ASTM DICTIONARY OF
`ENGINEERING SCIENCE &
`TECHNOLOGY
`
`Sponsored by ASTM Committee E02 on Terminology
`
`W 2
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`005
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`Tenth Edition '
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`ASTM Stock Number: DEF05
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`W A
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
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`ASTM dictionary of engineering science & technology / sponsored by ASTM Committee E02 on Terminology.-- 10th ed.
`p. cm.
`"Stock #: DEF05."
`ISBN 0-8031—4246—3
`
`1. Materials-Dictionaries. 2. Materials--Testing—-Dictionaries. I. ASTM Committee E02 on Terminology.
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`TA402.A86 2005
`620.1'103--d022
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`2005029871
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`Copyright ©2005 ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. Prior edition copyrighted 2000 and
`earlier, by the American Society for Testing and Materials. All rights reserved. This material may not
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`E 631, E06
`a—height of cantilevered shear wall, in metres (feet).
`E 631, E06
`a—span length of cantilever diaphragm, in. (or m)
`A4A—symbol for ISO standard metric cut-size paper which is
`nominally 20 by 30 cm or exactly 210 by 297 mm. F 1457, F05
`AASHTO compaction—see compaction test.
`D 653, D18
`AATCC blue wool lightfastnes standards, n—standard dyed-wool
`samples of seven grades, each step in the series representing a
`doubling of lightfastness.
`E 284, E12
`abandonment—see decommissioning.
`D 653, D18
`Abbe condenser—see condenser, Abbe.
`E 175, E41
`Abbe value—the reciprocal dispersive power, a value used in optical
`desrgn, expressed mathematically as:
`
`Abbe’ value = (11,, — 1)I(nF - nc)
`where ncl is the refractive index for the helium line at 587.6 nm
`and n F and nC are the refractive indices for the hydrogen lines at
`486.1 and 656.3 nm, respectively. See synonymous term nu-value
`and related term dispersion.
`C 162, C14
`abbreviation, n—a shortened form of a single-element term created
`by the omission of some of its letters.
`E 1992, E02
`abduction—the movement of a body part from the longitudinal
`(midline) of the body or in reference to fingers and toes, movement
`away from the midline of hand or foot.
`F 869, F08
`aberration—any error that results in image degradation. Such errors
`may be Chmmflfici spherical, astigmatic, comatic, distortion, or
`curvature of field; and can result from design or execution, or both.
`E 175, E41
`abietic acid, commercial grade, n—a product consisting chiefly of
`rosin acids in substantially pure form, separated either from rosin
`or tall oil commercially for specific purposes and in which abietic
`acid and its isomers are the principal components. D 804, D01
`ablation, n—a self-regulating heat and mass transfer process in which
`incident thermal energy is expended by sacrificial loss of material.
`E 349, E21
`above-grade, adj—above the surface of the ground, as related tofloor
`location, above a well-ventilated space with at least 18 in. between
`the bottom of the lowest horizontal structural member and any
`point of the ground.
`F 141, F06
`abrasion, n—the wearing away of any part of a material by rubbing
`against another surface.
`D 123, D13
`abrasion—a rubbing and wearing away. (ISRM)
`D 653, D18
`abrasion—the mechanical wearing, grinding, scraping or rubbing
`away (or down) of rock surfaces by friction or impact, or both.
`D 653, D18
`abrasion, n—the surface loss of a material due to frictional forces.
`D 1566, D11
`abrasion, n—wear by displacement of material caused by hard
`particles or hard protuberances.
`D 4175, D02
`abrasion, n—the wearing away of any part of a material by rubbing
`against another surface.
`D 4850. D13
`abrasion, n—forinflatable restraint fabrics. a fuzzy cluster of broken
`filaments damaged by scraping.
`D 6799, D13
`abrasion, n—wearing, grinding, or rubbing away by friction.
`F 141, F06
`abrasion-corrosion, n—a synergistic process involving both abrasive
`wear and corrosion in which each of these processes is afiected by
`the simultaneous action of the other and, in many cases, is thereby
`accelerated.
`G 40, 602
`abrasion cycle, n—one complete movement across the surface of a
`material.
`D 123, D13
`
`abrasion cycle, n—one complete movement across the surface of a
`material.
`D 4850, D13
`abrasion mark, n—an area damaged by friction.
`D 123, D13
`abrasion mark, n—an area damaged by friction. (Syn. chafe mark)
`D 3990, D13
`abrasion of refractories, n—wearing away of rcfi'actory surfaces by
`the scouring action of moving solids.
`C 71, C08
`abrasion resistance—the degree to which a porcelain enamel will
`resist attack by abrasive materids.
`
`C 286, BOB
`Nora—See Test Methods C 448.
`abrasion resistance, n(for coatings)—the ability of a coating to resist
`being worn away and to maintain its original appearance and
`structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping, or wear. D 16, D01
`abrasion resistance—Abe property of a particle to resist attrition or
`wearing away by friction.
`D 2652, D28
`abrasion resistance—the ability of the polished shoe finish to
`withstand scuff marks versus the nonpolished shoe finish.
`D 2825, D21
`abrasion resistance (coatings)——ability of a coating to resist being
`worn away and to maintain its original appearance, integrity, and
`structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping, or wear. E 631, E06
`abrasion resistance (coatings)—ability of a coating to resist being
`worn away and to maintain its original appearance, integrity, and
`structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping, or wear.
`E 1605, E06
`abrasion resistance index, n—a measure of the abrasion resistance of
`a rubber relative to that of a standard rubber Imder the same
`
`D 1566, D11
`specified conditions, expressed as a percentage.
`abrasion taster—a machine for determining the quantity of material
`lost by friction wear under specified conditions.
`F 869, P08
`abrasive—any rock, mineral, or other substance that, owing to its
`superior hardness, toughness, consistency, or other properties, is
`suitable for grinding, cutting, polishing, scouring, or similar use.
`D 653, D18
`abrasive blasting—a process for cleaning or finishing by means of an
`abrasive directed at high velocity against the work piece.
`B 374, B08
`abrasiveness—the property of a material to remove matter when
`scratching and grinding another material. (ISRM)
`D 653, D18
`abrasive wear—wear due to hard particles or hard protuberances
`forced against and moving along a solid surface.
`D 4115, D02
`abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protuberances
`forced against and moving along a solid sru'face.
`G 40, 602
`abrasivity, n—the ability of a material or substance to cause abrasive
`wear.
`G 40, (302
`abridged spectrophotometry, n—the measurement of reflectance
`factor or transmittance factor in a number of wavelength bands
`rather than as continuous functions of wavelength.
`E 284, E12
`ABS—an abbreviation for alkyl benzene sulfonate. Although strictly
`speaking this might apply to any such compound, present practice
`is to use it for those containing branched chains. (See LAS).
`D 459, D12
`absolute coil—a coil (or coils) that respond(s) to the total detected
`electric or magnetic properties, or both, of a part or section of the
`test part without comparison to another section of the part or to
`another part. (E 566)
`E 1316, E07
`absolute filter—See filter.
`D 1356, D22
`absolute filter rating—particle size above which 100 % of particles
`that are trapped on or within the filter medium.
`D 6161, D19
`absolute filtration rating, n—the diameter of the largest hard
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