. The evolution of the
`peak user data rates is illustrated in Figure 1.10. The first WCDMA deployments 2002
`offered 384 kbps, first HSDPA networks 3.6-14 Mbps, HSPA evolution 21-168 Mbps,
`LTE 150-300Mbps and LTE-Advanced 1 Gbps, which is a more than 2000 times higher
`data rate over a period of ten years.
`
`Figure 1.10 Peak data rate evolution of 3GPP technologies
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`15 of 19
`
`

`

`8
`
`LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced
`
`The 3GPP technologies are designed for smooth interworking and coexistence. The
`LTE will support bi-directional handovers between LTE and GSM and between LTE
`and UMTS. GSM, UMTS and LTE can share a number of network elements including
`core network elements. It is also expected that some of the 3G network elements can
`be upgraded to support LTE and there will be single network platforms supporting both
`HSPA and LTE. The subscriber management and SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-based
`authentication will be used also in LTE.
`
`1. 7 Wireless Spectrum
`The LTE frequency bands in 3GPP specifications are shown in Figure 1.11 for paired bands
`and in Figure 1.12 for unpaired bands. Currently 22 paired bands and nine unpaired bands
`have been defined and more bands will be added during the standardization process. Some
`of the bands are currently used by other technologies and LTE can coexist with the legacy
`technologies. In the best case in Europe there is over 600 MHz of spectrum available for
`the mobile operators when including the 800, 900, 1800, 2100 and 2600MHz Frequency
`Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) bands. In the USA the LTE
`
`Total
`spectrum
`
`Uplink
`(MHz)
`
`Downlink
`(MHz)
`
`I
`
`1920-1980 ii 2110-2170
`2 x 60 MHz
`1850-1910 I 1930-1990
`2 x 60MHz
`1710-1785 I 1805-1880
`2 x 75 MHz
`1710-1755 I 2110-2155
`2 x 45 MHz
`824-849 I 869-894
`2 x 25MHz
`830-840 I 875-885
`2 x 10MHz
`2500-2570 I 2620-2690
`2 x 70MHz
`880-915 I 925-960
`2 x 35 MHz
`1750-1785 I 1845-1880
`2 x 35 MHz
`1710-1770 I 2110-2170
`2 x 60MHz
`2 x 25 MHz j 1427.9-1452.9 J \ 1475.9-1500.9
`2 x 18 MHz II 698-716
`Ii 728-746
`I 746-756
`2 x 10MHz II
`I 758-768
`I 734-746
`I 860-875
`I 875-890
`I 791-821
`2 x 30MHzjj 832-862
`2 x 15 MHz [ J 1447.9-1462.9 \ J 1495.9-1510.9
`2 x 90 MHz I j 3410-3500 I j 3510-3600
`2 x 20 MHz I J 2000-2020 11 2180-2200
`j j 2 x 34 MHz j jl626.5-1660.5j j 1525-1559
`
`Operating
`band
`
`3GPPname
`
`Band I
`Band 2
`Band 3
`Band4
`Band5
`Band6
`
`Band 7
`Band 8
`Band9
`Band 10
`
`Band II
`
`Band 12
`Band 13
`Band 14
`Band 17
`
`Band 18
`Band 19
`Band 20
`Band 21
`Band 22
`Band 23
`
`L Band ~
`
`2100
`1900
`1800
`1700/2100
`850
`800
`2600
`900
`1700
`1700/2100
`
`1500
`
`US700
`US700
`US700
`US700
`
`Japan800
`Japan800
`EU800
`1500
`3500
`S-band
`L-band
`
`2x lOMHzil 777-787
`788-798
`704-716
`
`2 x 12 MHz JI
`2 x 15MHzjj 815-830
`
`2 x 15 MHz ii 830-845
`
`Figure 1.11 Frequency bands for paired bands in 3GPP specifications
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`16 of 19
`
`

`

`Introduction
`
`9
`
`Operating
`band
`
`3GPPname
`
`Uplink and
`Total
`spectrum downlink (MHz)
`
`Band 33 UMTS TDDl 111 x 20 MHz
`Band 34 UMTSTDD2 1 x 15 MHz
`
`1900--1920
`2010-2025
`
`US1900UL
`Band 35
`Band 36
`US1900DL
`Band 37
`US1900
`2600
`Band 38
`Band 39 UMTSTDD
`Band 40
`2300
`Band 41
`2600US
`
`1850-1910
`lx60MHz
`1930-1990
`lx60MHz
`lx20MHz
`1910-1930
`1 x 50MHz
`2570-2620
`lx40MHz
`1880-1920
`l1 xlOOMHz J 2300--2400
`111 x 194MHzll 2496--2690
`
`Figure 1.12 Frequency bands for unpaired bands in 3GPP specifications
`
`networks will initially be built on 700 and 1700/2100 MHz frequencies. In Japan the LTE
`deployments start using the 2100 band followed later by 800, 1500 and 1700 bands.
`Flexible bandwidth is desirable to take advantage of the diverse spectrum assets:
`refarming typically requires a narrowband option below 5 MHz while the new spectrum
`allocations could take advantage of a wideband option of data rates of 20 MHz and higher.
`It is also evident that both FDD and TDD modes are required to take full advantage of
`the available paired and unpaired spectrum. These requirements are taken into account in
`the LTE system specification.
`
`1.8 New Spectrum Identified by WRC-07
`The ITU-R World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-07) worked in October and
`November 2007 to identify the new spectrum for IMT. The objective was to identify low
`bands for coverage and high bands for capacity.
`The following bands were identified for IMT and are illustrated in Figure 1. 13. The
`main LTE band will be in the 470-806/862 MHz UHF frequencies, which are currently
`
`I
`100
`
`I
`200
`
`I
`300
`
`450-470
`
`I I I
`
`400
`
`500
`
`I _, I
`
`790-862
`698-8061111
`I
`700
`
`800
`
`I
`I
`900 1000
`
`I
`600
`
`Coverage bands
`
`Capacity bands
`
`2300--2400
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000
`
`3400--3800
`
`3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000
`
`Figure 1.13 Main new frequencies identified for IMT in WRC-07
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`17 of 19
`
`

`

`10
`
`LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced
`
`used for terrestrial TV broadcasting. The 790-862 MHz sub-band was identified in Europe
`and Asia-Pacific. The availability of the band depends on the national time schedules of
`the analogue to digital TV switchover. The first auction for that band was conducted in
`Germany in May 2010 and the corresponding frequency variant is Band 20. The band
`allows three operators, each running 10 MHz LTE FDD.
`The 698-806 MHz sub-band was identified for IMT in Americas. In the US part of the
`band has already been auctioned. In Asia, the band plan for 698-806 MHz is expected
`to cover 2 x 45 MHz FDD operation.
`The main capacity band will be 3.4-4.2 GHz (C-band). A total of 200 MHz was iden(cid:173)
`tified in the 3.4-3.8 GHz sub-band for IMT in Europe and in Asia-Pacific. This spectrum
`can facilitate the deployment of larger bandwidth of !MT-Advanced to provide the highest
`bit rates and capacity.
`The 2.3-2.4 GHz band was also identified for IMT but this band is not expected to
`be available in Europe or in the Americas. This band was identified for IMT-2000 in
`China at the WRC-2000. The 450-470MHz sub-band was identified for IMT globally,
`but it is not expected to be widely available in Europe. This spectrum will be narrow
`with maximum 2 x 5 MHz deployment. Further spectrums for IMT systems are expected
`to be allocated in the WRC-2016 meeting.
`
`1.9 LTE-Advanced
`International Mobile Telecommunications - Advanced (!MT-Advanced) is a concept
`for mobile systems with capabilities beyond IMT-2000. !MT-Advanced was previously
`known as 'Systems beyond IMT-2000' . The candidate proposals for !MT-Advanced
`were submitted to ITU in 2009. Only two candidates were submitted: LTE-Advanced
`from 3GPP and IEEE 802.16m.
`It is envisaged that the new capabilities of these !MT-Advanced systems will support
`a wide range of data rates in multi-user environments with target peak data rates of up to
`approximately 100 Mbps for high mobility requirements and up to 1 Gbps for low mobility
`requirements such as nomadic/local wireless access. !MT-Advanced work within 3GPP
`is called LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and it is part of Release 10. 3GPP submitted an LTE(cid:173)
`Advanced proposal to ITU in October 2009 and more detailed work was done during 2010.
`The content was frozen in December 2010 and the backwards compatibility is expected
`
`Mobility
`
`High
`
`IMT
`-2000
`
`IMT
`-2000
`evolution
`
`IMT(cid:173)
`Advanced
`
`Low WCDMA HSPA
`
`10
`
`\ LTE(cid:173)
`LTE \ Advanud
`1000
`
`100
`
`Peak data
`rate (Mbps)
`
`Figure 1.14 Bit rate and mobility evolution to !MT-Advanced
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`18 of 19
`
`

`

`Introduction
`
`11
`
`40-IOOMHz
`
`•••
`
`8x i\) MIMO -0; 4x
`W/g
`L/J}
`
`More bandwidth
`
`More antennas
`
`[--
`
`Heterogeneous
`networks
`
`((i))
`
`L ... J ..
`~
`
`Figure 1.15 LTE-Advanced includes a toolbox of features
`
`in June 2011. The high-level evolution of 3GPP technologies to meet IMT requirements
`is shown in Figure 1.14.
`The main technology components in Release 10 LTE-Advanced include:
`
`• carrier aggregation up to 40 MHz total band, and later potentially up to 100 MHz;
`• MIMO evolution up to 8 x 8 in downlink and 4 x 4 in uplink;
`• relay nodes for providing simple transmission solution;
`• heterogeneous networks for optimized interworking between cell layers including
`macro, micro, pico and femto cells.
`
`LTE-Advanced features are designed in a backwards-compatible way where LTE
`Release 8 terminals can be used on the same carrier where new LTE-Advanced
`Release 10 features are activated. LTE-Advanced can be considered as a toolbox of
`features that can be flexibly implemented on top of LTE Release 8. The main features of
`LTE-Advanced are summarized in Figure 1.15.
`
`Samsung Ex. 1018
`19 of 19
`
`