`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`___________________________
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`APPLE INC.,
`Petitioner,
`
`v.
`
`GUI GLOBAL PRODUCTS, LTD.,
`Patent Owner.
`____________
`
`Case IPR2021-00473
`Patent 10,589,320
`___________________________
`
`DECLARATION OF HAMID TOLIYAT, PH.D. REGARDING APPLE’S
`PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW OF U.S. PATENT NO. 10,589,320
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`Apple v. GUI Global Products
`IPR2021-00473
`GUI Ex. 2022
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`Table of Contents
`INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1
`I.
`II. QUALIFICATIONS ......................................................................................... 2
`III. MATERIALS CONSIDERED ......................................................................... 4
`IV. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS .................................................................. 8
`V. LEGAL PRINCIPLES ......................................................................................... 9
`VI. PERSON OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART .........................................13
`VII. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION ...........................................................................15
`VIII. OVERVIEW OF THE ‘320 PATENT ........................................................15
`IX. GROUND 1A—Claims 1, 2, 8, 9, and 11 are not obvious in view of
`Gundlach and Lee. ...................................................................................................21
`A. Overview of Gundlach ...................................................................................21
`B. Overview of Lee .............................................................................................31
`C. Dr. Cooperstock’s reasons for combining Gundlach and Lee are, to a
`POSITA, unfounded and unpersuasive, and heavily outweighed by the
`inefficiencies of such a system. ............................................................................35
`D. A POSITA would not have been motivated to replace Gundlach’s efficient
`conductive charging with far less efficient inductive charging. Any alleged
`benefits from wireless charging would have been greatly outweighed by the
`inefficiencies and addition cost, size and weight from needing a larger battery in
`the clamshell case. Further a POSITA would have been even less motivated to
`use Lee’s even more inefficient dual purpose transducer coil design. .................54
`E. A POSITA would not have understood Lee’s charging pad to be applicable
`to its dual purpose wireless charging solution. .....................................................74
`F. A POSITA would not be motivated to make the proposed Gundlach-Lee
`combination because it would drain the clamshell case battery, resulting in a
`highly undesirable charging system. .....................................................................76
`G. Analysis of Claims 1, 2, 8, 9, and 11 ..........................................................78
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`1. Claim 1 ........................................................................................................79
`2. Claim 2 ........................................................................................................93
`3. Claim 8 ........................................................................................................93
`4. Claim 9 ........................................................................................................93
`5. Claim 11 ......................................................................................................94
`A. Overview of Nishikawa ..................................................................................96
`B. The Alleged Gundlach-Lee-Nishikawa Combination .................................96
`C. Analysis of Claims 2 and 8 .............................................................................96
`1. Claim 2 ........................................................................................................96
`XI. GROUND 1C: Claim 11 is not obvious in view of Gundlach, Lee, and
`Rosener .....................................................................................................................97
`A. Overview of Rosener ......................................................................................97
`B. The Alleged Gundlach-Lee-Rosener Combination ........................................97
`C. Analysis of Claim 11 ......................................................................................98
`XII. GROUND 1D: Claims 3 and 7 are not obvious in view of Gundlach, Lee,
`and Brown. ...............................................................................................................99
`A. Overview of Brown ........................................................................................99
`B. The Alleged Gundlach-Lee-Brown Combination ..........................................99
`C. Analysis of Claims 3 and 7 ...........................................................................100
`XIII. GROUND 1E: Claims 4, 5, 10, 12, and 13 are not obvious in view of
`Gundlach, Lee, and Mak-Fan. ................................................................................101
`A. Overview of Mak-Fan ..................................................................................101
`B. The Alleged Gundlach-Lee-Mak-Fan Combination ....................................102
`C. Analysis of Claims 4, 5, 10, 12, and 13 ........................................................104
`1. Claim 4 ......................................................................................................104
`2. Claim 5 ......................................................................................................106
`3. Claim 10 ....................................................................................................108
`4. Claim 12 ....................................................................................................113
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`5. Claim 13 ....................................................................................................114
`XIV. Ground 2A: Claims 1, 2, 8, 9, and 11 are not obvious in view of Gundlach,
`Lee, and Kim. .........................................................................................................115
`A. Overview of Kim ..........................................................................................115
`B. The Alleged Gundlach-Lee-Kim Combination ............................................115
`C. Analysis of Element [1i] ...............................................................................115
`1. Claim 1 ......................................................................................................115
`XV. GROUND 2B: Claims 2 and 8 are not obvious in view of Gundlach, Lee,
`Kim, and Nishikawa. ..............................................................................................116
`XVI. GROUND 2C: Claim 11 is not obvious in view of Gundlach, Lee, Kim,
`and Rosener. ...........................................................................................................116
`XVII. GROUND 2D: Claims 3 and 7 are obvious in view of Gundlach, Lee, Kim,
`and Brown. .............................................................................................................117
`XVIII. GROUND 2E: Claims 4, 5, 10, 12, and 13 are not obvious in view of
`Gundlach, Lee, Kim, and Mak-Fan. ......................................................................118
`XIX. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................118
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`Apple v. GUI Global Products
`IPR2021-00473
`GUI Ex. 2022
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`I, Hamid Toliyat, of College Station, Texas, declare as follows:
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`I.
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`1.
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`INTRODUCTION
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`I have been retained by Beck Redden LLP on behalf of Patent Owner Gwee
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`Global Products, Inc. (“Gwee”) as an independent expert in the above referenced
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`Inter Partes Review proceeding.
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`2.
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`I have been asked by counsel for Gwee to address the issues raised in the
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`IPR Petition, including issues raised in its Exhibit 1003, the Declaration of Dr.
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`Jeremy Cooperstock, including whether the references relied upon by Dr.
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`Cooperstock teach or suggest the claim limitations of Claims 1-5 and 7-13 of the
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`challenged patent, U.S. Patent No. 10,589,320 (the “‘320 patent”).
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`3. My opinions, which are based upon my education, experience and review
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`the materials filed in this proceeding and otherwise cited herein, and the bases for
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`those opinions are set forth herein.
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`4.
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`In writing this Declaration, I have considered matters including my own
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`knowledge and experience, including my teaching and work experience. Although
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`my qualifications exceed those of a POSITA for the challenged ‘320 patent, my
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`statements and opinions expressed herein are so expressed from the perspective of
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`a POSITA.
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`5.
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`I have no financial interest in either party or in the outcome of this
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`proceeding. I am being compensated for my time spent on this matter on an hourly
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`basis. My compensation is not dependent on the outcome of these proceedings or
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`the content of my opinions.
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`II. QUALIFICATIONS
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`6. My background and qualifications are set forth in my curriculum vitae
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`attached as Exhibit 2023. In summary,
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`7.
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`I have over 35 years of experience in the field of power electronics,
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`microcontrollers, electric motors, motor control, and wireless power transfer.
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`8.
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`I received my B.S. from Sharif University of Technology in 1982, M.S.
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`degree from West Virginia University in 1986, and Ph.D. degree from the
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`University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1991, all in electrical engineering.
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`9.
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`In March 1994 I joined the Department of Electrical and Computer
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`Engineering at Texas A&M University. I am currently the Raytheon endowed
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`professor of electrical engineering.
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`10.
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`I received the Nikola Tesla Field Award for “outstanding contributions to
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`the design, analysis and control of fault-tolerant multiphase electric machines”
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`from IEEE in 2014, the Cyril Veinott Award in Electromechanical Energy
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`Conversion from the IEEE Power Engineering Society in 2004, Patent and
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`Innovation Award from Texas A&M University System Office of Technology
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`Commercialization’s in 2020, 2016 and 2007, TEES Faculty Fellow Award in
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`2006, Distinguished Teaching Award in 2003, E.D. Brockett Professorship Award
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`in 2002, Eugene Webb Faculty Fellow Award in 2000, and Texas A&M Select
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`Young Investigator Award in 1999. I also received the Space Act Award from
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`NASA in 1999, and the Schlumberger Foundation Technical Awards in 2001 and
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`2000.
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`11.
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`I was an Editor of IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. I also was
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`Chair of the IEEE-IAS Industrial Power Conversion Systems Department of IEEE-
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`IAS, and am a member of Sigma Xi. I am a fellow of the IEEE, the recipient of
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`the 2008 Industrial Electronics Society Electric Machines Committee Second Best
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`Paper Award as well as the recipient of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Prize
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`Paper Awards in 1996 and 2006, and IEEE Industry Applications Society
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`Transactions Third Prize Paper Award and Second Prize Paper Award in 2006 and
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`2016, respectively. I was the General Chair of the 2005 IEEE International
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`Electric Machines and Drives Conference in San Antonio, Texas.
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`12. My main research interests and experience include power electronics,
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`microcontrollers, analysis and design of electrical machines, variable speed drives
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`for traction and propulsion applications, fault diagnosis of electric machinery, and
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`sensorless variable speed drives.
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`13.
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`I have supervised more than 120 graduate students, post docs, and research
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`engineers. I have published over 520 technical papers, presented more than 99
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`invited lectures all over the world, and has 34 issued and pending U.S. patents. My
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`publications are highly cited by colleagues -- more than 27,000 times.
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`14.
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`I have purposely taught courses in two different areas within my department:
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`power electronics, and electric machinery. I have developed and taught three new
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`courses in the area of electromechanical motion devices. These are:
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`• ECEN 611 General Theory of Electromechanical Motion Devices, 3 credits
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`• ECEN 612 Computer Aided Design of Electromechanical Motion Devices, 4
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`credits
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`• ECEN 442/742 DSP-Based Electromechanical Motion Control, 3 credits
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`15.
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`I am also a Professional Engineer in the State of Texas.
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`III. MATERIALS CONSIDERED
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`16.
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`In writing this Declaration, I have considered matters including my own
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`knowledge and experience, including my teaching and work experience, which
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`includes overseeing POSITAs and persons studying to become POSITAs. I have
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`reviewed Petitioner Apple’s IPR Petition and the substantive Exhibits thereto,
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`namely Exhibits APPLE-1001 – APPLE 1003; APPLE-1005 – APPLE-1068; as
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`well as Gwee’s Preliminary Response to Apple’s IPR Petition and the substantive
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`Exhibits thereto, namely GUI EXHIBIT 2001 and GUI EXHIBIT 2003 – GUI
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`EXHIBIT 2017, and also the PTAB’s Institution Decision. I have also reviewed
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`the declaration of Dr. Mark Horenstein submitted in the IPR proceeding involving
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`Samsung’s challenge to this patent. I have also reviewed the transcript from Dr.
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`Cooperstock’s deposition. I have also reviewed the Board’s institution decision
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`relative to the challenged patent. I have also had conversations with Mr. Walter
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`Mayfield. one of the named inventors of the challenged patent. I have also
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`considered other materials noted herein, namely:
`
`Exhibit 2024
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`YouTube video of Powermat bearing a date of
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`December 28, 2020 and accessible at
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`https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SyU_eKd3pE.
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`Exhibit 2025
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` YouTube video of Powermat bearing a date of
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`November 29, 2010 and accessible at
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`https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLOYN6SgbFQ.
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`Exhibit 2026
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` YouTube video of Palm Touchstone bearing a date
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`of July 11, 2011 and accessible at
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`https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCyyJTszxH8.
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`Exhibit 2027
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`Wireless Power Consortium site on the Wayback
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`Machine at
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`https://web.archive.org/web/20110715210021/http://
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`www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/technology/cou
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`pling-factor.html
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`Exhibit 2028
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`Li and Mi, WPT for EV Applications, IEEE Journal
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`of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power
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`Electronics, Vol. 3, No. 1.
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`Exhibit 2029
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`Wireless Power Consortium site on the Wayback
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`Machine at
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`https://web.archive.org/web/20110729035955/http://
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`www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/member-list.
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`Exhibit 2030
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`Wireless Power Consortium site on the Wayback
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`Machine at
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`https://web.archive.org/web/20110821093859/http://
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`www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/about/our-
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`vision.html
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`Exhibit 2031
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`Wireless Power Consortium site on the Wayback
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`Machine at
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`https://web.archive.org/web/20110822142011/http://
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`www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/technology/tota
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`l-energy-consumption.html
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`Exhibit 2032
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`An introduction to the Wireless Power Consortium
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`standard and TI’s compliant solutions” from the 1Q
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`2011 Texas Instruments Analog Applications Journal
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`Exhibit 2033
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`H. Shen, J. Lee and T. Chang, "Study of contactless
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`inductive charging platform with core array structure
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`for portable products," 2011 International
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`Conference on Consumer Electronics,
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`Communications and Networks, 2011
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`2034
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`Measuring Wireless Charging Efficiency In the Real
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`World” from
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`https://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/data/dow
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`nloadables/1/4/8/1/measuring-wireless-charging-
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`efficiency-in-the-real-world-wpc-michigan-sept-
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`2015.pdf
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`
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`17. The Cooperstock Declaration notes that the challenged patent was filed on
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`November 27, 2019 with a priority claim dating back to the August 5, 2011 filing
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`date of provisional application No. 61/515,752. For purposes of his Declaration,
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`Dr. Cooperstock uses August 5, 2011 as the priority date for the patent and as the
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`assumed date of invention. I am thus using August 5, 2011 as the priority date for
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`the patent and the date of invention as well.
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`18. As part of my independent analysis, I have considered my personal
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`knowledge and experience; the knowledge of persons of ordinary skill
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`(“POSITA”) as of the invention date. My opinions are from the viewpoint of
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`POSITA. Unless otherwise stated, my testimony herein refers to the knowledge
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`and capabilities of a POSITA as of this invention date.
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`19.
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`In this declaration I only address some of the statements, arguments, and
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`contentions of Apple and Dr. Cooperstock, and I only address some of the
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`challenged claim elements. This is being done primarily to focus on what appear
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`to be the main disputed issues. It should not be assumed that I agree with anything
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`not specifically addressed in this Declaration.
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`IV. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS
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`20. This Declaration states and explains the opinions/conclusions that I have
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`formed using my independent analysis. They are summarized as follows:
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`• Ground 1A: Claims 1, 2, 8, 9, and 11 are not obvious in view of Gundlach
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`and Lee.
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`• Ground 1B: Claims 2 and 8 are not obvious in view of Gundlach, Lee, and
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`Nishikawa.
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`• Ground 1C: Claim 11 is not obvious in view of Gundlach, Lee, and Rosener.
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`• Ground 1D: Claims 3 and 7 are not obvious in view of Gundlach, Lee, and
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`Brown.
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`• Ground 1E: Claims 4, 5, 10, 12, and 13 are not obvious in view of Gundlach,
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`Lee, and Mak-Fan.
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`• Ground 2A: Claims 1, 2, 8, 9, and 11 are not obvious in view of Gundlach,
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`Lee, and Kim.
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`• Ground 2B: Claims 2 and 8 are not obvious in view of Gundlach, Lee, Kim,
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`and Nishikawa.
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`• Ground 2C: Claim 11 is not obvious in view of Gundlach, Lee, Kim, and
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`Rosener.
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`• Ground 2D: Claims 3 and 7 are not obvious in view of Gundlach, Lee, Kim,
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`and Brown.
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`• Ground 2E: Claims 4, 5, 10, 12, and 13 are not obvious in view of Gundlach,
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`Lee, Kim, and Mak-Fan.
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`LEGAL PRINCIPLES
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`I am not an attorney and have not been asked to offer any opinions on the
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`V.
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`21.
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`law. I understand, however, that I must follow existing law and that I am offering
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`opinions on the ultimate issue of obviousness. I have been provided with
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`information about legal principles by counsel for Gwee, specifically as follows:
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`22.
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`I have been informed by counsel and understand that in an Inter Partes
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`Review proceeding, the party challenging the patent’s validity must prove by a
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`preponderance of the evidence that the patent claims are unpatentable. I have been
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`further advised that the first step in assessing validity of a patent claim is to
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`properly construe the claim at issue.
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`23.
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`I have been informed by counsel and understand that Apple’s challenges to
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`the patentability of the claims of the ‘320 Patent are ultimately based on
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`obviousness under 35 U.S.C. § 103. To be patentable under this statute, an
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`invention much be such that it would not have been obvious to a person of ordinary
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`skill in the art (“POSITA”) at the time the invention was made. That is, the
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`differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art must
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`not be such that the claimed subject matter as a whole would have been obvious to
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`a POSITA at the time the invention was made.
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`24.
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`I have been informed by counsel and understand that when determining
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`whether a claimed invention is obvious, one should consider the scope and content
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`of the prior art, the level of ordinary skill in the relevant art, the differences
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`between the claimed invention and the prior art, and whether the claimed invention
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`would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of those
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`differences. I understand that hindsight must not be used when comparing the prior
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`art to the invention for obviousness.
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`25.
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`I have been informed by counsel and understand that the scope of the prior
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`art includes analogous art, and that two separate tests define the scope of analogous
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`prior art: (1) whether the art is from the same field of endeavor, regardless of the
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`problem addressed and, (2) if the reference is not within the field of the inventor's
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`endeavor, whether the reference still is reasonably pertinent to the particular
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`problem with which the inventor is involved.
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`26.
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`I have been informed by counsel and understand that obviousness may be
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`shown by demonstrating that it would have been obvious to modify what is taught
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`in a single reference to arrive at the patented invention, and/or by showing that it
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`would have been obvious to combine the teachings of more than one reference to
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`arrive at the patented invention. I recognize that in determining whether prior art
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`references would have been combined with one another and/or with other
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`information within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art, multiple
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`approaches and rationales may be considered, including:
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`• Combining prior art elements according to known methods to yield
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`predictable results;
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`• Simple substitution of one known element for another to obtain predictable
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`results;
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`• Use of a known technique to improve similar devices, methods, or products
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`in the same way;
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`• Applying a known technique to a known device, method, or product ready
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`for improvement to yield predictable results;
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`• Applying a technique or approach that would have been “obvious to try”
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`(choosing from a finite number of identified, predictable solutions, with a
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`reasonable expectation of success);
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`• Known work in one field of endeavor that may prompt variations of it for
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`use in either the same field or a different one based on design incentives or
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`other market forces if the variations would have been predictable to one of
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`ordinary skill in the art; or
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`• Some teaching, suggestion, or motivation in the prior art that would have led
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`one of ordinary skill to modify the prior art reference or to combine prior art
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`reference teachings to arrive at the claimed invention.
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`27.
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`I have been informed by counsel and understand that if an independent claim
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`is not obvious over a combination of references, then a claim that depends from the
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`nonobvious independent claim is likewise not obvious in view of those references,
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`because the dependent claim contains all of the limitations of the independent
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`claim plus one or more further limitations.
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`28.
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`In considering the question of obviousness, I have been informed by counsel
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`and understand that the POSITA is a hypothetical person who is presumed to be
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`aware of all of the pertinent prior art. The POSITA is not an automaton and may be
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`able to combine the teachings of multiple patents or references employing ordinary
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`creativity and common sense, and that familiar items may have obvious uses in
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`another context or beyond their primary purposes. The POSITA faced with a
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`problem is able to apply his or her experience and ability to solve the problem and
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`also look to any available prior art to help solve the problem. I also recognize that
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`it is not necessary to demonstrate a precise teaching directed to the specific subject
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`matter of the challenged claim, for a fact finder can take account of the inferences
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`and creative steps that a POSITA would employ. A patent that merely claims
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`predictable uses of old elements according to their established functions to achieve
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`predictable results may be found invalid as obvious. Hence, an invention may be
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`obvious if a POSITA, facing the wide range of needs created by developments in
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`the field, would have seen an obvious benefit to the solutions tried by the
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`applicant. And, when there is a design need or market pressure to solve a problem,
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`and there are a finite number of identified, predictable solutions, it may have been
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`obvious to a POSITA to try the known options. Also, if a technique has been used
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`to improve one device, and a POSITA would have recognized that it would
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`improve similar devices in the same way, using the technique may have been
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`obvious.
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`VI. PERSON OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART
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`29. Dr. Cooperstock’s Declaration opines that a POSITA would have had would
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`have had at least a bachelor’s degree in an academic area emphasizing electrical
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`engineering, mechanical engineering, or a similar discipline, and at least two years
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`of experience in the field working with electronic devices. He also opines that
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`superior education could compensate for a deficiency in work experience, and
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`vice-versa.
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`30.
`
`I note that the use of the phrase “at least” in Dr. Cooperstock’s definition of
`
`a POSITA leaves the actual educational and other experience of a POSITA in
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`doubt because it encompasses someone of greater education, training, and skill
`
`than a POSITA and could even include an expert in the field. As such, Dr.
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`Cooperstock’s definition of a POSITA is of questionable assistance in
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`understanding the true qualifications of the POSITA and how such a person would
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`understand and employ the teachings of the various references cited in the petition.
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`31.
`
`I concur with and adopt as my own the opinion previously expressed by Dr.
`
`Horenstein (in the declaration noted above) that a POSITA would have been
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`someone having either a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering, computer
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`science, or mechanical engineering with some level of post-baccalaureate
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`electronic device or system design experience, or someone with an equivalent level
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`of experience and training through other means.
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`32.
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`I agree with Dr. Cooperstock that superior education might be able to
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`compensate for a deficiency in work experience, and vice-versa.
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`33. Dr. Cooperstock’s definition of a POSITA is somewhat different than mine;
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`however, my opinions in this declaration would be the same regardless of whether
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`or not my description or Dr. Cooperstock’s description of a POSITA is used.
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`VII. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION
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`34.
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`I do not see any expressed indication in Dr. Cooperstock’s Declaration of
`
`any constructions for any claim terms. To the extent that Dr. Cooperstock has
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`implied constructions in his Declaration, they are addressed herein where relevant.
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`From the point of view of a POSITA, and based upon my review of the materials
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`noted herein, primarily the challenged patent and its prosecution history, I also
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`assigned the claim terms their plain and ordinary meanings as a POSITA would
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`have understood them in the context of the ‘320 patent, unless otherwise noted
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`herein.
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`VIII. OVERVIEW OF THE ‘320 PATENT
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`35. Gwee has already provided a relatively brief and straightforward overview
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`of the challenged patent in its preliminary response, which I concur with and adopt
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`as my own, including as follows:
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`36. The ‘320 Patent is entitled “SYSTEM COMPRISING A PORTABLE
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`SWITCHING DEVICE FOR USE WITH A PORTABLE ELECTRONIC
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`DEVICE.” The presumed invention date is noted above, and the patent issued on
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`March 17, 2020. Independent claim 1 covers the following (with the elements
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`labeled as designated by Dr. Cooperstock):
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`[1pre] A system comprising:
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`[1a] a portable switching device coupled to a portable electronic device;
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`[1b] wherein: the switching device and the electronic device are configured
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`to selectively couple to each other employing magnetic force;
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`[1c]
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`the switching device comprises a first case;
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`[1d]
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`the electronic device comprises a second case and an electronic circuit
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`that is responsive to the switching device;
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`[1e] a first magnet is fully disposed within the electronic device;
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`[1f]
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`the electronic device comprises at least one element selected from the
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`group consisting of beveled edges, ridges, recessed areas, grooves, slots,
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`indented shapes, bumps, raised shapes, and combinations thereof;
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`configured to correspond to complimentary surface elements on the
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`switching device;
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`[1g] wherein the second case is decoupled from the first case by overcoming
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`magnetic force;
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`[1h]
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`the portable switching device is configured to activate, deactivate, or
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`send into hibernation the portable electronic device;
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`[1i]
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`the electronic device plays or pauses a remote device;
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`[1j]
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`the switching device includes a lid and hinge attaching the lid to the
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`switching device;
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`[1k]
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`the lid is recessed to configure to the electronic device; and when
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`coupled, the first case functions to protect the second case.
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`37. There are exemplary portable magnetic switching devices in FIGs. 1-26 of
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`the ‘320 patent. The disclosed switching devices have functions such as activating,
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`deactivating and hibernating electronic devices such as cell phones, smartphones,
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`tablet computers and laptop computers. For example, the switching device 2401
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`shown in FIGs. 24 and 25, reproduced below, includes magnets 2504 to activate,
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`deactivate, or hibernate a tablet computer 2400. Ex. 1001 at 18:6-10.
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`38. Another example of a switching device is the doll-shaped device shown in
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`FIG. 26, reproduced above, which is disclosed as a switching device for a version
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`of the iPadTM. Id. at 5:57-59.
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`39. Aspects of disclosed embodiments of the invention comprise a switching
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`device selectively coupled to the front of a portable electronic device. Id. at 18:6-
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`10 (“switching device (2401) is selectively coupled to the front of the portable
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`electronic device 2402 outside of the view screen 2403.”). The switching device
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`may have a magnet element to activate or deactivate a magnetic switch. Id. at 3:6-
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`8, and see Figs 1A, 1B (illustrating a round switching device 100 having magnet
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`102); FIGs. 2A-2C (showing a square switching device 200 having magnet 202);
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`FIG. 3 (showing a switching device 303 comprising a magnetic substrate); FIG. 4
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`(showing a switching device 402 with a magnet); and FIGs. 5A, 5B (showing a
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`switching device 503/503a with magnets 506).
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`40. Aspects of disclosed embodiments of the invention further comprise a case
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`for an electronic device having a magnetic switch, and in the area of the case over
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`the magnetic switch, a recessed area functions to facilitate a switching device
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`having a magnet moving past the switch in order to activate or deactivate the
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`switch. Id. at 3:21-25. Examples of depicted recesses include indention 302 in FIG.
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`3, and recess 904 in FIG. 9, each reproduced below. Id. at 8:62-66; 11:40-51.
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`41.
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`
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`42. Aspects of disclosed embodiments of the invention further comprise
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`switching devices with beveled edges, id. at 8:33-38; 18:62-67, and switching
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`devices that may be received into a groove, slot, or other indented geometrical
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`shape to lower the profile of the switching device to facilitate closing a cover or
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`prevent snagging a cleaning component. Id. at 8:55-59; 19:9-16.
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`43. Aspects of disclosed embodiments of the invention further comprise a
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`switching device that includes at least one ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material
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`within, it wherein the ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material may function to
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`actuate a power switch or sensor that is capable of being actuated using a magnet.
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`Id. at 3:58-64; 16:16-21.
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`44. Aspects of disclosed embodiments of the invention further comprise a
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`switching device that activates or deactivates an electronic device by employin