International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
`
`Compendium of Chemical Terminology
`
`Gold Book
`
`Version 2.3.3
`2014-02-24
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. – Ex. 1028, cover p. 1
`
`

`

`),
`
`absorption intensity, 14
`absorption line, 14
`absorption pathlength of a sample
`cell, 14
`absorption spectrum, 14
`absorptivity [obsolete], 14
`abstraction, 15
`abstraction process in catalysis,
`15
`abundance sensitivity in mass
`spectrometry, 16
`ac, 16
`accelerating voltage (high voltage,
`) scan in mass spectrometry,
`16
`, 16
`acceleration,
`acceleration energy in in situ
`microanalysis, 16
`acceleration of free fall, , 17
`accelerator in solvent extraction,
`17
`acceptable daily intake (
`17
`), 17
`acceptor number (
`accommodation coefficient, 17
`accretion in atmospheric chemistry,
`18
`accuracy of a measuring instrument,
`18
`accuracy of measurement, 18
`acenes, 18
`acetals, 19
`acetonides, 19
`acetylene black, 19
`acetylenes, 19
`acetylides, 20
`Acheson graphite, 20
`achiral, 20
`aci-nitro compounds, 20
`acid, 21
`acid anhydrides, 21
`acid deposition in atmospheric
`chemistry, 22
`acid rain in atmospheric chemistry,
`22
`acid-labile sulfur, 22
`acidity, 22
`acidity constant, 23
`acidity function, 23
`acidosis, 23
`acid–base indicator, 23
`actinic, 24
`actinic flux
`actinism, 25
`actinometer, 25
`action spectrum, 25
`activated adsorption process, 25
`activated carbon, 26
`
`, 24
`
`activated charcoal, 26
`activated complex, 26
`activation, 26
`activation analysis (nuclear), 27
`activation cross-section, 27
`activation energy (Arrhenius
`activation energy), 27
`activation in electrochemical
`corrosion, 28
`activation in radiochemistry, 28
`activation reaction, 28
`activator, 28
`active centre, 29
`active medium, 29
`active metal in electrochemical
`corrosion, 29
`active site in heterogeneous
`catalysis, 29
`active solid, 30
`active species, 30
`active state in electrochemical
`corrosion, 30
`active transport in biology, 30
`activity, 30
`activity,
` of a radioactive material,
`31
`, , 31
`activity coefficient,
`activity (relative activity), , 32
`acute toxicity, 32
`acyl carbenes, 32
`acyl groups, 32
`acyl halides, 33
`acyl shift (1,2-, 1,3-,
`photochemical), 33
`acyl species, 33
`acylals, 34
`acyloins, 35
`acyloxyl radicals, 35
`addend, 35
`addition, 35
`addition reaction, 36
`additive, 36
`additive name, 36
`additivity of mass spectra, 37
`additivity principle, 37
`adduct, 37
`adduct ion in mass spectrometry,
`37
`adhesional wetting, 38
`adiabatic, 38
`adiabatic electron transfer, 38
`adiabatic ionization in mass
`spectrometry, 39
`adiabatic lapse rate in atmospheric
`chemistry, 39
`adiabatic photoreaction, 39
`adiabatic transition-state theory,
`39
`
`Index
`α (alpha), β (beta), 1
`α- (β-, γ-) ray spectrometer, 2
`α-addition (alpha-addition), 2
`α-cleavage (alpha-cleavage), 3
`α-decay (alpha-decay), 3
`α-effect, 3
`α-elimination, 4
`α-expulsion in photochemistry,
`
`4α
`
`-oxo carbenes, 4
`α-particle (alpha-particle), 5
`'A' value, 5
`ab initio quantum mechanical
`methods, 5
`abatement in atmospheric chemistry,
`
`5a
`
`beo-, 5
`abiotic, 6
`abiotic transformation, 7
`absolute activation analysis, 7
`absolute activity, , 7
`absolute configuration, 7
`absolute counting in radioanalytical
`chemistry, 8
`absolute electrode potential, 8
`absolute full energy peak efficiency,
`
`8a
`
`), 8
`bsolute lethal dose (
`absolute photopeak efficiency,
`
`9a
`
`bsolute preconcentration in trace
`analysis, 9
`, 9
`absorbance,
`absorbance matching in
`spectrochemical analysis, 9
`absorbed dose of a substance, 10
`absorbed dose,
` of radiation,
`10
`absorbed electron coefficient in in
`situ microanalysis, 10
`absorbed electrons in in situ
`microanalysis, 10
`absorbed (spectral) photon flux
`density, 11
`absorbed (spectral) radiant power
`density, 11
`absorber, 11
`absorptance,
`absorption, 12
`absorption coefficient, 13
`absorption coefficient in biology,
`13
`absorption cross-section,
`absorption factor, 13
`
`, 12
`
`, 13
`
`8a
`
`bsolute lethal concentration (
`
`),
`
`IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
`
`i
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. – Ex. 1028, p. i
`
`

`

`adiabatic treatments of reaction
`rates, 40
`adjacent re-entry model in polymer
`crystals, 40
`adjuvant, 40
`adsorbate, 40
`adsorbent, 40
`adsorber, 41
`adsorption, 41
`adsorption capacity, 41
`adsorption chromatography, 41
`adsorption complex, 41
`adsorption current, 42
`adsorption hysteresis, 42
`adsorption indicator, 42
`adsorption isobar, 42
`adsorption isostere, 42
`adsorption isotherm in
`chromatography, 43
`adsorptive, 43
`advancement, 43
`advection in atmospheric chemistry,
`43
`adverse effect, 43
`aeration in atmospheric chemistry,
`44
`aerobe, 44
`aerobic, 44
`aerobic conditions, 44
`aerogel, 44
`aeromete in atmospheric chemistry,
`45
`aerometric measurement in
`atmospheric chemistry, 45
`aerosol, 45
`aerosol hydrolysis, 45
`affine chain behaviour, 46
`affinity chromatography, 46
`affinity of reaction,
`, 46
`after mass analysis in mass
`spectrometry, 46
`ageing of precipitate, 46
`agglomerate in polymer science,
`47
`agglomeration (except in polymer
`science), 47
`agglomeration in polymer science,
`47
`agglutination, 48
`aggregate in catalysis, 48
`aggregation (except in polymer
`science), 48
`aging (ageing) of a polymer, 48
`aglycon (aglycone), 48
`agonist, 49
`agostic, 49
`agostic interaction, 49
`agranular carbon, 49
`
`air contaminant in atmospheric
`chemistry, 50
`air mass in atmospheric chemistry,
`50
`air monitoring station in atmospheric
`chemistry, 50
`air pollutant, 50
`air pollution, 51
`air pollution index (air quality
`index), 51
`air pollution survey in atmospheric
`chemistry, 51
`air quality characteristic in
`atmospheric chemistry, 51
`air resource management in
`atmospheric chemistry, 52
`air sampling network in atmospheric
`chemistry, 52
`air-lift bioreactor, 52
`Aitken particles, 52
`albedo, 53
`albumin, 53
`alcogel, 53
`alcoholates, 53
`alcohols, 53
`aldaric acids, 54
`aldazines, 54
`aldehydes, 54
`aldimines, 54
`alditols, 54
`aldoketoses, 55
`aldonic acids, 55
`aldoses, 55
`aldoximes, 56
`alert levels in atmospheric
`chemistry, 56
`alicyclic compounds, 57
`aliphatic compounds, 57
`aliquot in analytical chemistry,
`57
`alkaloids, 57
`alkalosis, 58
`alkanes, 58
`alkanium ions, 58
`alkene photocycloaddition, 58
`alkene photodimerization, 58
`alkene photoisomerization , 59
`alkene photorearrangement, 59
`alkenes, 59
`alkoxides, 59
`alkoxyamines, 60
`alkyl groups, 60
`alkyl radicals, 60
`alkylenes, 60
`alkylidene groups, 60
`alkylideneaminoxyl radicals, 61
`alkylideneaminyl radicals, 61
`alkylidenes, 61
`
`alkylidynes, 61
`alkynes, 61
`allele, 62
`allenes, 62
`allo- in amino-acid nomenclature,
`62
`allometric, 62
`allosteric enzymes, 62
`allostery, 63
`allotropes, 63
`allotropic transition, 63
`allylic groups, 63
`allylic intermediates, 63
`allylic substitution reaction, 64
`alternancy symmetry, 64
`alternant, 64
`alternating copolymer, 65
`alternating copolymerization, 65
`alternating current, 65
`alternating voltage, 66
`altocumulus cloud in atmospheric
`chemistry, 66
`altostratus cloud in atmospheric
`chemistry, 66
`AM 0 sunlight, 66
`AM 1 sunlight, 66
`amalgam lamp, 67
`ambident, 67
`ambient air in atmospheric
`chemistry, 68
`ambient air quality in atmospheric
`chemistry, 68
`ambo, 68
`Ames/salmonella test, 68
`amic acids, 69
`amide oximes, 69
`amides, 69
`amidines, 71
`amidium ions, 71
`amidrazones, 72
`aminals, 72
`amine imides, 72
`amine imines [obsolete], 72
`amine oxides, 73
`amine ylides, 73
`amines, 73
`aminimides [obsolete], 73
`aminium ions, 73
`aminiumyl radical ions, 74
`amino radicals [obsolete], 74
`amino sugars, 74
`amino-acid residue in a polypeptide,
`75
`aminonitrenes [obsolete], 75
`aminooxyl radicals, 75
`aminoxides, 75
`aminoxyl radicals, 76
`aminyl oxides [obsolete], 76
`
`IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
`
`ii
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`Petitioner Apple Inc. – Ex. 1028, p. ii
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`

`

`,
`
`aminyl radicals, 76
`ammonium compounds, 76
`ammonium imines [obsolete], 76
`ammonium ylides, 77
`ammoniumyl radical ions, 77
`amorphous carbon, 77
`amount concentration, , 78
`amount fraction, ( for gaseous
`mixtures), 78
`amount of substance, , 78
`amount-of-substance concentration,
`79
`amount-of-substance fraction,
`79
`ampere, 79
`amperometric detection method in
`electrochemical analysis, 79
`amphipathic, 79
`amphiphilic, 80
`amphiprotic (solvent), 80
`ampholytes, 80
`ampholytic polymer, 80
`amphoteric, 81
`amplification reaction, 81
`amplitude of alternating current,
`81
`amplitude of alternating voltage,
`81
`anabolism, 81
`anaerobe, 82
`anaerobic, 82
`anaesthetic, 82
`analgesic, 82
`analogue metabolism, 82
`analogue to digital converter (pulse),
`83
`analyte, 83
`analytical function, 83
`analytical instrument, 83
`analytical intercomparison, 84
`analytical pyrolysis, 84
`analytical quality control, 84
`analytical radiochemistry, 84
`analytical sample, 84
`analytical unit (analyser), 85
`anation, 85
`aneroid barometer, 85
`Anger camera, 85
`angle, 85
`angle of optical rotation,
`angle strain, 86
`ångström , 86
`angular distribution, 86
`angular frequency,
`, 86
`angular momentum,
`, 87
`angular overlap model (AOM),
`87
`anhydrides, 87
`
`, 86
`
`anhydro bases, 87
`anilides, 88
`anils, 88
`anion, 88
`anion exchange, 88
`anion exchanger, 88
`anion-exchange polymer, 89
`anionic polymer, 89
`anionic polymerization, 89
`anionotropic rearrangement (or
`anionotropy), 89
`anisotropy, 89
`annelation, 90
`annihilation, 90
`annulation, 90
`annulenes, 90
`annulenylidenes, 91
`anode, 91
`anodic transfer coefficient, 91
`anomeric effect, 91
`anomers, 92
`ansa compounds, 92
`antagonism, 93
`antagonist, 93
`antarafacial, 93
`anthelmint(h)ic, 95
`anthocyanidins, 95
`anthocyanins, 95
`anti, 95
`anti-Compton γ-ray spectrometer,
`97
`anti-Hammond effect, 97
`anti-Stokes type radiation
`(fluorescence), 97
`anti-thixotropy, 97
`antiaromatic compounds, 97
`antiaromaticity (antithetical to
`aromaticity), 98
`antibiotic, 98
`antibody, 98
`antibonding molecular orbital,
`98
`anticholinergic, 99
`anticircular elution (anticircular
`development) in planar
`chromatography, 99
`anticlined structures in polymers,
`99
`anticodon, 99
`anticyclone in atmospheric
`chemistry, 99
`antiferromagnetic transition, 99
`antigen, 100
`antimetabolite, 100
`antimony–xenon lamp (arc), 100
`antimycotic, 100
`antiparticle, 100
`antipodes [obsolete], 101
`
`antiprismo-, 101
`antiresistant, 101
`antiserum, 101
`antisymmetry principle, 101
`ap, 102
`apex current, 102
`aphicide, 102
`apical (basal, equatorial), 102
`apicophilicity, 103
`apo- in carotenoid nomenclature,
`103
`apoenzyme, 103
`apoprotein, 103
`apoptosis, 104
`apparent lifetime, 104
`apparent (quantity), 104
`apparent viscosity of a liquid, 104
`appearance energy (appearance
`potential), 104
`appearance potential [obsolete], 105
`appearance temperature,
` in
`electrothermal atomization, 105
`applied potential, 105
`aprotic (solvent), 105
`aquagel, 106
`aquation, 106
`arachno-, 106
`Archibald's method, 106
`area of an electrode-solution
`interface, 106
`area of interface, 107
`areic, 107
`arene epoxides, 107
`arene oxides, 107
`arenes, 108
`arenium ions, 108
`arenols, 108
`arenonium ions [obsolete], 109
`argon ion laser, 109
`arithmetic mean (average), 109
`aromatic, 109
`aromatic photocycloaddition, 110
`aromaticity, 110
`arrester in atmospheric chemistry,
`111
`Arrhenius equation, 111
`arsanes, 111
`arsanylidenes, 111
`arsanylium ions, 112
`arsenides, 112
`arsine oxides, 112
`arsines, 112
`arsinic acids, 113
`arsinous acids, 113
`arsonic acids, 113
`arsonium compounds, 113
`arsonous acids, 113
`arsoranes, 113
`
`IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
`
`iii
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. – Ex. 1028, p. iii
`
`

`

`artificial graphite [obsolete], 114
`artificial neural networks, 114
`artificial radioactivity, 114
`aryl cations, 114
`aryl groups, 114
`arylene groups, 115
`aryne, 115
`ascending elution (ascending
`development) in planar
`chromatography, 116
`ash in atmospheric chemistry, 116
`ashing in analysis, 116
`aspirator, 116
`assay, 116
`assay kit, 117
`association, 117
`association reaction (associative
`combination) in mass spectrometry,
`117
`associative ionization in mass
`spectrometry, 117
`asym-, 117
`asymmetric, 118
`asymmetric carbon atom, 118
`asymmetric centre, 118
`asymmetric destruction, 118
`asymmetric film, 119
`asymmetric induction, 119
`asymmetric membrane, 119
`asymmetric photochemistry, 119
`asymmetric synthesis, 119
`asymmetric transformation, 120
`asymmetry, 120
`asymmetry potential of a glass
`electrode, 120
`atactic macromolecule, 120
`atactic polymer, 121
`atmosphere, 121
`atmosphere of the earth, 121
`atmospheric pressure ionization
`[obsolete] in mass spectrometry, 121
`atom, 121
`atom-atom polarizability, 122
`atom-bond polarizability, 122
`atomic charge, 122
`atomic fluorescence, 122
`atomic laser, 123
`atomic mass constant, 123
`atomic mass
`, 123
`atomic mass unit, 123
`atomic number,
`, 123
`atomic orbital,
`,
`,
`, 124
`atomic spectral lines, 124
`atomic symbol, 124
`atomic units, 124
`atomic weight, 125
`atomization in analytical flame
`spectroscopy, 125
`
`atomization surface temperature,
` in electrothermal atomization,
`125
`atomize, 125
`atomizer in analytical flame
`spectroscopy, 125
`atom–molecule complex
`mechanism, 126
`atropisomers, 126
`attachment, 126
`attenuance,
`, 127
`attenuance filter, 127
`attenuation, 127
`attenuation coefficient, 127
`atto, 128
`attractive potential-energy surface,
`128
`attractive–mixed–repulsive (AMR)
`classification, 128
`attributable risk, 128
`aufbau principle, 128
`Auger effect, 129
`Auger electron, 129
`Auger electron spectroscopy, 129
`Auger electron yield, 129
`Auger yield, 129
`autacoid, 130
`auto-ionization in mass
`spectrometry, 130
`autocatalytic reaction, 130
`automation in analysis, 130
`automerization, 130
`autophobicity, 131
`autoprotolysis, 131
`autoprotolysis constant, 131
`autoradiograph, 132
`autoradiolysis, 132
`auxiliary electrode, 132
`auxochrome [obsolete], 132
`auxotrophy, 132
`average current density, 133
`average degree of polymerization,
`133
`average life in nuclear chemistry,
`133
`average rate of flow in
`polarography, 133
`Avogadro constant, 133
`avoided crossing of potential-energy
`surfaces, 134
`Avrami equation, 134
`axial chirality, 135
`axial (equatorial), 135
`axialite in polymer crystals, 136
`axis of helicity, 136
`aza-di-π-methane rearrangement,
`136
`azacarbenes [obsolete], 137
`
`azanes, 137
`azenes [obsolete], 137
`azides, 138
`azimines [obsolete], 138
`azines, 138
`azinic acids, 138
`azlactones, 139
`azo compounds, 139
`azo imides, 139
`azomethine imides, 140
`azomethine oxides, 140
`azomethine ylides, 140
`azomethines, 140
`azonic acids, 141
`azoxy compounds, 141
`azylenes [obsolete], 141
`β-cleavage in mass spectrometry,
`141
`β-decay, 141
`β-particle, 142
`back donation, 142
`back electron transfer, 142
`back extraction, 142
`back scatter coefficient in in situ
`microanalysis, 142
`back scattered electrons (BSEs) in in
`situ microanalysis, 143
`back washing [obsolete], 143
`backbone, 143
`backflush, 143
`background concentration (level) in
`atmospheric chemistry, 143
`background mass spectrum, 144
`background of a radiation measuring
`device, 144
`background radiation, 144
`backscatter, 144
`baffle chamber in atmospheric
`chemistry, 145
`bag filter in atmospheric chemistry,
`145
`baghouse in atmospheric chemistry,
`145
`Bainite transition, 145
`baking in carbon chemistry, 146
`Baldwin's rules, 146
`band spectra, 146
`, 146
`bandgap energy
`bandpass filter, 147
`bar, 147
`barbiturates, 147
`barn, 147
`Barton reaction, 148
`base, 148
`base electrolyte, 148
`base kind of quantity, 148
`base pairing, 148
`
`IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
`
`iv
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`Petitioner Apple Inc. – Ex. 1028, p. iv
`
`

`

`base peak in mass spectrometry,
`149
`base quantity, 149
`base unit of measurement, 149
`baseline error in spectrochemical
`analysis, 149
`baseline in chromatography, 150
`basicity, 150
`basis function, 150
`basis set, 150
`batch in analytical chemistry, 151
`batch operation in analysis, 151
`batch reactor, 151
`Bates–Guggenheim convention,
`151
`bathochromic shift (effect), 152
`bead-rod model, 152
`bead-spring model, 152
`beam current in in situ
`microanalysis, 152
`beam diameter in in situ
`microanalysis, 153
`becquerel, 153
`bed volume in chromatography,
`153
`Beer–Lambert law (or Beer–
`Lambert–Bouguer law), 153
`before mass analysis in mass
`spectrometry, 154
`Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle,
`154
`) and lower
`benchmark dose (
`), 154
`effective dose (
`bending of energy bands, 155
`Bent's rule, 155
`benzenium ions, 155
`benzenonium ions [obsolete], 155
`benzylic groups, 155
`benzylic intermediates, 156
`benzynes, 156
`betaines, 156
`betweenanenes, 157
`bias error, 157
`biased linear pulse amplifier, 157
`bicycle rearrangement, 157
`bicycle-pedal (BP) mechanism,
`158
`bifunctional catalysis, 158
`bilayer, 159
`bimodal distribution, 159
`bimodal network, 159
`binder, 159
`binder coke, 159
`binder in chromatography, 160
`binding energy, 160
`binding site, 160
`Bingham flow, 160
`bioassay, 161
`
`bioavailability (general), 161
`bioavailabilty in pharmacokinetics,
`161
`biocatalyst, 162
`biochemical (biological) oxygen
`demand (
`), 162
`biochip, 162
`bioconjugate, 162
`biodegradable polymer, 163
`biodegradation, 163
`bioelectronics, 163
`bioisostere, 163
`biological effect monitoring, 164
`biological exposure index (
`),
`164
`biological half life, 164
`biological monitoring, 164
`biological tolerance values for
`working materials (Biologische
`Arbeitsstoff Toleranz Werte (BAT)),
`165
`bioluminescence, 165
`biomarker, 165
`biomass, 165
`biomimetic, 165
`biopolymers, 166
`bioreactor, 166
`biosensor, 166
`biosphere in atmospheric chemistry,
`166
`biosynthesis, 166
`biotechnology, 167
`biotransformation, 167
`biphotonic excitation, 167
`biphotonic process, 167
`bipolarons, 167
`biradical, 168
`bisecting conformation (eclipsing
`conformation), 168
`bismuthanes, 169
`bismuthines, 169
`bisphenols, 169
`bivane in atmospheric chemistry,
`170
`black film, 170
`blank value in analysis, 170
`blaze-angle in spectrochemical
`analysis, 170
`bleaching in photochemistry, 171
`block, 171
`block copolymer, 171
`block macromolecule, 171
`block polymer, 171
`blotting in biotechnology, 172
`blowdown in atmospheric chemistry,
`172
`blue shift, 172
`boat, 172
`
`Bodenstein approximation, 172
`body burden, 172
`bohr, 173
`Bohr magneton, 173
`Bohr radius, 173
`bolometer, 173
`Boltzmann constant, 174
`bomb-digestion in spectrochemical
`analysis, 174
`bond, 174
`bond dissociation, 174
`bond energy in theoretical
`chemistry, 175
`bond energy (mean bond energy),
`175
`bond length, 175
`bond number, 175
`bond orbital, 176
`bond order, 176
`bond order
`, 176
`, 177
`bond-dissociation energy,
`bond-dissociation energy (BDE) in
`theoretical chemistry, 177
`bond-energy-bond-order method,
`177
`bonded phase in chromatography,
`177
`bonding molecular orbital, 178
`bonding number, 178
`boranes, 178
`boranylidenes, 178
`borderline mechanism, 178
`borenes, 179
`borinic acids, 179
`Born–Oppenheimer (BO)
`approximation, 179
`boronic acids, 179
`borylenes, 179
`boson, 180
`bound fraction in radioanalytical
`chemistry, 180
`boundary layer in atmospheric
`chemistry, 180
`bowsprit (flagpole), 180
`branch point in polymers, 181
`branch (side chain, pendant chain) in
`polymers, 181
`branch unit in polymers, 181
`branched chain in polymers, 181
`branched polymer in polymers,
`182
`branching chain reaction, 182
`branching decay, 182
`branching fraction, 182
`branching index in polymers, 182
`branching plane, 183
`branching ratio, 183
`break of a foam, 184
`
`IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
`
`v
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. – Ex. 1028, p. v
`
`

`

` measurement,
`
`break of an emulsion, 184
`Bredt's rule, 184
`breeching in atmospheric chemistry,
`184
`breeze in atmospheric chemistry,
`185
`Bremsstrahlung, 185
`Brewster angle,
`, 185
`bridge, 186
`bridge index, 186
`bridge solution in
`186
`bridged carbocation, 186
`bridging ligand, 187
`brightness, 187
`brightness of a laser dye, 188
`bromohydrins, 188
`Brooks and Taylor structure, 188
`Brownian motion, 188
`Brønsted acid, 189
`Brønsted base, 189
`Brønsted relation, 189
`bubble column, 190
`bubbler in atmospheric chemistry,
`190
`buffer-addition technique in
`analytical flame spectroscopy,
`190
`bulk concentration in
`electroanalysis, 190
`bulk mesophase, 191
`bulk rheology, 191
`bulk sample, 191
`Bunnett–Olsen equations, 191
`Bunsen burner, 192
`Bunte salts [obsolete], 192
`burn-up, 192
`burn-up fraction, 192
`burning tension of an electrical arc,
`193
` of a flame
`burning velocity,
`frontin flame emission and
`absorption spectrometry, 193
`bypass injector in gas
`chromatography, 193
`χ-parameter, 193
`C-terminal residue in a polypeptide,
`193
`C. I. P. system, 194
`cage, 194
`cage compound, 194
`cage effect, 194
`Cahn–Ingold–Prelog system, 194
`calcination, 195
`calcined coke, 195
`calibration component, 195
`
`calibration function in analysis,
`195
`calibration gas mixture in
`atmospheric chemistry, 196
`calibration in analysis, 196
`calibration material in analysis,
`196
`calibration mixture in analysis,
`196
`calibration sample in analysis,
`197
`calixarenes, 197
`calorie, 197
`calorimetric titration, 198
`calorimetry, 198
`candela, 198
`canonical rate constant, 198
`canonical variational transition-state
`theory (CVTST) , 199
`capacitance hygrometer, 199
`capacitance,
` of a plate capacitor,
`199
`capillary column in chromatography,
`199
`capillary condensation, 199
`captodative effect, 200
`capture, 200
`capture cross-section, 200
`capture γ-radiation, 200
`carbaboranes, 201
`carbamates, 201
`carbanion, 201
`carbena [obsolete], 202
`carbene analogues, 202
`carbene radical anions, 202
`carbene radical cations, 202
`carbenes, 203
`carbenium centre, 203
`carbenium ion, 204
`carbenoids, 204
`carbinolamines [obsolete], 204
`carbinols [obsolete], 204
`carbinyl cations [obsolete], 204
`carbo-reduction, 205
`carbocation, 205
`carbocyclic compounds, 205
`carbodiimides, 205
`carbohydrates, 205
`carbon, 206
`carbon artifact, 206
`carbon black, 206
`carbon cenospheres, 207
`carbon cloth, 207
`carbon dioxide laser (CO2 laser),
`207
`carbon electrode, 207
`carbon felt, 208
`carbon fibre, 208
`
`carbon fibre fabrics, 208
`carbon fibres type HM , 208
`carbon fibres type HT, 209
`carbon fibres type IM, 209
`carbon fibres type LM, 210
`carbon fibres type UHM, 210
`carbon loading of the packing
`materialin liquid chromatography,
`210
`carbon material, 210
`carbon mix, 211
`carbonaceous mesophase, 211
`carbonitriles, 211
`carbonium ion, 211
`carbonization, 212
`carbonyl compounds, 212
`carbonyl imides, 212
`carbonyl imines [obsolete], 213
`carbonyl oxides, 213
`carbonyl ylides, 213
`carbon–carbon composite, 214
`carboranes, 214
`carboxamides, 214
`carboxamidines, 214
`carboxylic acids, 215
`carbylamines [obsolete], 215
`carbynes, 215
`carbynium ions, 215
`carotenes, 215
`carotenoids, 216
`carrier, 216
`carrier atom in organic reaction
`mechanisms, 217
`carrier gas, 217
`carrier in radioanalytical chemistry,
`217
`carrier protein, 218
`carrier-free [obsolete], 218
`carry-over, 218
`cascade impactor, 218
`catabolism, 219
`catabolite repression, 219
`catalase, 219
`catalymetric titration, 219
`catalysed rate of reaction,
`219
`catalysis, 220
`catalyst, 220
`catalyst ageing, 220
`catalyst decay, 221
`catalyst in solvent extraction, 221
`catalytic activity concentration, ,
`221
`, 221
`catalytic activity content,
`catalytic activity fraction of an
`isozyme, 222
`catalytic activity, of an enzyme,
`222
`
`,
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`,
`
`catalytic coefficient, 222
`catalytic cracking, 223
`catalytic current, 223
`catalytic dehydrocyclization, 223
`catalytic domain of a polypeptide,
`224
`catalytic graphitization, 224
`catalytic hydrocracking, 224
`catalytic hydrodesulfurization,
`224
`catalytic hydrogenolysis, 225
`catalytic methanation, 226
`catalytic reforming, 226
`catalytic thermometric titration
`[obsolete], 226
`cataphoresis [obsolete], 227
`catecholamines, 227
`catena-, 227
`catenanes (catena compounds),
`227
`cathode, 228
`cathodic transfer coefficient,
`228
`cation, 228
`cation exchange, 229
`cation exchanger, 229
`cation-exchange polymer, 229
`cationic polymer, 229
`cationic polymerization, 229
`cationotropic rearrangement, 230
`cationotropy, 230
`cavitands, 230
`cavity dumping in photochemistry,
`230
`), 230
`ceiling value (
`ceilometer in atmospheric chemistry,
`231
`cell constant of a conductivity cell,
`231
`cell error in spectrochemical
`analysis, 231
`cell line, 231
`Celsius temperature, , , 231
`centi, 232
`central atom, 232
`centre of a Mossbauer spectrum,
`232
`centrifugal barrier, 232
`centrifugal (centripetal) acceleration,
`, 232
`, 233
`centrifugal force,
`centrifugal radius, , 233
`cephalins (kephalins) [obsolete], 233
`cephalosporins, 234
`cephams, 234
`cephems, 234
`ceramer, 235
`
`ceramic, 235
`ceramic filter, 235
`ceramic precursor, 235
`ceramic yield, 236
`ceramic-reinforced polymer, 236
`ceramization, 236
`Cerenkov detector, 236
`Cerenkov effect, 236
`Cerenkov radiation, 236
`chain axis of a polymer, 237
`chain branching, 237
`chain carrier, 237
`(chain) conformational repeating
`unit of a polymer, 237
`chain entanglement, 238
`chain fission yield, 238
`chain folding in polymer crystals,
`238
`(chain) identity period of a polymer,
`238
`chain in polymers, 238
`chain initiation, 239
`chain length, , 239
`chain polymerization, 239
`chain reaction, 240
`chain scission of a polymer, 241
`chain transfer, 241
`chain-ending step, 242
`chain-orientational disorder in
`polymer crystals, 242
`chain-propagating reaction, 242
`chain-termination reaction, 242
`chair, boat, twist, 242
`chair–chair interconversion, 243
`chalcones, 243
`chamber saturation in gas
`chromatography, 244
`change of a quantity, 244
`change ratio of a quantity, 244
`channel, 244
`chaperon, 245
`char, 245
`characteristic group in organic
`nomenclature, 245
`characteristic in analytical
`chemistry, 246
`characteristic length in thin films,
`246
`characteristic mass for integrated
`absorbance,
` in electrothermal
`atomization, 246
`characteristic mass for peak
`absorption,
` in electrothermal
`atomization, 246
` in
`characteristic mass,
`electrothermal atomization, 247
`characteristic potential, 247
`
`, of a cell
`
`characteristic ratio in polymers,
`247
`characteristic X-ray emission,
`247
`charcoal, 248
`charge, 248
`, 248
`charge density,
`charge hopping, 249
`charge number, , 249
`charge number in inorganic
`nomenclature, 249
`charge number ,
`reaction, 249
`charge population, 249
`charge recombination, 250
`charge separation, 250
`charge shift, 250
`charge transfer transition to solvent
`(CTTS), 250
`charge-exchange ionization in mass
`spectrometry, 250
`charge-exchange reaction, 251
`charge-inversion mass spectrum,
`251
`charge-permutation reaction, 251
`charge-stripping reaction, 251
`charge-transfer adsorption, 252
`charge-transfer complex, 252
`charge-transfer (CT) state, 252
`charge-transfer (CT) transition,
`252
`charge-transfer device in radiation
`detection, 253
`charge-transfer reaction in mass
`spectrometry, 253
`charge-transfer step of an electrode
`reaction, 253
`charring, 254
`chelate, 254
`chelating polymer, 254
`chelation, 254
`cheletropic reaction, 255
`chelotropic reaction, 255
`chemi-ionization in mass
`spectrometry, 255
`chemical actinometer, 256
`chemical activation, 256
`chemical amount, 256
`chemical amplification, 256
`chemical bond, 257
`chemical decomposition, 257
`chemical diffusion, 257
`chemical dosimeter, 257
`chemical element, 258
`chemical equilibrium, 258
`chemical flux,
`, 258
`chemical functionality, 259
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`
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`),
`
`chemical induction (coupling),
`260
`chemical ionization in mass
`spectrometry, 260
`chemical isotope exchange, 260
`chemical laser, 261
`chemical measurement process
`(CMP), 261
`chemical modification, 261
`chemical oxygen demand (
`261
`, 261
`chemical potential,
`chemical reaction, 262
`chemical reaction equation, 262
`chemical relaxation, 263
`chemical shift, in NMR, 263
`chemical shift in photoelectron and
`Auger spectra, 264
`chemical species, 264
`chemical species of an element,
`264
`chemical substance, 265
`chemical vapour generation in
`spectrochemical analysis, 265
`chemical yield, 265
`chemically bonded hybrid
`(material), 265
`chemically induced dynamic
`electron polarization (CIDEP),
`265
`chemically initiated electron
`exchange luminescence (CIEEL),
`266
`chemiexcitation, 266
`chemiflux, 266
`chemiluminescence, 266
`chemiluminescence analyser, 267
`chemiluminescent methods of
`detection in analysis, 267
`chemisorption (chemical
`adsorption), 267
`chemometrics, 267
`chemoselectivity (chemoselective),
`267
`chemospecificity [obsolete], 268
`chemostat, 268
`chimney effect in atmospheric
`chemistry, 268
`chiral, 268
`chiral mobile phase, 269
`chiral selector, 269
`chiral stationary phase in liquid
`chromatography, 269
`chirality, 269
`chirality axis, 270
`chirality centre, 270
`chirality element, 270
`chirality plane, 270
`
`chirality sense, 271
`chiroptic/chiroptical, 271
`chirotopic, 271
`chloramines, 271
`chlorocarbons, 271
`chlorohydrins, 272
`chromatogram, 272
`chromatograph (noun), 272
`chromatograph (verb), 272
`chromatographic detector, 272
`chromatography, 273
`chromophore, 273
`chromosome, 273
`chronic toxicity, 273
`CIDEP (Chemically Induced
`Dynamic Electron Polarization) ,
`274
`CIDNP (Chemically Induced
`Dynamic Nuclear Polarization) ,
`274
`CIEEL (Chemically Initiated
`Electron Exchange Luminescence) ,
`274
`cine-substitution, 274
`CIP priority, 275
`circular dichroism (CD), 275
`cis, trans, 275
`cis conformation in polymers,
`276
`cis- in inorganic nomenclature,
`276
`cis-fused, 276
`cis-trans isomers, 277
`cisoid conformation [obsolete], 277
`cistactic polymer, 277
`class (a) metal ion, 277
`class (b) metal ion, 278
`class of helix in polymers, 278
`clathrates, 278
`clausius, 278
`clay hybrid, 278
`clean surface, 279
`clean up in spectrochemical analysis,
`279
` , 279
`clearance,
`clearance in toxicology, 279
`clearing point, 280
`CLOGP values, 280
`clone, 280
`closed shell molecular systems,
`280
`closed system in spectrochemical
`analysis, 280
`closo-, 281
`cloud in atmospheric chemistry,
`281
`cluster, 281
`cluster analysis, 281
`
` in thin films,
`
`cluster ion in mass spectrometry,
`281
`co-ions, 282
`co-oligomer, 282
`co-oligomerization, 282
`co-solvency in polymers, 282
`coacervation, 282
`coagulation (flocculation) in colloid
`chemistry, 283
`coal tar pitch, 283
`coal-derived pitch coke, 283
`coalescence in colloid chemistry,
`284
`coalification, 284
`codon, 284
`coefficient, 284
`) in
`coefficient of haze (
`atmospheric chemistry, 285
`coenzyme, 285
`coextraction, 285
`cofactors, 285
`coherence length,
`286
`coherent (derived) unit of
`measurement, 286
`coherent radiation, 286
`coherent scattering, 287
`coherent source in spectrochemistry,
`287
`coherent structure, 287
`coherent system of units of
`measurement, 287
`coincidence circuit, 288
`coincidence resolving time, 288
`coke, 288
`coke breeze, 288
`coking, 288
`col (saddle point), 289
`cold neutrons, 289
`collection, 289
`collection efficiency in atmospheric
`chemistry, 289
`collection gas flow system in
`spectrochemical analysis, 290
`collector in atmospheric chemistry,
`290
`collector (scavenger), 290
`colligation, 290
`collimation, 290
`collimator, 291
`collinear reaction, 291
`collision complex, 291
`, 291
`collision cross-section,
`collision density,
`, 291
`collision diameter, , 292
`collision efficiency,
`, 292
`collision frequency,
`, 292
`
`IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
`
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`collision number, 293
`collision theory, 293
`collision-induced dissociation in
`mass spectrometry, 294
`collisional activation (collisionally
`activated dissociation) in mass
`spectrometry, 294
`collisional broadening of a spectral
`line, 294
`collisional excitation in mass
`spectrometry, 295
`colloid, 295
`colloid osmotic pressure (Donnan
`pressure), 295
`colloidal, 295
`colloidal carbon, 295
`colloidal dispersion, 296
`colloidal electrolyte, 296
`colloidal gel, 296
`colloidal network, 296
`colloidal processing, 296
`colloidal suspension, 296
`colloidally stable, 297
`color scale, 297
`colorimeter, 297
`colour indicator, 297
`colourability, 297
`column chromatography, 298
`column in chromatography, 298
`column volume,
` in
`chromatography, 298
`comb macromolecule, 299
`comb polymer, 299
`combination electrode, 299
`combined sample, 299
`combustion gas, 300
`commensurate–incommensurate
`transition, 300
`common-ion effect (on rates), 300
`communities (consortia, syntrophic
`or synergistic associations) , 301
`comparative molecular field analysis
`(CoMFA), 301
`comparator in radioanalytical
`chemistry, 301
`compartmental analysis, 302
`compatible polymer blend, 302
`compensation effect, 302
`compensation in catalysis, 302
`compensation in stereochemistry,
`303
`competition, 303
`competitive binding assay, 303
`competitive inhibition of catalysis,
`303
`complementary binding sites, 304
`complementary DNA (cDNA),
`304
`
`complete active space self-consistent
`field (CASSCF), 304
`complete active space self-consistent
`field second-order perturbation
`theory (CASPT2), 304
`complex, 304
`complex coacervation, 305
`complex mechanism, 305
`complex reaction, 305
`complex-mode reaction, 305
`component, 306
`composite, 306
`composite mechanism, 306
`composite membrane, 307
`composite reaction, 307
`composite sample, 308
`composition of pure air in
`atmospheric chemistry, 308
`compositional heterogeneity of
`polymers, 308
`compressibility factor, 308
`compression factor,
`, 309
`comproportionation, 309
`Compton effect, 309
`Compton electron, 309
`computational chemistry, 309
`computational photochemistry,
`310
`computer-assisted drug design
`(CADD), 310
`computer-assisted molecular design
`(CAMD), 310
`computer-assisted molecular
`modeling (CAMM), 310
`concave isotherm in
`chromatography, 310
`concentration, 311
`concentration depolarization, 311
`concentration distribution rat