(12) United States Patent
`Gilhousen et al.
`
`USOO66 18429B2
`(10) Patent No.:
`US 6,618,429 B2
`45) Date of Patent:
`Sep. 9, 2003
`
`9
`
`(54) SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATING
`SIGNAL WAVEFORMS IN A CDMA
`CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM
`
`(75) Inventors: Klein S. Gilhousen, Bozeman, MT
`(US); Irwin M. Jacobs, La Jolla, CA
`(US); Roberto Padovani, San Diego,
`CA (US); Lindsay A. Weaver, Jr.,
`Boulder, CO (US); Charles E.
`Wheatley, III, Del Mar, CA (US);
`Andrew J. Viterbi, La Jolla, CA (US)
`
`(73) Assignee: Oualcomm Incorporated, San Diego,
`CA (US)
`-
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 10/263,898
`(22) Filed:
`Oct. 2, 2002
`(65)
`Prior Publication Data
`US 2003/0053519 A1 Mar. 20, 2003
`Related U.S. Application Data
`(63) Continuation of application No. 09/360,059, filed on Jul. 23,
`1999, which is a continuation of application No. 08/441895,
`in My E. G S.S.R. with t
`continuation oI application No.
`2
`illed On Jan.
`2
`1992, now Pat. No. 5,416,797, which is a continuation of
`application No. 07/543,496, filed on Jun. 25, 1990, now Pat.
`No. 5,103,459.
`7
`(51) Int. Cl.' .................................................. H04B 1/69
`(52) U.S. Cl. ................
`... 375/141; 375/140
`(58) Field of Search ................................. 375/141, 130,
`375/140, 142, 144, 220, 219; 370/320,
`335, 342, 350
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`3,310,631 A 3/1967 Brown
`
`EP
`
`3,660,608 A 5/1972 Moose, Jr. et all .......... 370/203
`3,715,508 A 2/1973 Blasbalg ................ 179/15 BC
`3,795,864 A 3/1974 Fullton, Jr. ............... 325/38 R
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`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
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`(List continued on next page.)
`Primary Examiner Khai Tran
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Russell B. Miller;
`Christopher Edwards
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`A System and method for communicating information Sig
`nals using spread spectrum communication techniques. PN
`Sequences are constructed that provide orthogonality
`between the users So that mutual interference will be
`reduced, allowing higher capacity and better link perfor
`mance. With orthogonal PN codes, the cross-correlation is
`Zero over a predetermined time interval, resulting in no
`interference between the orthogonal codes, provided only
`that the code time frames are time aligned with each other.
`In an exemplary embodiment, signals are communicated
`between a cell-site and mobile units using direct Sequence
`Spread spectrum communication Signals. In the cell-to
`mobile link, pilot, Sync, paging and Voice channels are
`defined. Information communicated on the cell-to-mobile
`link channels are, in general, encoded, interleaved, bi-phase
`shift key (BPSK) modulated with orthogonal covering of
`each BPSK symbol along with quadrature phase shift key
`(QPSK) spreading of the covered symbols. In the mobile
`to-cell link, access and Voice channels are defined. Infor
`mation communicated on the mobile-to-cell link channels
`are, in general, encoded, interleaved, Orthogonal signaling
`along with QPSK spreading.
`14 Claims, 13 Drawing Sheets
`
`TO/FRO
`PSTN
`N
`
`
`
`SYSE
`CONTROLLER
`AND STCH
`
`ToAFROM OTHER
`CE-SITES
`1.
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`001
`
`

`

`US 6,618,429 B2
`Page 2
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`5,001,723 A 3/1991 Kerr .............................. 375/1
`5,003,533 A 3/1991 Watanabe .................. 370/85.5
`
`4,002.991 A 1/1977 Ogita - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 328/139
`
`5,022,046 A 6/1991 Morrow, Jr. ................... 375/1
`
`... 375/1
`5,056,109 A 10/1991 Gilhousen et al.
`370/85.5
`5,068,849. A 11/1991 Tanaka .............
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`5,101,501. A * 3/1992 Gilhousen et al. ...
`5,109,390 A
`4/1992 Gilhousen et al. ............. 375/1
`5,136,586 A 8/1992 Greenblatt ........
`370/110.4
`5,177,767 A
`1/1993 Kato ..........
`... 375/1
`5,199,045. A 3/1993 Kato ................
`375/1
`5,212,684. A 5/1993 MacNamee et al. .......... 370/24
`5,260,969 A 11/1993 Kato et al............
`... 375/1
`5,274,836 A 12/1993 Lux ...........
`... 455/1
`5,341,423 A 8/1994 Nossen ....
`380/16
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`4.017,798 A 4/1977 Gordy et al. ................. 325/42
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`340/146.1 AL
`4,048,563 A 9/1977 Osborne ...................... 325/58
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`5/1978 Lee et al. ................... 325/322
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`7/1978 Woythaler .
`179/15 BP
`4,121,159 A 10/1978 Lampert ...................... 325/65
`4,152,651 A
`5/1979 Lampert et al. ............ 325/419
`4,164,628 A 8/1979 Ward et al. ...
`179/15 BA
`4,179,658 A 12/1979 Bitzer ......................... 325/34
`4,188,580 A 2/1980 Nicolai et al.
`... 325/32
`4,189.677 A 2/1980 Cooper et al.
`... 325/321
`4,193,031 A 3/1980 Cooper .........
`... 455/38
`4,203,070 A 5/1980 Bowles et al.
`... 375/1
`4.203,071 A 5/1980 Bowles et al. ................. 375/1
`4,217,586 A 8/1980 McGuffin .....
`... 343/100 LE
`4,222,115 A 9/1980 Cooper et al. ................. 375/1
`4,231,113 A 10/1980 Blasbalg ..........
`455/29
`4,247939 A
`1/1981 Stremswold et al.
`... 375/1
`4,276,646 A 6/1981 Haggard et al. ....
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`... 375/1
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`1/1982 Taylor, Jr. ...................... 375/1
`4,313.211 A 1/1982 Leland ............
`... 455/139
`4,361890 A 11/1982 Green, Jr. et al. ...
`... 375/1
`Golay, “An Approach to Multiple Access Satellite Commu
`4,361891 A 11/1982 Lobenstein et al. .
`... 375/1
`nications Through the Use of Net Synchronized Orthogonal
`4,365,327 A 12/1982 Pirani .................
`370/18
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`neering Support Division, Report R 108, vol. 2 (Apr. 1965).
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`... 375/1
`Besslich, “Sequential Circuits and Walsh Functions, Com
`4,460.992 A 7/1984 Gutleber ..........
`... 370/19
`munication from the Dept. of Electrical Eng., Indian Insti
`4,472.815 A 9/1984 Gutleber ...................... 375/34
`tute of Technolo Mad Indi (1974)
`4,484.335 A 11/1984 Mosley et al. ................. 375/1
`gy, Madras, India
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`... 375/86
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`4,512,024. A
`4/1985 Gutleber ...................... 375/34
`Heft 4 (1970).
`4,532,635 A 7/1985 Mangulis ....................... 375/1
`Chase, et al., Spread Spectrum Multiple Access Performance
`4,551853 A 11/1985 Deman et al.
`455/72
`of Orthogonal Codes in Fading Multipath Channels,
`4,559,633 A 12/1985 Kan et al. ...................... 375/1
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`4,561,089 A 12/1985 Rouse et al. .................. 370/18
`tarv Communications Conference. Conference Record vol. 1
`4,567,588 A
`1/1986 Jerrim ..........
`... 370/18
`y
`s
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`7/1986 Horwitz et al. .............. 375/2.2
`of 3 (1988).
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`4,630,283 A 12/1986 Schiff ............................ 375/1
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`4,665.514 A 5/1987 Ching et al. ..
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`ity Mobile C
`icati
`IEEE (1978)
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`pacity MODue Communications,
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`Cooper, et al., “Cellular Land-Mobile Radio: Why Spread
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`3/1989 Futato ........................
`o,
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`4.882.579 A 11/1989 Siwiak .................. 370/825.44
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`- - - - - - -3 7.
`4,933,952. A
`6/1990 Albrieux et al. ............... 375/1 Stil on Communications, vol. COM-35, No. 12
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`... 375/1
`4.941,150 A 7/1990 Iwasaki ......................... 375/1
`Golomb, et al., “Shift Register Cycles of All Lengths,”
`4.942,591 A 7/1990 Nease et al. .................. 375/84
`University of Southern California (1967).
`4,943,976 A 7/1990 Ishigaki - - - - -
`... 375/1
`Hossein, “Power Control and Interference Management in a
`4,953,178 A 8/1990 Ishigaki ......................... 375/1
`Spread Spectrum Cellular Mobile Radio System,” UMI
`4,958,359 A 9/1990 Kato ............................. 375/1
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`... 375/1
`Dissertation Information Service (1984).
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`4,984.247 A
`1/1991 Kaufmann et al. ......... 375/141
`neering Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1979).
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`EP
`EP
`EP
`EP
`EP
`GB
`GB
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`WO
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`91/07030
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`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`2- Y----
`
`OSC C a
`
`
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`002
`
`

`

`US 6,618,429 B2
`Page 3
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`Lebart, “Walsh Function Generator for a Million Different
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`(1970).
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`Lee, et al., “On Interference Suppression Using Comple
`mentary Filters in DS-SSS," IEEE (1989).
`Nettleton, “Spectral Eficiency in Cellular Land-Mobile
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`Dissertation Information Service (1978).
`Nick, “Binary Logic Walsh Function Generator.” IBM
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`Scarbata, “Walshfunktionen-Generator,” Radio Fernsehen
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`Scarbata, et al., “Realisierung von Walsh-Funktionsgenera
`toren mit TTL-und MOS Schaltungen,” Radio Fernsehen
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`Simon, et al., “Spread Spectrum Communications,” vol. 1
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`Proakis, J. Digital Communications. New York:
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`Cooper, G.R. and McGillem. C.D. Modern Communications
`and Spread Spectrum. New York. McGraw-Hill Book Com
`pany, p. 273. 1986.
`Blasbalg, "A Comparison of Pseudo-Noise and Conven
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`No. 4 (Jul. 1965).
`H.F. Harmuth, Transmission of Information by Orthogonal
`Functions. New York. Springer-Verlag. 1969. pp. 73–81,
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`N.C. Mohanty. "Spread Spectrum and Time Division Mul
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`
`* cited by examiner
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`003
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 9, 2003
`
`Sheet 1 of 13
`
`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`TO/FROM
`PSTN
`
`TO/FROM OTHER
`CELL-SITES
`
`
`
`
`
`SYSTEM
`CONTROLLER
`AND SWITCH
`
`/ O
`
`2
`
`
`
`-
`
`14
`
`G. 1
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`004
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 9, 2003
`
`Sheet 2 of 13
`
`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`III as
`DIGITAL -------------- -
`
`i RECEIVER ------
`L--------
`34
`
`SEARCHER
`RECEIVER
`
`50
`
`-
`|
`
`ANTENNA
`TO ADDITIONAL
`ANALOG
`RECEIVERS
`ANALOG
`RECEIVER
`
`40
`
`ANTENNA
`TO ADDITIONAL
`ANALOG
`RECEIVERS
`42- ANALOG
`RECEIVER
`
`6
`
`ANTENNA
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`DIGITAL
`DATA
`RECEIVER
`
`
`
`
`
`46
`
`
`
`
`
`DIGITAL
`DATA
`RECEIVER
`
`DIVERSITY
`COMBINER
`& DECODER
`
`DECODERS
`
`DIGITAL
`LINK
`
`TO OTHER
`TRANSMIT
`MODULATORS
`
`as a
`
`64
`
`GPS
`RECEIVER
`
`L---FF
`
`FROM
`SYSTEM
`CONTROL
`PROCRSSOR
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`CELL-STE
`CONTROL
`PROCESSOR
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`PILOT/CONTROL
`CHANNEL TRANSMIT
`MODULATOR AND
`TRANSMIT
`POWER CONTROL
`FROM OTHER TRANSMIT
`MODULATOR AND
`TRANSMIT POWER CONTROL
`CIRCUIS
`
`
`
`
`
`TRANSMT
`POWER
`CONTROL
`
`
`
`SUMMER
`
`:
`
`TRANSMIT
`L MODULATOR
`56 --------
`57
`TO/FROM MTS0
`DIGITAL SWITCH
`
`60
`
`
`
`TRANSIT
`POWER
`AMPFER
`
`58
`
`G. 2
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`005
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 9, 2003
`
`Sheet 3 of 13
`
`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
`-
`-
`DOWNCONVERTER
`O8
`1O
`102
`RF
`R
`AMD
`tox-HBPF s CONVERTER
`104
`2
`- - - - - - -
`- 100
`FREQUENCY
`32
`SYNTHESIZER
`- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
`
`:
`
`---TO
`OPTIONAL
`DIGITAL
`DATA
`RECEIVER
`TO
`SEARCHER
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`
`|
`FROM
`ANTENNA
`
`106
`
`-------------------
`130
`32
`ACCUMULATOR
`
`PN QPSK
`CORRELATOR
`
`PN
`X
`MY
`
`26
`
`PN
`
`PN
`GENERATOR
`
`TO
`DIVERSITY
`COMBINER
`
`
`
`HADAWARD
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`PROCESSOR
`r 136
`
`12O
`
`128
`SX
`1Y
`
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`
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`
`122
`
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`
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`
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`
`124
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`aso as a us sm an
`36
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`
`G. 3
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`006
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 9, 2003
`
`Sheet 4 of 13
`
`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`SECTOR OR
`CELL ADDRESS
`FROM CONTROL
`PROCESSOR
`
`
`
`PN
`GENERATOR
`
`- - - -
`o
`r
`s
`l
`
`s
`
`216
`
`) S
`
`------------------ -
`PILOT
`WASH
`CHANNEL GENERATOR
`215
`2OO
`
`SYNC
`CHANNEL
`DATA FROM
`
`CONTROL
`
`PROCESSOR
`
`214
`
`PAGING
`CHANNEL
`DATA FROM
`CONTROL
`
`PROCESSOR
`
`218
`
`-234
`S
`
`236
`
`------------------- -
`
`
`
`VOICE
`CHANNEL (i)
`DATA
`MOBILE UNIT
`ADRESS FROM
`CONTROL
`PROCESSOR
`
`250
`
`251
`
`
`
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`
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`
`253
`
`OR
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`
`250
`
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`
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`
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`
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`DATA
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`
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`
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`F.G. 4a
`
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`GENERATOR
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`
`- - - -
`252
`
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`FROM
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`PROCESSOR
`
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`J
`
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`
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`
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`FROM
`CONTROL
`PROCESSOR
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`007
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 9, 2003
`
`Sheet 5 of 13
`
`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`008
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 9, 2003
`
`Sheet 6 of 13
`
`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`----
`
`FROM
`TRANSMIT
`POWER
`CONTROL
`
`- - as as as as a
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`296
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`
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`
`286
`
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`
`TO ANTENNA
`
`-
`
`FIG. 4ce
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`009
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 9, 2003
`
`Sheet 7 of 13
`
`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`64 CHIP
`SHIFT
`CHANNEL R H - -
`
`N PILOT
`
`CO
`
`C" O
`
`C1
`
`()
`
`N+1 PILOT
`
`CHANNEL
`
`CO
`
`C' 0
`
`C1
`O
`
`tx
`
`ty
`
`TIME
`
`F.G. 5
`
`N PILOT
`CHANNEL
`
`N SYNC
`CHANNEL
`
`H CO -- C'O -- C1 ammes
`
`N+1 PILOT
`
`CHNEL
`
`SYNC CHANNEL
`ORTHOGONAL
`COMER
`
`-CO-- C'O-C1 - ...
`
`N+1 SYNC
`CHANNEL
`
`64
`CHIPS
`tx
`ty
`
`TIME
`
`G. 8
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`010
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 9, 2003
`
`Sheet 8 of 13
`
`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`USERS LONG (42-BIT) PN
`GENERATOR IN STATE X
`
`1 SEC
`
`2 SEC
`
`75 PILOT CYCLES2 SECS
`
`
`
`SYNC CHANNEL MESSAGE
`LENGTH MULTIPLE OF 80 MSEC
`
`SYNC MESSAGE
`it!
`
`SYNC MESSAGE N
`LONG PN GENERATOR
`IS LOADED WITHX
`FOR SCRAMBLING
`
`ipps
`
`ZERO-SHIFT
`PILOT
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`SYNC
`CHANNEL
`
`PAGING
`OR
`VOICE
`
`80 mSEC EQUAL TO
`2 INTERLEAVER CYCLES OR
`4 VOCODER FRAMES
`
`
`
`1ST CODE SYMBOL OF NEW BIT
`DEINTERLEAVER WRITE ADDRESS O
`DENTERLEAVER READ ADDRESS J
`NEW INTERLEAVER CYCLE
`
`TIME
`
`G.
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`011
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 9, 2003
`
`Sheet 9 of 13
`
`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`TO/FROM
`CELL-SITES
`CONTROL PROCESSORS
`
`300
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`SYSTEM
`CONTROL
`PROCESSOR
`
`TO/FROM
`CELL-SITES
`DIGITAL LINKS
`
`TO/FROM
`PSTN
`
`308
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`DIGITAL
`SWITCH
`
`DIGITAL
`SWITCH
`
`TO OTHER
`DIVERSITY COMBINERS
`TO/FROM OTHER
`VOCODERS
`
`FROM OTHER
`VOCODERS
`
`G. 8
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`012
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 9, 2003
`
`Sheet 10 of 13
`
`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`430
`
`444
`
`ANTENNA
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`432
`
`DIPLEXER
`
`SEARCHER
`RECEIVER
`
`G. 9
`
`
`
`DIGITAL
`DATA
`RECEIVER
`
`448
`
`E.
`AND
`DECODER
`
`434
`
`450
`
`ANALOG
`RECEIVER
`
`
`
`DGITAL
`DATA
`RECEIVER
`
`
`
`USER
`DIGITAL
`BASEBAND
`
`CONTROL
`PROCESSOR
`
`
`
`TRANSMIT
`POWER
`AMPLIFIER
`
`
`
`
`
`TRANSMIT
`POWER
`CONTROL
`
`TRANSMIT
`MODULATOR
`
`436
`
`4.38
`
`452
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`013
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 9, 2003
`
`Sheet 11 of 13
`
`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`FROM
`
`d
`
`AMD
`
`512
`
`TO
`DATA
`RECEIVER
`442
`
`so
`
`514
`
`TO
`SEARCHER
`- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - RECEIVER
`- - - - - - 5OO
`DOWNCONVERTER/
`508 - 510
`502
`DIPLEXER s XH-BPF Ep CONVERTER
`504
`- - - - - - -
`FREQUENCY
`SYNTHESIZER
`- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
`
`TO TRANSNT
`POWER CONTROL
`
`523
`ACCUMULATOR
`
`ACCUMULATOR
`
`TO
`DIVERSITY
`COMBINER
`AND
`DECODER
`s32
`
`PHASE
`ROTATOR
`
`PN
`
`PN
`GENERATOR
`
`56
`
`526
`
`PN QPSK
`CORREATOR
`
`PN
`SX)
`1Y
`
`524.
`
`522
`
`ck- T -
`r
`
`440
`N
`
`
`
`P. hsie
`GENERATOR
`WASH
`GENERATOR
`
`52O
`
`---------------- ------
`TO
`MOBILE UNIT
`DVERSITY
`ADDRESS
`FRO
`COMBINER
`CONTROL FUNCTION
`AND
`DECODER
`PROCESSOR SELECT
`
`G. 10
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`014
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 9, 2003
`
`Sheet 12 of 13
`
`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`FROM
`USER
`DIGITAL
`BASEBAND
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`MOBILE
`UNIT
`ADDRESS
`---
`WALSH
`ENCODER
`
`---------- -
`608
`614
`
`s" TO
`
`62
`C
`
`TRANSMIT
`POWER
`CONTROL
`
`t = 0
`
`t = 20 SEC
`
`FG, 12
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`015
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 9, 2003
`
`Sheet 13 of 13
`
`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`USERS LONG (42-BIT) PN
`GENERATOR IN STATE X
`2 SEC
`4 SEC
`
`SEC
`
`75 PILOT CYCLES-2 SECS
`
`SYNC CHANNEL MESSAGE
`LENGTH MULTIPLE OF 8O MSEC
`
`SYNC MESSAGE
`
`ipps
`
`CELL PILOT
`CHANNEL
`
`CELL SYNC
`CHANNEL
`
`CEL PAGING
`OR WOICE
`CHANNEL
`
`MOBILE
`VOICE
`CHANNEL
`
`
`
`3.
`
`CHANNEL
`
`F.G. 13
`
`80 mSEC EQUAL TO
`2 INTERLEAVER CYCLES OR
`4 VOCODER FRAMES
`
`SYNC visce N U
`
`1ST CODE SYMBOL OF NEW
`BIT INTERLEAVER WRITE
`ADDRESS O DENTERLEAVER
`READ ADDRESS J NEW INTER
`LONG PNGENERATOR LEAVER CYCLE
`Is LOADED WITHX
`FOR SCRAMBING
`
`1ST CODE SYMBOL OF NEW
`BIT AND NEW WALSH SYMBO
`INTERLEAVER WRITE ADDRESS
`O INTERLEAVER READ ADDRESS
`O NEW NTERLEAVER CYCLE AND
`LONG PN GENERATOR
`NEW WOCODER FRAME
`IS LOADED WITH X
`
`1ST CODE SYMBOL OF NEW
`BIT AND NEW WALSH
`SYMBOL INTERLEAVER
`WRITE ADDRESS O
`INTERLEAVER READ
`- ADDRESS O
`
`Sé
`
`NN22
`
`PACKE
`PREAMBLE PACKET BURST
`N FRAMES
`
`on N GENERATOR
`IS LOADED WITH X
`
`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`016
`
`

`

`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`1
`SYSTEMAND METHOD FOR GENERATING
`SIGNAL WAVEFORMS IN A CDMA
`CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM
`
`5
`
`This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
`09/360,059, filed Jul. 23, 1999, now pending, which is a
`continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/441,895,
`filed May 16, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,943,361 issued
`Aug. 24, 1999, which is a continuation of U.S. patent
`application Ser. No. 07/825,147, filed Jan. 24, 1992, now
`U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,797 issued May 16, 1995, which is a
`continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/543,496,
`filed Jun. 25, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,459 issued Apr.
`7, 1992, all of which are entitled “SYSTEM AND
`METHOD FOR GENERATING SIGNAL WAVEFORMS
`15
`IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM.
`
`2
`Rayleigh faded component without a direct component.
`Thus, the terrestrial channel presents a more Severe fading
`environment than the satellite channel in which Rician
`fading is the dominant fading characteristic.
`The Rayleigh fading characteristic in the terrestrial chan
`nel Signal is caused by the Signal being reflected from many
`different features of the physical environment. As a result, a
`Signal arrives at a mobile unit receiver from many directions
`with different transmission delays. At the UHF frequency
`bands usually employed for mobile radio communications,
`including those of cellular mobile telephone Systems, Sig
`nificant phase differences in Signals traveling on different
`paths may occur. The possibility for destructive Summation
`of the Signals may result, with on occasion deep fades
`occurring.
`Terrestrial channel fading is a very Strong function of the
`physical position of the mobile unit. A Small change in
`position of the mobile unit changes the physical delays of all
`the Signal propagation paths, which further results in a
`different phase for each path. Thus, the motion of the mobile
`unit through the environment can result in a quite rapid
`fading process. For example, in the 850 MHz cellular radio
`frequency band, this fading can typically be as fast as one
`fade per Second per mile per hour of vehicle Speed. Fading
`this Severe can be extremely disruptive to Signals in the
`terrestrial channel resulting in poor communication quality.
`Additional transmitter power can be used to overcome the
`problem of fading. However, Such power increases effect
`both the user, in excessive power consumption, and the
`System by increased interference.
`The CDMA modulation techniques disclosed in U.S. Pat.
`No. 4,901,307 offer many advantages over narrow band
`modulation techniques used in communication Systems
`employing Satellite or terrestrial repeaters. The terrestrial
`channel poses Special problems to any communication Sys
`tem particularly with respect to multipath Signals. The use of
`CDMA techniques permit the special problems of the ter
`restrial channel to be overcome by mitigating the adverse
`effect of multipath, e.g. fading, while also exploiting the
`advantages thereof.
`In a CDMA cellular telephone system, the same fre
`quency band can be used for communication in all cells. The
`CDMA waveform properties that provide processing gain
`are also used to discriminate between Signals that occupy the
`Same frequency band. Furthermore the high Speed pseud
`onoise (PN) modulation allows many different propagation
`paths to be separated, provided the difference in path delayS
`exceed the PN chip duration, i.e. 1/bandwidth. If a PN chip
`rate of approximately 1 MHz is employed in a CDMA
`System, the full spread spectrum processing gain, equal to
`the ratio of the spreadbandwidth to System data rate, can be
`employed against paths that differ by more than one micro
`Second in path delay from the desired path. A one micro
`Second path delay differential corresponds to differential
`path distance of approximately 1,000 feet. The urban envi
`ronment typically provides differential path delays in exceSS
`of one microSecond, and up to 10–20 microSeconds are
`reported in Some areas.
`In narrow band modulation Systems. Such as the analog
`FM modulation employed by conventional telephone
`Systems, the existence of multiple paths results in Severe
`multipath fading. With wide band CDMA modulation,
`however, the different paths may be discriminated against in
`the demodulation process. This discrimination greatly
`reduces the Severity of multipath fading. Multipath fading is
`not totally eliminated in using CDMA discrimination tech
`
`35
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`I. Field of the Invention
`The present invention relates to cellular telephone SyS
`tems. More specifically, the present invention relates to a
`novel and improved System and method for communicating
`information, in a mobile cellular telephone System or Satel
`lite mobile telephone System, using spread Spectrum com
`25
`munication Signals.
`II. Description of the Related Art
`The use of code division multiple access (CDMA) modu
`lation techniques is one of Several techniques for facilitating
`communications in which a large number of System users are
`present. Other multiple access communication System
`techniques, Such as time division multiple access (TDMA),
`frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and AM modu
`lation Schemes Such as amplitude companded Single Side
`band (ACSSB) are known in the art. However the spread
`Spectrum modulation technique of CDMA has significant
`advantages over these modulation techniques for multiple
`access communication Systems. The use of CDMA tech
`niques in a multiple access communication System is dis
`closed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307, entitled “SPREAD SPEC
`40
`TRUM MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATION
`SYSTEM USING SATELLITE OR TERRESTRIAL
`REPEATERS', assigned to the assignee of the present
`invention, of which the disclosure thereof is incorporated by
`reference.
`In the just mentioned patent, a multiple access technique
`is disclosed where a large number of mobile telephone
`System users each having a transceiver communicate
`through satellite repeaters or terrestrial base stations (also
`referred to as cell-sites Stations, cell-sites or for Short, cells)
`using code division multiple access (CDMA) spread spec
`trum communication Signals. In using CDMA
`communications, the frequency spectrum can be reused
`multiple times thus permitting an increase in System user
`capacity. The use of CDMA results in a much higher spectral
`efficiency than can be achieved using other multiple acceSS
`techniques.
`The Satellite channel typically experiences fading that is
`characterized as Rician. Accordingly the received signal
`consists of a direct component Summed with a multiple
`reflected component having Rayleigh fading Statistics. The
`power ratio between the direct and reflected component is
`typically on the order of 6-10 dB, depending upon the
`characteristics of the mobile unit antenna and the environ
`ment about the mobile unit.
`Contrasting with the Satellite channel, the terrestrial chan
`nel experiences Signal fading that typically consists of the
`
`55
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`60
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`ONE-E-WAY 2006
`Apple v. One-E-Way
`IPR2021-00283
`
`017
`
`

`

`US 6,618,429 B2
`
`15
`
`35
`
`40
`
`25
`
`3
`niques because there will occasionally exist paths with
`delayed differentials of less than the PN chip duration for the
`particular System. Signals having path delays on this order
`cannot be discriminated against in the demodulator, result
`ing in Some degree of fading.
`It is therefore desirable that some form of diversity be
`provided which would permit a System to reduce fading.
`Diversity is one approach for mitigating the deleterious
`effects of fading. Three major types of diversity exist: time
`diversity, frequency diversity and Space diversity.
`Time diversity can best be obtained by the use of
`repetition, time interleaving, and error detection and coding
`which is a form of repetition. The present invention employs
`each of these techniques as a form of time diversity.
`CDMA by its inherent nature of being a wideband signal
`offers a form of frequency diversity by spreading the Signal
`energy over a wide bandwidth. Therefore, frequency Selec
`tive fading affects only a small part of the CDMA signal
`bandwidth.
`Space or path diversity is obtained by providing multiple
`Signal paths through Simultaneous links from a mobile user
`through two or more cell-sites. Furthermore, path diversity
`may be obtained by exploiting the multipath environment
`through spread spectrum processing by allowing a signal
`arriving with different propagation delays to be received and
`processed separately. Examples of path diversity are illus
`trated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,501, entitled “SOFT HAND
`OFF IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM”,
`and U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,390, entitled “DIVERSITY
`RECEIVER IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE
`SYSTEM”, both assigned to the assignee of the present
`invention.
`The deleterious effects of fading can be further controlled
`to a certain extent in a CDMA system by controlling
`transmitter power. A System for cell-site and mobile unit
`power control is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,056,109,
`entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROL
`LING TRANSMISSION POWER IN A CDMA CELLU
`LAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM”, also assigned to
`the assignee of the present invention.
`The CDMA techniques as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
`4,901,307 contemplated the use of coherent modulation and
`demodulation for both directions of the link in mobile
`Satellite communications. Accordingly, disclosed therein is
`the use of a pilot carrier Signal as a coherent phase reference
`for the satellite-to-mobile link and the cell-to-mobile link. In
`the terrestrial cellular environment, however, the severity of
`multipath fading, with the resulting phase disruption of the
`channel, precludes usage of coherent demodulation tech
`nique for the mobile-to-cell link. The present invention
`provides a means for overcoming the adverse effects of
`multipath in the mobile-to-cell link by using noncoherent
`modulation and demodulation techniques.
`The CDMA techniques as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
`55
`4,901,307 further contemplated the use of relatively long PN
`Sequences with each user channel being assigned a different
`PN sequence. The cross-correlation between different PN
`Sequences and the autocorrelation of a PN sequence for all
`time shifts other than Zero both have a Zero average value
`which allows the different user signals to be discriminated
`upon reception.
`However, Such PN signals are not orthogonal. Although
`the cross-correlations average to Zero, for a short time
`interval Such as an information bit time the cross-correlation
`follows a binomial distribution. AS Such, the Signals interfere
`with each other much the same as if they were wide
`
`45
`
`50
`
`60
`
`65
`
`4
`bandwidth Gaussian noise at the same power spectral den
`sity. Thus the other user Signals, or mutual interference
`noise, ultimately limits the achievable capacity.
`The existence of multipath can provide path diversity to
`a wideband PN CDMA system. If two or more paths are
`available with greater than one microSecond differential path
`delay, two or more PN receivers can be employed to
`Separately receive these signals. Since these signals will
`typically exhibit independence in multipath fading, i.e., they
`usually do not fade together, the outputs of the two receivers
`can be diversity combined. Therefore a loSS in performance
`only occurs when both receivers experience fades at the
`Same time. Hence, one aspect of the present invention is the
`provision of two or more PN receivers in combination with
`a diversity combiner. In order to exploit the existence of
`multipath Signals, to overcome fading, it is necessary to
`utilize a waveform that permits path diversity combining
`o