as) United States
`a2) Patent Application Publication co) Pub. No.: US 2013/0119773 Al
` Davis (43) Pub.Date: May 16, 2013
`
`
`
`US 20130119773A1
`
`(54) SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR INDUCTION
`CHARGING WITH A CLOSED MAGNETIC
`LOOP
`
`(75)
`
`Inventor: Roy Howard Davis, Del Mar, CA (US)
`
`(73) Assignee: QUALCOMMIncorporated, San
`Diego, CA (US)
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 13/427,726
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
`
`Mar.22, 2012
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(60) Provisional application No. 61/560,135, filed on Nov.
`15, 2011.
`
`Publication Classification
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`HO02J 17/00
`(52) U.S.CL
`USPC wiecesssesctesseseseseecssseecsnecensensseseeansentes 307/104
`
`(2006.01)
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`Systems, methods, and computer program products for
`induction charging with a closed magnetic loop are described
`herein. In one aspect, an apparatus for wireless powertrans-
`mission comprises a plurality of coplanar coils, each of the
`plurality of coplanar coils configured to be individually ener-
`gized and produce a magnetic field. Further, the controller is
`configured to reverse polarity of the magneticfield ofat least
`one ofthe plurality of coplanar coils based on a measure of
`coupling between coils and to select at least two of the plu-
`rality of coplanar coils for wireless power transmission based
`on the measure of coupling betweencoils.
`
`104
` 102-
`teed
`
`140
`
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`Patent Application Publication May 16,2013 Sheet 1 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
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`Patent Application Publication May 16,2013 Sheet 2 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
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`Patent Application Publication
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`May 16, 2013 Sheet 3 of 22
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`Patent Application Publication May 16,2013 Sheet 4 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
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`Patent Application Publication May 16,2013 Sheet 5 of 22
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`Patent Application Publication May 16,2013 Sheet 6 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
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`Patent Application Publication May 16,2013 Sheet 7 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
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`Patent Application Publication May 16,2013 Sheet 8 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
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`FIG. 13
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`Patent Application Publication May 16,2013 Sheet 9 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
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`Patent Application Publication May 16,2013 Sheet 10 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
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`Patent Application Publication May 16,2013 Sheet 11 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
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`
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`Patent Application Publication May 16,2013 Sheet 12 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
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`Patent Application Publication May 16,2013 Sheet 13 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
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`Patent Application Publication May 16,2013 Sheet 14 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
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`Patent Application Publication
`
`May 16, 2013 Sheet 15 of 22
`
`US 2013/0119773 A1
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`Patent Application Publication
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`May 16, 2013 Sheet 17 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 A1
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`Patent Application Publication
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`May 16, 2013 Sheet 18 of 22
`
`90INOS
`
`US 2013/0119773 A1
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`Patent Application Publication
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`May 16, 2013 Sheet 19 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 A1
`
`2400
`
`Charging Pad 5,5;
`
`Pulse eachcoil
`
` Sleep Period
`
`Responsefrom
`Device?
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`2410
`
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`respond with
`
`strength
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`coils in pairs
`responses
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`2445
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`2450
`
`Turn on powerto
`selected pair(s)
`
`Switch to charging
`
`FIG. 24
`
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`Patent Application Publication
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`May 16, 2013 Sheet 20 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 A1
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`Patent Application Publication
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`May 16, 2013 Sheet 21 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 A1
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`Patent Application Publication May 16,2013 Sheet 22 of 22
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
`
`2800
`
`Energize a plurality of coplanar coils
`
`wireless power transmission
`
`Reversepolarity of the magnetic field of at least one of the
`plurality of coplanar coils
`
`Select at least two of the plurality of coplanar coils for
`
`FIG. 28
`
`2900
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`Energizing Module
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`FIG. 29
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
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`May 16, 2013
`
`SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR INDUCTION
`CHARGING WITH A CLOSED MAGNETIC
`LOOP
`
`CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`[0001] This application claims priority benefit under 35
`USS.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
`61/560,135 entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR
`INDUCTION CHARGINGWITH A CLOSED MAGNETIC
`LOOP”filed on Nov. 15, 2011, the disclosure of which is
`hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
`
`FIELD
`
`[0002] The present invention relates generally to wireless
`power. Morespecifically, the disclosure is directed to induc-
`tion charging with a closed magnetic loop.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`[0003] An increasing number and variety of electronic
`devices are poweredvia rechargeable batteries. Such devices
`include mobile phones, portable music players, laptop com-
`puters, tablet computers, computer peripheral devices, com-
`munication devices(e.g., Bluetooth devices), digital cameras,
`hearing aids, and the like. While battery technology has
`improved, battery-powered electronic devices increasingly
`require and consume greater amounts of power. As such,
`these devices constantly require recharging. Rechargeable
`devices are often charged via wired connections through
`cables or other similar connectors that are physically con-
`nected to a powersupply. Cables and similar connectors may
`sometimes be inconvenient or cumbersome and have other
`
`drawbacks. Wireless charging systems that are capable of
`transferring powerin free space to be used to charge recharge-
`able electronic devices or provide powerto electronic devices
`may overcome someof the deficiencies of wired charging
`solutions. As such, wireless powertransfer systems and meth-
`ods that efficiently and safely transfer power to electronic
`devices are desirable.
`
`SUMMARYOF THE INVENTION
`
`[0004] Various implementations of systems, methods and
`devices within the scope of the appended claims each have
`several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible
`for the desirable attributes described herein. Withoutlimiting
`the scope of the appended claims, some prominent features
`are described herein.
`[0005] Details of one or more implementations of the sub-
`ject matter describedin this specification are set forth in the
`accompanying drawings and the description below. Other
`features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from
`the description, the drawings, and the claims. Note that the
`relative dimensionsofthe following figures may not be drawn
`to scale.
`Oneaspect of the disclosure provides an apparatus
`[0006]
`for wireless power transmission comprising a plurality of
`coplanar coils, each of the plurality of coplanar coils is con-
`figured to be individually energized and produce a magnetic
`field; and a controller is configuredto reverse polarity of the
`magneticfield of at least one ofthe plurality of coplanar coils
`based on a measure of coupling between coils and to selectat
`least twoofthe plurality of coplanar coils for wireless power
`transmission based on the measure ofcoupling betweencoils.
`
`[0007] Another aspect of this disclosure provides a method
`for wireless powertransmission comprising energizing a plu-
`rality ofcoplanarcoils so that each ofthe plurality ofcoplanar
`coils produces a magnetic field; reversing polarity of the
`magneticfield of at least one ofthe plurality of coplanar coils
`based on a measure of coupling betweencoils; and, selecting
`at least two of the plurality of coplanar coils for wireless
`power transmission based on the measure of coupling
`between coils.
`
`[0008] One aspect ofthis disclosure provides an apparatus
`for wireless powertransmission comprising means for ener-
`gizing a plurality of coplanar coils so that each ofthe plurality
`of coplanar coils produces a magnetic field; means for revers-
`ing polarity ofthe magneticfield ofat least oneofthe plurality
`of coplanar coils based on a measure of coupling between
`coils; and, meansfor selecting at least two ofthe plurality of
`coplanar coils for wireless power transmission based on the
`measure of coupling between coils.
`[0009] Another aspect of this disclosure provides a non-
`transitory computer storage that stores executable program
`instructions that direct an apparatus for wireless powertrans-
`mission to perform a process that comprises: energizing a
`plurality of coplanar coils so that each of the plurality of
`coplanar coils produces a magnetic field; reversing polarity of
`the magnetic field of at least one of the plurality of coplanar
`coils based on a measure of coupling between coils; and,
`selecting at least two of the plurality of coplanar coils for
`wireless power transmission based on the measure of cou-
`pling betweencoils.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`FIG. 11s a functional block diagram of an example
`[0010]
`wireless powertransfer system.
`[0011]
`FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of example
`components that may be used in the wireless powertransfer
`system of FIG.1.
`[0012]
`FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram ofa portionoftrans-
`mit circuitry or receive circuitry of FIG. 2 including a transmit
`or receive coil.
`
`FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of a transmitter
`[0013]
`that may be usedin the wireless powertransfer system of FIG.
`1.
`
`FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of a receiver
`[0014]
`that may be usedin the wireless powertransfer system of FIG.
`1.
`
`FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram ofa portion oftrans-
`[0015]
`mit circuitry that may be usedin the transmit circuitry of FIG.
`4.
`
`FIG. 7 is an example wireless communication sys-
`[0016]
`tem in which aspects of the present disclosure may be
`employed.
`[0017]
`FIG. 8 illustrates a side view of an example coil-to-
`coil coupling system.
`[0018]
`FIG. 9 illustrates a side view of another example
`coil-to-coil coupling system.
`[0019]
`FIG. 10 illustrates a side view of an example dual
`coil coupling system.
`[0020]
`FIG. 11 is a schematic of an example wirelessly
`chargeable device.
`[0021]
`FIG. 12 is a schematic of an example charging pad.
`[0022]
`FIG. 13 is a schematic of an example charging sys-
`tem.
`
`FIG. 14 is a functional block diagram of example
`[0023]
`components that may be useddpfenjreesey PEISHSSEFad ucts
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`US 2013/0119773 Al
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`May 16, 2013
`
`FIG. 15 is a schematic of an example multi-coil
`[0024]
`charging pad that may be used in a wireless power system.
`[0025]
`FIG. 16 is a schematic of an example multi-coil
`charging pad and device in a wireless power system.
`[0026]
`FIG.171isaschematic ofanother example multi-coil
`charging pad and device in a wireless power system.
`[0027]
`FIG. 181s aschematic ofyet another example multi-
`coil charging pad and device in a wireless power system.
`[0028]
`FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of an example
`switching circuit to change the polarity of charging pad coils.
`[0029]
`FIG. 20 is a schematic of an example multi-coil
`charging pad and device in a wireless power system.
`[0030]
`FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram of an example
`switching circuit to change the polarity of charging pad coils.
`[0031]
`FIG. 22 is a schematic of an example multi-coil
`charging pad and multiple devices in a wireless power sys-
`tem.
`
`FIG. 23 is an example wireless power transmitter
`[0032]
`which includes a powertransfer sensing mechanism.
`[0033]
`FIG. 24 is a flowchart of an example alignment
`discovery logic for a charging pad.
`[0034]
`FIG. 25 is a schematic of an example wirelessly
`chargeable device.
`[0035]
`FIG. 26 is a schematic of an example multi-coil
`charging pad and device in a wireless power system.
`[0036]
`FIG.271is a schematic ofanother example multi-coil
`charging pad and device in a wireless power system.
`[0037]
`FIG. 28 is flowchart of an example methodoftrans-
`mitting wireless power.
`[0038]
`FIG. 29 is a functional block diagram of a wireless
`power apparatus.
`[0039] The variousfeatures illustrated in the drawings may
`not be drawn to scale. Accordingly, the dimensions of the
`various features may be arbitrarily expanded or reduced for
`clarity. In addition, someofthe drawings maynotdepictall of
`the components of a given system, methodor device. Finally,
`like reference numerals may be used to denote like features
`throughout the specification andfigures.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`
`FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of an exem-
`[0042]
`plary wireless powertransfer system 100, in accordance with
`exemplary embodiments of the invention. Input power 102
`maybe providedto a transmitter 104 from a powersource (not
`shown)for generating a field 105 for providing energy trans-
`fer. A receiver 108 may couple to the field 105 and generate
`output power 110 for storing or consumptionby a device (not
`shown) coupled to the output power 110. Both the transmitter
`104 andthe receiver 108 are separated by a distance 112. In
`one exemplary embodiment, transmitter 104 and receiver 108
`are configured according to a mutual resonantrelationship.
`Whenthe resonant frequency ofreceiver 108 and the resonant
`frequency of transmitter 104 are substantially the same or
`very close, transmission losses between the transmitter 104
`and the receiver 108 are minimal. As such, wireless power
`transfer may be provided over larger distance in contrast to
`purely inductive solutions that may require large coils that
`require coils to be very close (e.g., mms). Resonant inductive
`coupling techniques may thus allow for improvedefficiency
`and powertransfer over various distances and with a variety
`of inductive coil configurations.
`[0043] The receiver 108 may receive power when the
`receiver 108 is located in an energy field 105 producedby the
`transmitter 104. The field 105 correspondsto a region where
`energy output by the transmitter 104 may be captured by a
`receiver 105. In somecases, the field 105 may correspond to
`the “near-field” of the transmitter 104 as will be further
`
`described below. The transmitter 104 may include a transmit
`coil 114 for outputting an energy transmission. The receiver
`108 further includes a receive coil 118 for receiving or cap-
`turing energy from the energy transmission. The near-field
`may correspondto a region in which there are strong reactive
`fields resulting from the currents and charges in the transmit
`coil 114 that minimally radiate power away from the transmit
`coil 114. In some cases the near-field may correspond to a
`region that is within about one wavelength (or a fraction
`thereof) of the transmit coil 114. The transmit and receive
`coils 114 and 118 are sized according to applications and
`devices to be associated therewith. As described above,effi-
`cient energy transfer may occur by coupling a large portion of
`the energy in a field 105 of the transmit coil 114 to a receive
`coil 118 rather than propagating most of the energy in an
`electromagnetic waveto the far field. When positioned within
`the field 105, a “coupling mode” may be developed between
`the transmit coil 114 andthe receive coil 118. The area around
`the transmit and receive coils 114 and 118 where this cou-
`
`[0040] The detailed description set forth below in connec-
`tion with the appended drawings is intendedas a description
`of exemplary embodiments of the invention and is not
`intended to represent the only embodiments in which the
`invention may be practiced. The term “exemplary” used
`throughout this description means “serving as an example,
`pling may occur is referred to herein as a coupling-mode
`instance,or illustration,” and should not necessarily be con-
`region.
`strued as preferred or advantageous over other exemplary
`embodiments. The detailed description includes specific
`FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of exemplary
`[0044]
`details for the purposeofproviding a thorough understanding
`components that may be used in the wireless powertransfer
`of the exemplary embodiments of the invention. The exem-
`system 100 of FIG. 1, in accordance with various exemplary
`plary embodiments ofthe invention maybe practiced without
`embodiments of the invention. The transmitter 204 may
`these specific details. In some instances, well-known struc-
`include transmit circuitry 206 that may include an oscillator
`tures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to
`222, a driver circuit 224, andafilter and matching circuit 226.
`avoid obscuring the novelty of the exemplary embodiments
`The oscillator 222 may be configured to generate a signal at a
`presented herein.
`desired frequency, such as 468.75 KHz, 6.78 MHzor 13.56
`[0041] Wirelessly transferring power mayreferto transfer-
`MHz,that may be adjusted in responseto a frequency control
`ring any form of energy associated with electric fields, mag-
`signal 223. The oscillator signal may be providedto a driver
`netic fields, electromagnetic fields, or otherwise from a trans-
`circuit 224 configured to drive the transmit coil 214 at, for
`mitter to a receiver without the use of physical electrical
`example, a resonant frequency of the transmit coil 214. The
`conductors (e.g., power may be transferred through free
`driver circuit 224 may be a switching amplifier configured to
`space). The power output into a wireless field (e.g., a mag-
`receive a square wave from the oscillator 222 and output a
`netic field) may be received, captured by, or coupled by a
`sine wave. For example, the driver circuit 224 may be a class
`E amplifier. A filter and maghing GGUPSIaBEl israducts
`“receiving coil” to achieve powertransfer.
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`includedto filter out harmonics or other unwanted frequen-
`cies and match the impedanceofthe transmitter 204 to the
`transmit coil 214.
`
`[0049] The resonant frequency of the loop or magnetic
`coils is based on the inductance and capacitance. Inductance
`may be simply the inductance created by the coil 352,
`whereas, capacitance may be addedto the coil’s inductance to
`[0045] The receiver 208 mayinclude receive circuitry 210
`create a resonantstructure at a desired resonant frequency. As
`that may include a matching circuit 232 andarectifier and
`a example, capacitor 352 and capacitor 354 may be addedto
`switching circuit 234 to generate a DC poweroutput from an
`the transmit or receive circuitry 350 to create a resonant
`AC powerinputto charge a battery 236 as shownin FIG.2 or
`circuit that selects a signal 356 at a resonant frequency.
`to power a device (not shown) coupled to the receiver 108.
`Accordingly, for larger diametercoils, the size of capacitance
`The matching circuit 232 may be included to match the
`needed to sustain resonance may decrease as the diameter or
`impedanceofthe receive circuitry 210 to the receive coil 218.
`inductance of the loop increases. Furthermore, as the diam-
`The receiver 208 and transmitter 204 may additionally com-
`eter of the coil increases, the efficient energy transfer area of
`municate on a separate communication channel 219 (e.g.,
`the near-field may increase. Other resonant circuits formed
`Bluetooth, zigbee, cellular, etc). The receiver 208 and trans-
`using other components are also possible. As another
`mitter 204 mayalternatively communicate via in-band sig-
`example, a capacitor may be placed in parallel between the
`naling using characteristics of the wireless field 206.
`twoterminals of the coil 350. For transmit coils, a signal 358
`[0046] As described more fully below, receiver 208, that
`with a frequency that substantially corresponds to the reso-
`may initially have a selectively disablable associated load
`nant frequency ofthe coil 352 may be an inputto the coil 352.
`(e.g., battery 236), may be configured to determine whether
`[0050]
`In one embodiment, the transmitter 104 may be
`an amount of power transmitted by transmitter 204 and
`configured to output a time varying magnetic field with a
`receiver by receiver 208 is appropriate for charging a battery
`frequency corresponding to the resonant frequency of the
`236. Further, receiver 208 may be configured to enable a load
`transmit coil 114. Whenthereceiver is within the field 105,
`(e.g., battery 236) upon determining that the amountofpower
`the time varying magnetic field may induce a current in the
`is appropriate. In some embodiments, a receiver 208 may be
`receive coil 118. As described above, if the receive coil 118 is
`configured to directly utilize power received from a wireless
`configured to be resonantat the frequency ofthe transmit coil
`powertransfer field without charging of a battery 236. For
`118, energy maybeefficiently transferred. The AC signal
`example, a communication device, such as a near-field com-
`inducedin the receive coil 118 mayberectified as described
`munication (NFC) or radio-frequency identification device
`above to produce a DC signal that may be provided to charge
`(RFID) may be configured to receive powerfrom a wireless
`or to powera load.
`powertransfer field and communicate by interacting with the
`wireless powertransfer field and/or utilize the received power
`[0051]
`FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram ofa transmitter
`to communicate with a transmitter 204 or other devices.
`404 that may be used in the wireless powertransfer system of
`FIG. 1, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the
`invention. The transmitter 404 may include transmit circuitry
`406 and a transmit coil 414. The transmit coil 414 maybe the
`coil 352 as shown in FIG. 3. Transmit circuitry 406 may
`provide RF powerto the transmit coil 414 by providing an
`oscillating signal resulting in generation of energy (e.g., mag-
`netic flux) about the transmit coil 414. Transmitter 404 may
`operate at any suitable frequency. By way of example,trans-
`mitter 404 may operate at the 13.56 MHz ISM band.
`[0052] Transmit circuitry 406 may include a fixed imped-
`ance matching circuit 409 for matching the impedanceofthe
`transmit circuitry 406 (e.g., 50 ohms) to the transmit coil 414
`and a low passfilter (LPF) 408 configured to reduce harmonic
`emissions to levels to prevent self-jamming of devices
`coupled to receivers 108 (FIG. 1). Other exemplary embodi-
`ments may include different filter topologies, including but
`notlimitedto, notchfilters that attenuate specific frequencies
`while passing others and may include an adaptive impedance
`match, that may be varied based on measurable transmit
`metrics, such as output powerto the coil 414 or DC current
`drawnbythe driver circuit 424. Transmit circuitry 406 further
`includesa driver circuit 424 configured to drive an RF signal
`as determinedby an oscillator 423. The transmitcircuitry 406
`may be comprised of discrete devices or circuits, or alter-
`nately, may be comprised of an integrated assembly. An
`exemplary RF poweroutput from transmit coil 414 may be on
`the order of 2.5 Watts.
`
`FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram ofa portion of trans-
`[0047]
`mit circuitry 206 or receive circuitry 210 of FIG. 2 including
`a transmit or receive coil 352, in accordance with exemplary
`embodiments of the invention. Asillustrated in FIG.3, trans-
`mitor receive circuitry 350 used in exemplary embodiments
`mayinclude a coil 352. The coil mayalso be referred to or be
`configured as a “loop” antenna 352. The coil 352 mayalso be
`referred to herein or be configured as a “magnetic” antenna or
`an induction coil. The term “coil” is intended to refer to a
`component that may wirelessly output or receive energy for
`coupling to another“coil.” The coil mayalsobereferred to as
`an “antenna”ofa type that is configured to wirelessly output
`or receive power. The coil 352 may be configuredto include
`an air core or a physical core such as a ferrite core (not
`shown). Air core loop coils may be more tolerable to extra-
`neous physical devices placed in the vicinity of the core.
`Furthermore, an air core loop coil 352 allows the placement of
`other components within the core area. In addition,an air core
`loop may more readily enable placementof the receive coil
`218 (FIG.2) within a plane of the transmit coil 214 (FIG.2)
`wherethe coupled-moderegionofthe transmit coil 214 (FIG.
`2) may be more powerful.
`[0048]
`Asstated, efficient transfer of energy between the
`transmitter 104 and receiver 108 may occur during matched
`or nearly matched resonance betweenthe transmitter 104 and
`the receiver 108. However, even when resonance betweenthe
`transmitter 104 and receiver 108 are not matched, energy may
`be transferred, although the efficiency may be affected.
`Transfer of energy occurs by coupling energy from the field
`105 ofthe transmitting coil to the receiving coil residing in the
`neighborhood wherethis field 105 is established rather than
`propagating the energy from the transmitting coil into free
`space.
`
`[0053] Transmit circuitry 406 may further include a con-
`troller 415 for selectively enabling the oscillator 423 during
`transmit phases (or duty cycles) for specific receivers, for
`adjusting the frequencyor phaseofthe oscillator 423, and for
`adjusting the output powerlevel for implementing a commu-
`nication protocol for interaatingiayhGggkbwepal Prsdticts
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`May 16, 2013
`
`throughtheirattached receivers. It is noted that the controller
`415 mayalso be referred to herein as processor 415. Adjust-
`mentof oscillator phase and related circuitry in the transmis-
`sion path mayallow for reduction of out of band emissions,
`especially whentransitioning from one frequency to another.
`[0054] The transmit circuitry 406 may further include a
`load sensing circuit 416 for detecting the presence or absence
`of active receivers in the vicinity of the near-field generated
`by transmit coil 414. By way of example, a load sensing
`circuit 416 monitors the current flowing to the driver circuit
`424, that may be affected by the presence or absence ofactive
`receivers in the vicinity ofthe field generated by transmit coil
`414 as will be further described below. Detection of changes
`to the loading on the driver circuit 424 are monitored by
`controller 415 for use in determining whether to enable the
`oscillator 423 for transmitting energy and to communicate
`with an active receiver. As described more fully below, a
`current measured at the driver circuit 424 may be used to
`determine whether an invalid device is positioned within a
`wireless powertransfer region of the transmitter 404.
`[0055] The transmit coil 414 may be implemented with a
`Litz wire or as an antennastrip with the thickness, width and
`metal type selected to keep resistive losses low. In a one
`implementation, the transmit coil 414 may generally be con-
`figured for association with a larger structure such asa table,
`mat, lamp or other less portable configuration. Accordingly,
`the transmit coil 414 generally may not need “turns”in order
`to be of a practical dimension. An exemplary implementation
`of a transmit coil 414 maybe “electrically small” (.e., frac-
`tion of the wavelength) and tunedto resonate at lower usable
`frequencies by using capacitors to define the resonant fre-
`quency.
`[0056] The transmitter 404 may gather and track informa-
`tion about the whereabouts andstatus ofreceiver devices that
`
`maybe associated with the transmitter 404. Thus, the transmit
`circuitry 406 may include a presence detector 480, an
`enclosed detector 460, or a combination thereof, connected to
`the controller 415 (also referredto as a processorherein). The
`controller 415 may adjust an amount of powerdelivered by
`the driver circuit 424 in response to presence signals from the
`presence detector 480 and the enclosed detector 460. The
`transmitter 404 may receive power through a number of
`power sources, such as, for example, an AC-DC converter
`(not shown) to convert conventional AC powerpresent in a
`building, a DC-DC converter (not shown) to convert a con-
`ventional DC powersource to a voltage suitableforthe trans-
`mitter 404, or directly from a conventional DC power source
`(not shown).
`[0057] As a example, the presence detector 480 may be a
`motion detector utilized to sense the initial presence of a
`device to be chargedthat is inserted into the coverage area of
`the transmitter 404. After detection, the transmitter 404 may
`be turned on and the RF powerreceived by the device may be
`used to toggle a switch on the Rx device in a pre-determined
`manner, which in turn results in changesto the driving point
`impedanceof the transmitter 404.
`[0058] As another example, the presence detector 480 may
`be a detector capable of detecting a human, for example, by
`infrared detection, motion de