`
`LTE for UMTS
`Evolution to
`LTE-Advanced
`
`SECOND EDITION
`
`--
`
`.. ~·· · -~··_..: : ~ -
`"-:..,_ -.. · : -. -
`
`! ~.~ . . 1(
`I~
`'
`.,- ~
`
`Samsung Ex. 1007
`
`
`
`LTE for UMTS
`Evolution to LTE-Advanced
`Second Edition
`
`Edited by
`
`Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland
`
`~WILEY
`
`A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
`
`Samsung Ex. 1007
`
`
`
`This edition first published 2011
`© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
`
`Registered office
`John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
`
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`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`LTE for UMTS : Evolution to LTE-Advanced / edited by Harri Holma, Antti Toskala. - Second Edition.
`p. cm
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 978-0-470-66000-3 (hardback)
`I. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. 2. Wireless communication systems - Standards. 3. Mobile
`communication systems - Standards. 4. Global system for mobile communications. 5. Long-Term Evolution
`(Telecommunications) I. Holma, Harri (Harri Kalevi), 1970-11. Toskala, Antti. ill. Title: Long Term Evolution for
`Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems.
`TK5103.4883.L78 201 I
`621.3845' 6 - dc22
`
`2010050375
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Print ISBN: 9780470660003 (H/B)
`ePDF ISBN: 9781119992950
`oBook ISBN: 9781119992943
`ePub ISBN: 9781119992936
`
`Typeset in 10/12 Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India.
`
`Samsung Ex. 1007
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`
`
`1
`
`Introduction
`
`Harry Holma and Antti Toskala
`
`1.1 Mobile Voice Subscriber Growth
`The number of mobile subscribers increased tremendously from 2000 to 2010. The first
`billion landmark was passed in 2002, the second billion in 2005, the third billion 2007,
`the fourth billion by the end of 2008 and the fifth billion in the middle of 2010. More
`than a million new subscribers per day have been added globally - that is more than ten
`subscribers on average every second. This growth is illustrated in Figure 1.1. Worldwide
`mobile phone penetration is 75% 1. Voice communication has become mobile in a massive
`way and the mobile is the preferred method of voice communication, with mobile networks
`covering over 90% of the world's population. This growth has been fueled by low-cost
`mobile phones and efficient network coverage and capacity, which is enabled by standard(cid:173)
`ized solutions, and by an open ecosystem leading to economies of scale. Mobile voice is
`not the privilege of the rich; it has become affordable for users with a very low income.
`
`1.2 Mobile Data Usage Growth
`Second-generation mobile networks - like the Global System for Mobile Communications
`(GSM) - were originally designed to carry voice traffic; data capability was added later.
`Data use has increased but the traffic volume in second-generation networks is clearly
`dominated by voice traffic. The introduction of third-generation networks with High Speed
`Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) boosted data use considerably.
`Data traffic volume has in many cases already exceeded voice traffic volume when
`voice traffic is converted into terabytes by assuming a voice data rate of 12 kbps. As an
`example, a European country with three operators (Finland) is illustrated in Figure 1.2.
`The HSDPA service was launched during 2007; data volume exceeded voice volume
`during 2008 and the data volume was already ten times that of voice by 2009. More
`than 90% of the bits in the radio network are caused by HSDPA connections and less
`than I 0% by voice calls. High Speed Downlink Packet Access data growth is driven by
`
`1 The actual user penetration can be different since some users have multiple subscriptions and some subscriptions
`are shared by multiple users.
`
`LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced, Second Edition. Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala.
`© 201 I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
`
`Samsung Ex. 1007
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`2
`
`LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced
`
`8000 l'r======:;;::;---:----:------::~.......,,.,,.--:--~~..,.....,-T 100 %
`• World population
`90 %
`
`7000
`
`80 %
`
`70 %
`60 % §
`:c
`50 % ~
`~
`40 % ~
`
`30 %
`
`20 %
`
`10 %
`
`0 %
`
`5000
`
`§
`:: 4000
`~
`3000
`
`2000
`
`1000
`
`0
`,o,°''T,
`
`,o,°'°' ",# "v,S;' "v.s:,"- i" ",# "v,S;., ",# "vr§' "v,S;'T, ",# rfl'<;;j
`
`Figure 1.1 Growth of mobile subscribers
`
`Data volume (relative to voice)
`
`(cid:127) Voice
`(cid:127) Data
`
`18
`16
`14
`12
`JO
`8
`6
`4
`2
`0
`
`I H/2007 2H/2007 I H/2008 2H/2008 I H/2009 2H/2009 I H/20 JO
`
`Figure 1.2 HSDPA data volume exceeds voice volume (voice traffic 2007 is scaled to one)
`
`high-speed radio capability, flat-rate pricing schemes and simple device installation. In
`short, the introduction of HSDPA has turned mobile networks from voice-dominated to
`packet-data-dominated networks.
`Data use is driven by a number of bandwidth-hungry laptop applications, including
`internet and intranet access, file sharing, streaming services to distribute video content and
`mobile TV, and interactive gaming. Service bundles of video, data and voice - known also
`as triple play - are also entering the mobile market, causing traditional fixed-line voice and
`broadband data services to be replaced by mobile services, both at home and in the office.
`A typical voice subscriber uses 300 minutes per month, which is equal to approximately
`30 megabytes of data with the voice data rate of 12.2 kbps. A broadband data user can
`easily consume more than 1000 megabytes (1 gigabyte) of data. The heavy broadband
`data use takes between ten and 100 times more capacity than voice usage, which sets
`high requirements for the capacity and efficiency of data networks.
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`Introduction
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`3
`
`It is expected that by 2015, five billion people will be connected to the internet. Broad(cid:173)
`band internet connections will be available practically anywhere in the world. Already,
`existing wireline installations can reach approximately one billion households and mobile
`networks connect more than three billion subscribers. These installations need to evolve
`into broadband internet access. Further extensive use of wireless access, as well as new
`wireline installations with enhanced capabilities, is required to offer true broadband con(cid:173)
`nectivity to the five billion customers.
`
`1.3 Evolution of Wireline Technologies
`Wide-area wireless networks have experienced rapid evolution in terms of data rates but
`wireline networks are still able to provide the highest data rates. Figure 1.3 illustrates
`the evolution of peak user data rates in wireless and wireline networks. Interestingly,
`the shape of the evolution curve is similar in both domains with a relative difference of
`approximately 30 times. Moore's law predicts that the data rates should double every
`18 months. Currently, copper-based wireline solutions with Very-High-Data-Rate Digital
`Subscriber Line (VDSL2) can offer bit rates of tens of Mbps and the passive optical(cid:173)
`fiber-based solution provides rates in excess of 100 Mbps. Both copper and fiber based
`solutions will continue to evolve in the near future, increasing the data rate offerings to
`the Gbps range.
`Wireless networks must push data rates higher to match the user experience that wire(cid:173)
`line networks provide. Customers are used to wireline performance and they expect the
`wireless networks to offer comparable performance. Applications designed for wireline
`networks drive the evolution of the wireless data rates. Wireless solutions also have an
`important role in providing the transport connections for the wireless base stations.
`Wireless technologies, on the other hand, have the huge advantage of being able to
`offer personal broadband access independent of the user's location - in other words, they
`provide mobility in nomadic or full mobile use cases. The wireless solution can also
`
`1.000
`
`100
`
`i
`~ 10
`OI ..
`s OI
`..
`
`~
`
`"0
`
`~
`;;)
`
`Wireline
`
`TE
`
`.,.
`Optics
`VDSL2 100 Mbps.,..,..,..,.
`ADSL2+ 25-50 Mbp~
`.,,.
`ADSL 16-20 Mbps
`ADSL 6-8 Mbps
`HSDPA
`l-3Mbps
`1-:,,...~ - - - - - - - - - -=~HSDPA 3.6-7.2 Mbps _ _ _ _
`I.SMbps
`
`HSPA;'.,..,..,.
`
`........
`
`Wireless
`
`0.1
`
`0.01
`2000
`
`2005
`Year of availability
`
`2010
`
`Figure 1.3 Evolution of wireless and wireline user data rates GPON = Gigabit Passive Opti(cid:173)
`cal Network. VDSL = Very High Data Rate Subscriber Line. ADSL = Asymmetric Digital
`Subscriber Line
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`LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced
`
`provide low-cost broadband coverage compared to new wireline installations if there is
`no existing wireline infrastructure. Wireless broadband access is therefore an attractive
`option, especially in new growth markets in urban areas as well as in rural areas in other
`markets.
`
`1.4 Motivation and Targets for LTE
`Work towards 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) started in 2004 with the definition
`of the targets. Even though High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) was not yet
`deployed, it was evident that work for the next radio system should be started. It takes more
`than five years from system target settings to commercial deployment using interoperable
`standards, so system standardization must start early enough to be ready in time. Several
`factors can be identified driving LTE development: wireline capability evolution, need
`for more wireless capacity, need for lower cost wireless data delivery and competition
`from other wireless technologies. As wireline technology improves, similar evolution is
`required in the wireless domain to ensure that applications work fluently in that domain.
`There are also other wireless technologies - including IEEE 802.16 - which promised
`high data capabilities. 3GPP technologies must match and exceed the competition. More
`capacity is needed to benefit maximally from the available spectrum and base station
`sites. The driving forces for LTE development are summarized in Figure 1.4.
`LTE must be able to deliver performance superior to that of existing 3GPP networks
`based on HSPA technology. The performance targets in 3GPP are defined relative to
`HSPA in Release 6. The peak user throughput should be a minimum of lOOMbps in
`the downlink and 50 Mbps in the uplink, which is ten times more than HSPA Release 6.
`Latency must also be reduced to improve performance for the end user. Terminal power
`consumption must be minimized to enable more use of multimedia applications without
`recharging the battery. The main performance targets are listed below and are shown in
`Figure 1.5:
`
`• spectral efficiency two to four times more than with HSPA Release 6;
`• peak rates exceed 100 Mbps in the downlink and 50 Mbps in the uplink;
`• enables a round trip time of < 10 ms;
`• packet switched optimized;
`• high level of mobility and security;
`• optimized terminal power efficiency;
`• frequency flexibility with allocations from below 1.5 MHz up to 20 MHz.
`
`Figure 1.4 Driving forces for LTE development
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`Introduction
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`5
`
`Peak user
`throughput
`
`Latency
`
`Spectral
`efficiency
`
`HSPAR6 LTE
`
`HSPAR6 LTE
`
`HSPAR6 LTE
`
`Figure 1.5 Main LTE performance targets compared to HSPA Release 6
`
`1.5 Overview of LTE
`The multiple-access scheme in the LTE downlink uses Orthogonal Frequency Division
`Multiple Access (OFDMA). The uplink uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
`Access (SC-FDMA). Those multiple-access solutions provide orthogonality between the
`users, reducing interference and improving network capacity. Resource allocation in the
`frequency domain takes place with the resolution of 180 kHz resource blocks both in
`uplink and in downlink. The frequency dimension in the packet scheduling is one reason
`for the high LTE capacity. The uplink user specific allocation is continuous to enable
`single-carrier transmission, whereas the downlink can use resource blocks freely from
`different parts of the spectrum. The uplink single-carrier solution is also designed to
`allow efficient terminal power amplifier design, which is relevant for terminal battery
`life. The LTE solution enables spectrum flexibility . The transmission bandwidth can be
`selected between 1.4 MHz and 20 MHz depending on the available spectrum. The 20 MHz
`bandwidth can provide up to 150 Mbps downlink user data rate with 2 x 2 MIMO and
`300 Mbps with 4 x 4 MIMO. The uplink peak data rate is 75 Mbps. The multiple access
`schemes are illustrated in Figure 1.6.
`High network capacity requires efficient network architecture in addition to advanced
`radio features. The aim of 3GPP Release 8 is to improve network scalability for increased
`traffic and to minimize end-to-end latency by reducing the number of network elements. All
`radio protocols, mobility management, header compression and packet retransmissions are
`located in the base stations called eNodeB. These stations include all those algorithms that
`
`Uplink
`
`SC-FDMA
`
`User I User 2
`
`User 3
`
`........ _ OFDMA
`Downlink flfil._____.rffi
`
`Frequency
`
`Figure 1.6 LTE multiple access schemes
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`LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced
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`Release 6
`
`GGSN
`
`SGSN
`
`Release 8 L TE
`
`S-GW
`
`Core network functionality split
`MME for control plane
`User plane by-pass MME
`
`eNodeB functionalities
`•
`All radio protocols
`• Mobility management
`•
`All retransmissions
`Header compression
`
`• • • = Control plane
`-
`= User plane
`
`Figure 1.7 LTE network architecture
`
`are located in Radio Network Controller (RNC) in 3GPP Release 6 architecture. The core
`network is streamlined by separating the user and the control planes. The Mobility Man(cid:173)
`agement Entity (MME) is just a control plane element and the user plane bypasses MME
`directly to Serving Gateway (S-GW). The architecture evolution is illustrated in Figure 1.7.
`
`1.6 3GPP Family of Technologies
`3GPP technologies - GSM/EDGE and WCDMA/HSPA - are currently serving 90% of
`global mobile subscribers. The market share development of 3GPP technologies is illus(cid:173)
`trated in Figure 1.8. A number of major CDMA operators have already turned to, or
`
`Global subscribers until end 20IO
`100 % -,-,---.,.,,--,,..:-::-,--,,-,,..,,,,.-::r,-..,,,,-,,.....,,"""""..,,,.,.,.,...,..-,--""=="""':-,-,,,-,..,.,===
`90 %
`80%
`70 %
`60 % ...... ...,..~ ...... ~ ..... ~
`50 %
`40 %
`30 %
`20%
`l0 %
`0 % ..J--....f.~3.il~...:......
`
`Figure 1.8 Global market share of 3GPP and 3GPP2 technologies
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`
`Introduction
`
`3GPP schedule
`
`1999 2000
`
`Commercial
`deployment
`
`7
`
`Figure 1.9 Schedule of 3GPP standard and their commercial deployments
`
`will soon be turning to, GSM/WCDMA for voice evolution and to HSPA/LTE for data
`evolution to access the benefits of the large and open 3GPP ecosystem and for economies
`of scale for low-cost mobile devices. The number of subscribers using 3GPP-based tech(cid:173)
`nologies is currently more than 4.5 billion. The 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) will
`be built on this large base of 3GPP technologies.
`The time schedules of 3GPP specifications and the commercial deployments are illus(cid:173)
`trated in Figure 1.9. The 3GPP dates refer to the approval of the specifications. WCDMA
`Release 99 specification work was completed at the end of 1999 and was followed by
`the first commercial deployments during 2002. The HSDPA and HSUPA standards were
`completed in March 2002 and December 2004 and the commercial deployments followed
`in 2005 and 2007. The first phase of HSPA evolution, also known as HSPA+, was com(cid:173)
`pleted in June 2007 and the deployments started during 2009. The LTE standard was
`approved at the end of 2007, backwards compatibility started in March 2009 and the first
`commercial networks started during 2010. The next step is LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and
`the specification was approved in December 2010.
`The new generations of technologies push the data rates higher. The evolution of the
`peak user data rates is illustrated in Figure 1.10. The first WCDMA deployments 2002
`offered 384 kbps, first HSDPA networks 3.6-14 Mbps, HSPA evolution 21-168 Mbps,
`LTE 150-300Mbps and LTE-Advanced 1 Gbps, which is a more than 2000 times higher
`data rate over a period of ten years.
`
`Figure 1.10 Peak data rate evolution of 3GPP technologies
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`LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced
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`The 3GPP technologies are designed for smooth interworking and coexistence. The
`LTE will support bi-directional handovers between LTE and GSM and between LTE
`and UMTS. GSM, UMTS and LTE can share a number of network elements including
`core network elements. It is also expected that some of the 3G network elements can
`be upgraded to support LTE and there will be single network platforms supporting both
`HSPA and LTE. The subscriber management and SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-based
`authentication will be used also in LTE.
`
`1. 7 Wireless Spectrum
`The LTE frequency bands in 3GPP specifications are shown in Figure 1.11 for paired bands
`and in Figure 1.12 for unpaired bands. Currently 22 paired bands and nine unpaired bands
`have been defined and more bands will be added during the standardization process. Some
`of the bands are currently used by other technologies and LTE can coexist with the legacy
`technologies. In the best case in Europe there is over 600 MHz of spectrum available for
`the mobile operators when including the 800, 900, 1800, 2100 and 2600MHz Frequency
`Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) bands. In the USA the LTE
`
`Total
`spectrum
`
`Uplink
`(MHz)
`
`Downlink
`(MHz)
`
`I
`
`1920-1980 ii 2110-2170
`2 x 60 MHz
`1850-1910 I 1930-1990
`2 x 60MHz
`1710-1785 I 1805-1880
`2 x 75 MHz
`1710-1755 I 2110-2155
`2 x 45 MHz
`824-849 I 869-894
`2 x 25MHz
`830-840 I 875-885
`2 x 10MHz
`2500-2570 I 2620-2690
`2 x 70MHz
`880-915 I 925-960
`2 x 35 MHz
`1750-1785 I 1845-1880
`2 x 35 MHz
`1710-1770 I 2110-2170
`2 x 60MHz
`2 x 25 MHz j 1427.9-1452.9 J \ 1475.9-1500.9
`2 x 18 MHz II 698-716
`Ii 728-746
`I 746-756
`2 x 10MHz II
`I 758-768
`I 734-746
`I 860-875
`I 875-890
`I 791-821
`2 x 30MHzjj 832-862
`2 x 15 MHz [ J 1447.9-1462.9 \ J 1495.9-1510.9
`2 x 90 MHz I j 3410-3500 I j 3510-3600
`2 x 20 MHz I J 2000-2020 11 2180-2200
`j j 2 x 34 MHz j jl626.5-1660.5j j 1525-1559
`
`Operating
`band
`
`3GPPname
`
`Band I
`Band 2
`Band 3
`Band4
`Band5
`Band6
`
`Band 7
`Band 8
`Band9
`Band 10
`
`Band II
`
`Band 12
`Band 13
`Band 14
`Band 17
`
`Band 18
`Band 19
`Band 20
`Band 21
`Band 22
`Band 23
`
`L Band ~
`
`2100
`1900
`1800
`1700/2100
`850
`800
`2600
`900
`1700
`1700/2100
`
`1500
`
`US700
`US700
`US700
`US700
`
`Japan800
`Japan800
`EU800
`1500
`3500
`S-band
`L-band
`
`2x lOMHzil 777-787
`788-798
`704-716
`
`2 x 12 MHz JI
`2 x 15MHzjj 815-830
`
`2 x 15 MHz ii 830-845
`
`Figure 1.11 Frequency bands for paired bands in 3GPP specifications
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`Operating
`band
`
`3GPPname
`
`Uplink and
`Total
`spectrum downlink (MHz)
`
`Band 33 UMTS TDDl 111 x 20 MHz
`Band 34 UMTSTDD2 1 x 15 MHz
`
`1900--1920
`2010-2025
`
`US1900UL
`Band 35
`Band 36
`US1900DL
`Band 37
`US1900
`2600
`Band 38
`Band 39 UMTSTDD
`Band 40
`2300
`Band 41
`2600US
`
`1850-1910
`lx60MHz
`1930-1990
`lx60MHz
`lx20MHz
`1910-1930
`1 x 50MHz
`2570-2620
`lx40MHz
`1880-1920
`l1 xlOOMHz J 2300--2400
`111 x 194MHzll 2496--2690
`
`Figure 1.12 Frequency bands for unpaired bands in 3GPP specifications
`
`networks will initially be built on 700 and 1700/2100 MHz frequencies. In Japan the LTE
`deployments start using the 2100 band followed later by 800, 1500 and 1700 bands.
`Flexible bandwidth is desirable to take advantage of the diverse spectrum assets:
`refarming typically requires a narrowband option below 5 MHz while the new spectrum
`allocations could take advantage of a wideband option of data rates of 20 MHz and higher.
`It is also evident that both FDD and TDD modes are required to take full advantage of
`the available paired and unpaired spectrum. These requirements are taken into account in
`the LTE system specification.
`
`1.8 New Spectrum Identified by WRC-07
`The ITU-R World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-07) worked in October and
`November 2007 to identify the new spectrum for IMT. The objective was to identify low
`bands for coverage and high bands for capacity.
`The following bands were identified for IMT and are illustrated in Figure 1. 13. The
`main LTE band will be in the 470-806/862 MHz UHF frequencies, which are currently
`
`I
`100
`
`I
`200
`
`I
`300
`
`450-470
`
`I I I
`
`400
`
`500
`
`I _, I
`
`790-862
`698-8061111
`I
`700
`
`800
`
`I
`I
`900 1000
`
`I
`600
`
`Coverage bands
`
`Capacity bands
`
`2300--2400
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000
`
`3400--3800
`
`3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000
`
`Figure 1.13 Main new frequencies identified for IMT in WRC-07
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`LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced
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`used for terrestrial TV broadcasting. The 790-862 MHz sub-band was identified in Europe
`and Asia-Pacific. The availability of the band depends on the national time schedules of
`the analogue to digital TV switchover. The first auction for that band was conducted in
`Germany in May 2010 and the corresponding frequency variant is Band 20. The band
`allows three operators, each running 10 MHz LTE FDD.
`The 698-806 MHz sub-band was identified for IMT in Americas. In the US part of the
`band has already been auctioned. In Asia, the band plan for 698-806 MHz is expected
`to cover 2 x 45 MHz FDD operation.
`The main capacity band will be 3.4-4.2 GHz (C-band). A total of 200 MHz was iden(cid:173)
`tified in the 3.4-3.8 GHz sub-band for IMT in Europe and in Asia-Pacific. This spectrum
`can facilitate the deployment of larger bandwidth of !MT-Advanced to provide the highest
`bit rates and capacity.
`The 2.3-2.4 GHz band was also identified for IMT but this band is not expected to
`be available in Europe or in the Americas. This band was identified for IMT-2000 in
`China at the WRC-2000. The 450-470MHz sub-band was identified for IMT globally,
`but it is not expected to be widely available in Europe. This spectrum will be narrow
`with maximum 2 x 5 MHz deployment. Further spectrums for IMT systems are expected
`to be allocated in the WRC-2016 meeting.
`
`1.9 LTE-Advanced
`International Mobile Telecommunications - Advanced (!MT-Advanced) is a concept
`for mobile systems with capabilities beyond IMT-2000. !MT-Advanced was previously
`known as 'Systems beyond IMT-2000' . The candidate proposals for !MT-Advanced
`were submitted to ITU in 2009. Only two candidates were submitted: LTE-Advanced
`from 3GPP and IEEE 802.16m.
`It is envisaged that the new capabilities of these !MT-Advanced systems will support
`a wide range of data rates in multi-user environments with target peak data rates of up to
`approximately 100 Mbps for high mobility requirements and up to 1 Gbps for low mobility
`requirements such as nomadic/local wireless access. !MT-Advanced work within 3GPP
`is called LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and it is part of Release 10. 3GPP submitted an LTE(cid:173)
`Advanced proposal to ITU in October 2009 and more detailed work was done during 2010.
`The content was frozen in December 2010 and the backwards compatibility is expected
`
`Mobility
`
`High
`
`IMT
`-2000
`
`IMT
`-2000
`evolution
`
`IMT(cid:173)
`Advanced
`
`Low WCDMA HSPA
`
`10
`
`\ LTE(cid:173)
`LTE \ Advanud
`1000
`
`100
`
`Peak data
`rate (Mbps)
`
`Figure 1.14 Bit rate and mobility evolution to !MT-Advanced
`
`Samsung Ex. 1007
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`
`
`Introduction
`
`11
`
`40-IOOMHz
`
`•••
`
`8x i\) MIMO -0; 4x
`W/g
`L/J}
`
`More bandwidth
`
`More antennas
`
`[--
`
`Heterogeneous
`networks
`
`((i))
`
`L ... J ..
`~
`
`Figure 1.15 LTE-Advanced includes a toolbox of features
`
`in June 2011. The high-level evolution of 3GPP technologies to meet IMT requirements
`is shown in Figure 1.14.
`The main technology components in Release 10 LTE-Advanced include:
`
`• carrier aggregation up to 40 MHz total band, and later potentially up to 100 MHz;
`• MIMO evolution up to 8 x 8 in downlink and 4 x 4 in uplink;
`• relay nodes for providing simple transmission solution;
`• heterogeneous networks for optimized interworking between cell layers including
`macro, micro, pico and femto cells.
`
`LTE-Advanced features are designed in a backwards-compatible way where LTE
`Release 8 terminals can be used on the same carrier where new LTE-Advanced
`Release 10 features are activated. LTE-Advanced can be considered as a toolbox of
`features that can be flexibly implemented on top of LTE Release 8. The main features of
`LTE-Advanced are summarized in Figure 1.15.
`
`Samsung Ex. 1007
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