(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT)
`
`(19) World Intellectual Property
`Organization
`International Bureau
`
`1 April 2004 (01.04.2004)
`
`(43) lntemational Publication Date
`
`(10) International Publication Number
`
`WO 2004/028086 A2
`
`(51) International Patent Classification7:
`
`H04L 12/28
`
`(74) Agent: ERICSSON MOBILE PLATFORMS AB; IPR
`& Legal support, S—221 83 Lund (SE).
`
`(21) International Application Number:
`PCT/EP2003/010461
`
`(22) International Filing Date:
`19 September 2003 (19.09.2003)
`
`(25) Filing Language:
`
`(26) Publication Language:
`
`English
`
`English
`
`(81) Designated States (national): AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU,
`AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CN, CO, CR, CU,
`CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE,
`GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR,
`KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK,
`MN, MW, MX, MZ, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT,
`RO, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SY, TJ, TM, TN, TR,
`TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, YU, ZA, ZM, ZW.
`
`(30) Pmmy Data:
`60/412244
`60/419151
`
`7
`20 September -002(20.09.2002)
`17 October 2002 (17.10.2002)
`
`60/419152
`Not furnished
`
`17 October2002(17.10.2002)
`17 September 2003 (17.09.2003)
`
`(84) Designated States (regional): ARIPO patent (GH, GM,
`KE, LS, MW, MZ, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW),
`Eurasian patent (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM),
`European patent (AT, BE, BG, CH: CY, CZ, DE, DK: EE,
`ES, F1, FR, GB, GR, HU, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, RO,
`SE SI SK TR OAPI
`t BF BJ CF CG CI CM
`’
`’
`’
`)’
`Pate“ (
`’
`’
`’
`’
`’
`GA, GN, GQ, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG).
`
`’
`
`US
`US
`
`US
`US
`
`(71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): ER-
`ICSSON TECHNOLOGY LICENSING AB [SE/SE];
`Scheelevagen 15, SE—223 63 Lund (SE).
`
`Published:
`
`without international search report and to be republished
`upon receipt of that report
`
`(72) Inventor; and
`(75) Inventor/Applicant (for US only): HAARTSEN,Jacobus
`[NL/NL] ; Bruchterweg 81, NL—7772 BG Hardenberg (NL).
`
`For two—letter codes and other abbreviations, refer to the "Guid—
`ance Notes on Codes and Abbreviations ” appearing at the begin—
`ning of each regular issue of the PCT Gazette.
`
`(54) Title: METHODS AND ELECTRONIC DEVICES FOR WIRELESS AD—HOC NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS USING
`RECEIVER DETERMINED CHANNELS AND TRANSMITTED REFERENCE SIGNALS
`
`
`
` Channel 1025 2004/028086A2||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||l
`
`Electronic Device 1005
`
`Channel1030
`
`Electronic Device 1010
`
`Channel 1020
`
`Electronic Device 1015
`
`(57) Abstract: Electronic devices
`for
`communicating in wireless
`ad—hoc
`networks
`and multiple
`access
`systems
`(such as mobile
`radio telephone communications
`systems)
`are disclosed.
`For
`example,
`a disclosed transmitter
`can transmit data to a first receiver
`in an ad—hoc wireless network
`
`(or multiple access system) over
`a first channel and can,
`further,
`transmit data to a second receiver
`in the ad—hoc wireless network
`
`(or multiple access system) over
`a second channel that
`is separate
`from the first channel, where the
`first and second channels are determined by the respective receivers which will receive the first and second transmitted data.
`C Accordingly, communications between transmitters and different receivers in the ad—hoc wireless network (or multiple access
`system) can be carried on simultaneously. Related receivers as well as methods, computer program products, and systems for
`W
`communicating are also disclosed.
`
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`METHODS AND ELECTRONIC DEVICES FOR WIRELESS AD—HOC
`
`NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS USING RECEIVER DETERMINED
`
`CHANNELS AND TRANSMITTED REFERENCE SIGNALS
`
`CLAIM FOR PRIORITYAND CROSS—REFERENCE TO RELATED
`
`APPLICATIONS
`
`This application claims priority to US. Provisional Application No.
`
`60/412,244, filed September 20, 2002, entitled Method and Apparatusfor Chaotic
`
`Radio Communication; and to US. Provisional Application No. 60/419,151, filed
`
`10
`
`October 17, 2002, entitled Ultra-large processing gain system applying time ofi’set;
`
`and to US. Provisional Application No. 60/419,152, filed October 17, 2002, entitled
`
`Ultra-large processing gain system applyingfrequency oflset, the entire disclosures of
`
`which are incorporated herein by reference.
`
`15
`
`20
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`The invention relates to the field of communications in general, and more
`
`particularly, to Wireless communications.
`
`DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
`
`Many existing communications systems may be considered to be highly
`
`structured. For example, in cellular phone systems, such as GSM, UMTS, or
`
`CDMAZOOO, radio base stations control the transmissions between mobile radios and
`
`a Wired backbone. The infrastructure used to control such systems can reside in a
`
`Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN ), which can include subsystems such as base
`
`25
`
`station controllers (BSC) and mobile switching centers (MSG). The communications
`
`with the mobile radios can be provided over control channels defined by the system.
`
`Connection setup, channel allocation, handover, and other types of support functions
`
`can be controlled by the BSCs and the MSCs.
`
`Figure 1 shows an example of a conventional system, wherein the operations
`
`30
`
`of several base stations in close proximity of each other, can be coordinated to reduce
`
`interference between mobile radios and to provide handover when the mobile radio
`
`moves from one coverage area to another. In particular, the system can be responsible
`
`for handling mobility issues that may arise while using the system, such as the radio
`
`interface, roaming, authentication, and so on. The system can be separated from a
`
`1
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`conventional wire-line backbone, such as a Public Switched Telephone Network
`
`(PSTN), but may interface to the backbone via a gateway (GMSC). As shown in
`
`Figure l, typically only the connection between the radio and the base station (122., the
`
`last segment of a call) is wireless.
`
`Figure 2 shows wireless extensions to a wire—line backbone, such as the PSTN
`
`discussed above. In these types of systems, the BSC and MSC sub—systems shown in
`
`Figure 1 may be absent as the wire-line backbones may not support mobility. Some
`
`examples of wireless extensions to wire-line backbones include DECT (a wireless
`
`extension of PSTN/ISDN) and IEEE 802.11, which is a wireless extension of
`
`i0
`
`Ethernet.
`
`Many of the above systems can provide multiple users with access to the
`
`system essentially simultaneously. Access can be provided to the multiple users by,
`
`for example, dividing the radio band into multiple channels. These types of systems
`
`are sometimes referred to as multiple access systems, which can be provided using
`
`15
`
`various approaches illustrated in Figures 3—5 .
`
`Figure 3 illustrates an analog type multiple access approach that is commonly
`
`referred to as Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) wherein access for N
`
`users is provided by N different fiequencies mi. According to Figure 3, N separate
`
`channels are provided at the different frequencies indicated by evenly spaced carriers
`
`at the different frequencies 0);. The information signal (TX signal i) generated by the
`
`respective user modulates a respective carrier at to provide a respective transmitted
`
`signal. The transmitted signal can be received by a receiver by demodulating the
`
`transmitted signal using the same carrier frequency mi and processed by a low pass
`
`filter (LP Filter) to provide a received signal (RX signal i). The bandwidth of the ‘
`
`transmitted signal combined with the carrier spacing can determine interference
`
`between adjacent channels. The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), the
`
`Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system, and the Extended Total Access System
`
`(ETACS), are examples of systems based on FDMA.
`
`In FDMA, channels may be confined to an intended channel, for example to
`
`reduce interference, by spacing adjacent carriers adequately (referred to as
`
`orthogonality). The relative positions of the carriers should remain in a fixed
`
`relationship to one another (i. e., the channels should not drift toward or away from
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`one another). One way to reduce drift is to use a stable crystal oscillator as a
`
`reference for the frequency synthesizer in the radio.
`
`Digital communications systems, such as the Global System for Mobile
`
`communications (GSM) and D-AMPS, can allow multiple users to access the medium
`
`on the basis of time. Such systems are commonly referred to as Time Division
`
`Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, an example of which is shown in Figure 4. As
`
`shown in Figure 4, each of the N users can be assigned one of the N time slots ti. The
`
`transmitters transmit the respective signal (TX signal i) during the respective assigned
`
`time. Similarly, the receivers receive the signals (RX signal i) during the assigned
`
`time slot. In some TDMA systems, such as those illustrated in Figure 4, the channel
`
`V
`
`provided by the carrier is divided into eight time slots. The channel can be defined by
`
`the carrier frequency and a time slot. Different users can be supported by different
`
`channels (Le, a combination of the particular frequency and the assigned time slot).
`
`It is also known to combine aspects of TDMA and FDMA, wherein multiple carrier
`
`frequencies are divided into multiple time slots. The channels can, therefore, be
`
`specified by one of the frequencies in combination with one of the time slots.
`
`In TDMA, channel orthogonality can be provided by preventing consecutive
`
`time slots from overlapping one another, which can be provided using stable clocks in
`
`the transceivers. In addition to a particular transmitter and receiver pair being
`
`synchronized in the system, the different receivers can be also be synchronized to one
`
`another to prevent the time slot assigned to one radio from drifting into another time
`
`slot assigned to another radio. Usually, this can be accomplished by synchronizing all
`
`radios to a central controller, such as a base station.
`
`It is also known to provide multiple access communications using a technique
`
`that is commonly referred to as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), such as
`
`systems using Direct Sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) or Direct Sequence Spread
`Spectrum (DSSS). As shown in Figure 5, in DS-CDMA, the transmitted information
`
`(TX signal i) is spread with a high-rate spreading code (or signature) Si that is
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`associated with the particular transmitter i. In the receiver, a correlation can be
`
`30'
`
`applied to the signal using the same spreading code S, to despread the signal to its
`
`original format (RX signal i). Typically, the spreading codes assigned to the
`
`transmitters are orthogonal relative to one another. If the spreading code used by the
`
`receiver does not match the spreading code used by the transmitter, the received
`
`signal will not be despread correctly and, therefore, may not be decoded. DS-CDMA
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`techniques are used, for example, in 13—95, UMTS and CDMAZOOO. Conventional .
`
`Spread Spectrum processing is discussed further, for example, in Spread specfl‘um
`
`communications handbook, pp. 7—117, by Marvin K. Simon et al., published 1994 by
`
`McGraw—Hill, In. ISBN 0—07—057629-7.
`
`5
`
`It is also known to provide multiple access communications using a technique
`that is commonly referred to as Frequency—Hopping CDMA (PH-CDMA), as shown
`
`in Figure 6A. According to Figure 6A, each of the N transmitters in the multiple
`
`access system separates the information to be transmitted into different segments and
`
`transmits each of the different segments at a carrier frequency that changes over time.
`
`10
`
`A "hop pattern" defines which carrier frequency is used at which time for data
`
`transmission. In particular, as time elapses each transmitter hops (or changes) from
`
`one carrier to another according to a pseudo—random hop code, Ci(.Q,t), that is
`
`essentially unique to the particular transmitter.
`
`Only the receiver that applies the same hop code Ci applied during
`
`15
`
`transmission can remain in synchronization with the transmitter that transmitted the
`
`data and, therefore, is the only receiver that can decode the information. An
`
`exemplary table in Figure 6B shows an example of a hop pattern wherein the N
`
`transmitters change from one frequency to another frequency as a function of the hop
`
`codes applied by the different transmitters (and receivers) as a function of time.
`
`20
`
`One type of problem that may be encountered in both DS-CDMA and FH-
`CDMA type systems is the acquisition or initial code synchronization. Ifthe
`
`spreading code is not synchronized to the signal at the receiver, the correct
`
`despreading may not be provided. Synchronization may be particularly difficult to
`
`obtain in low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) conditions. As a result, synchronization
`
`25
`
`a can be a lengthy process. This may pose a problem for asynchronous services where
`
`the transmissions are "bursty" and a synchronization phase may be needed for each
`
`new transmission.
`
`Moreover, the acquisition delay may become an obstacle when large immunity
`
`against interference is desired. The Processing Gain (PG) in direct-sequence spread
`
`30
`
`spectrum systems can be defined as the ratio between the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
`
`after and before de-spreading:
`
`PG = SNRdeSpread/SNRspread
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`The above equation means that the SNR before de—spreading can be inversely
`
`proportional to the processing gain. Large processing gains can result in low
`
`SNRspread. The SNRde_Spread after de—spreading can typically be about 5—10dB. For
`
`example, with an SNRde_spmad of about 8dB and a desired processing gain of about
`
`20dB, the SNRspread can about -12dB. In other words, under these conditions the
`
`signal may be buried in noise. Since the acquisition takes place before the signal is
`
`de—spread, the synchronization operates under low SNRspmad conditions. Moreover,
`
`the lower the SNRspmad, the longer the time acquisition may require. Ultra-large
`
`processing gain systems, which can be attractive because of the large immunity
`against interference, may therefore be handicapped by) long acquisition delays.
`
`10
`
`In CDMA, channel orthogonality can be provided by the cross—correlation
`
`properties of the different codes used by the radios. However, code orthogonality
`
`may be provided only for certain phase differences between different codes, which
`
`may be obtained by synchronizing different transceivers. Moreover, this may be the
`
`15
`
`case for DS—CDMA and FH—CDMA.
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`Another type of wireless system, commonly referred to as an "ad—hoe" system,
`
`is generally shown in Figure 7. In contrast to many of the systems discussed above,
`
`ad-hoc systems may have little or no structure. Compliant devices may establish
`
`connections with other units directly without the mediation of a base station or other
`
`central controller. Different connections may be independently established without
`
`any coordination.
`
`Figure 8 shows an example of ad-hoc systems known as "Bluetooth", wherein
`
`a single channel is shared among several devices in an ad-hoc network. According to
`
`Figure 8, each of the ad-hoc networks SOSA-D can operate independent of one
`
`another. A master device in each ad-hoc network establishes a single channel that all
`
`of the devices in the ad-hoc network use for communications. For example, if device
`
`810A is master of ad-hoc network 805A, devices 815A and 820A communicate over a
`
`channel that is determined by the master device 810A. Furthermore, only one of the
`
`devices can transmit in the ad-hoc network 805A at a single time. The master device
`
`810A does not control the communications that occur in ad—hoc networks 805B-805D.
`
`Frequency Hopping Code Division Multiple Access (FH-CDMA) techniques
`
`can be used by different ad—hoc networks, which may be near to one another. When
`
`FH~CDMA is used, each ad—hoc master may define a unique hopping sequence for the
`
`associated ad-hoc network to reduce interference with the other ad-hoc networks.
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`Bluetooth is described in further detail at www.bluetooth.com, and is described
`
`generally in a publication by Haartsen, entitled Bluetooth-The Universal Radio
`
`IntezfaceforAd—hoc, Wireless Connectivity, Ericsson Review No. 3, 1998, pp. 110—
`
`1 17, the disclosures ofboth of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in
`
`their entirety as if set forth fully herein.
`
`The unstructured nature of ad—hoc systems, such as Bluetooth, may give rise to
`
`some problems that may not be encountered in the other types ofmobile systems
`
`mentioned above. For example, in ad—hoc systems there may be little control over
`
`interference. Because of lack of coordination and synchronization, channels cannot
`
`10
`
`be made orthogonal which poses a problem to use the conventional multiple access
`
`methods as described above. Furthermore, the transmit power and the distance
`
`between the receiver and the interferer may not be controlled, which may cause the
`interference to have a received power that is greater than the received power of the
`
`intended signal. This is sometime referred to as "the near-far problem." This means
`
`15
`
`that even signals that are separated in frequency may interfere with each other
`
`because the leakage from one signal to another becomes large due to the high power
`
`of the transmitter or, alternatively, because of the relatively small distance between
`
`the transmitter and the receiver.
`
`Figure 9A shows a situation in which the near—far problem discussedrabove
`
`20
`
`may be exhibited. In particular, a transmitter 905 in communication with a receiver
`
`910 is interfered by a device 915. As shown in Figure 9A, the device 915 is much
`
`closer to the receiver 910 and may also have a larger output power than the
`
`transmitter 905. Although the device 915 may be transmitting on a different
`
`frequency than the transmitter 905, the spectral leakage entering the channel filter of
`
`25
`
`receiver 910 may be great enough to interfere with the reception of the signals from
`
`the transmitter 905. The signal of the device 915 may also drive the receiver 910 into
`
`saturation, which is sometimes referred to as de-sensitization or blocking.
`
`Another difficulty that may arise in ad-hoc systems is the problem associated
`
`with so-called "hidden nodes" which is shown in Figure 9B. The hidden node
`
`30
`
`problem refers to the fact that transmitter 905 and device 920 may not be within range
`
`of one another, but may both be within range of another device 910. If transmitter
`
`905 needs to transmit to device 910 and, therefore, first determines whether the
`
`channel is free, the transmitter 905 may not recognize that there is an ongoing
`
`transmission between devices 910 and 920 since device 920 is out of range of the
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`transmitter 905. Accordingly, transmitter 905 believes that the channel is free and
`stars transmitting, which will disturb the ongoing transmission between devices 910 if
`
`and 920. As discussed above, device 920 may not be detected by the radio 905 due to
`
`the device 920 being out of range.
`
`Another difficulty that may arise in ad-hoc systems is identifying the devices
`
`to which the ad—hoc connections are to be made. A discovery process may be
`
`conducted to determine the devices that are in range and what connections can be
`
`established. In particular, the ad-hoc devices may constantly scan the radio interface
`
`to detect setup messages, which may increase power consumption of ad—hoc devices.
`
`Moreover, many of these systems also may require a connection to be
`
`established before the transfer of data can occur. If the interval between data
`
`transmissions is short, maintaining the established connection may be acceptable. On
`
`the other hand, if the interval is relatively long, it may be beneficial to terminate the
`
`connection to reduce power consumption and interference. However, terminating the
`
`connection may incur the overhead associated with establishing a new connection
`
`before any further data transmissions can take place. Moreover, if large processing
`
`gains are desired, the long acquisition and synchronization delay prevents the system
`
`to release the connection after each data transfer. The problems encountered in ad-
`
`hoc systems as listed above can be combated with a spreading technique using
`
`extremely large processing gains (Ultra-large processing gain) as will be described in
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`the application.
`
`SUMMARY
`
`Embodiments according to the invention can provide methods, electronic
`devices, and systems for communicating in wireless ad—hoc networks and multiple
`
`25
`
`access systems (such as mobile radio telephone communications systems). For
`
`example, in some embodiments according to the invention, a transmitter can transmit
`
`data to a first receiver in an ad-hoc wireless network (or multiple access system) over
`
`a first channel and can, further, transmit data to a second receiver in the ad-hoc
`
`30
`
`wireless network (or multiple access system) over a second channel that is separate
`
`from the first channel. Accordingly, communications between transmitters and
`
`different receivers in the ad-hoc wireless network (or multiple access system) can be
`
`carried on simultaneously.
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`Furthermore, in some embodiments according to the present invention, the
`
`channel over which the transmitter communicates With the receiver is determined by
`
`the receiver, For example, the transmitter can request an identifier for the channel
`
`over which the receiver receives data. In response, the receiver can transmit its
`
`channel identifier to the transmitter, which can in turn use the receiver's channel
`
`identifier to transmit data to the receiver.
`
`The different channels for the receivers in the ad-hoc wireless network (or
`
`multiple access system) can be provided by different functions or offsets. For
`
`example, in some embodiments according to the invention, a first receiver in the ad-
`hoc wireless network (or multiple access system) can specify a channel, over which
`
`10
`
`data can be provided, as a first offset whereas the second receiver specifies a second
`
`channel, over which it receives data as a second offset. Therefore, a transmitter can
`
`communicate with the first receiver by transmitting using the first offset and can
`
`communicate with the second receiver by transmitting using the second offset.
`
`Moreover, transmissions to the second receiver are not detected by the first receiver as
`
`the first and second offsets provide different channels over which communications
`
`can be carried out.
`
`In some embodiments according to the invention, the offset is a frequency
`
`offset )a). For example, the first receiver in the ad—hoc wireless network (or multiple
`
`access system) can specify a first frequency offset )a); to be used by transmitters
`
`wishing to transmit data to the first receiver. A second receiver in the ad-hoc wireless
`
`network (or multiple access system) can specify a second frequency offset )co; over
`
`which data can beprovided to the second receiver. Accordingly, a transmitter can
`
`transmit to the first receiver using the first frequency offset )a); and can transmit to the
`
`second receiver using the second frequency offset )0».
`
`In still other embodiments according to the invention, the offset is a time
`
`offset )2". Accordingly, the first receiver can define the first channel asia first time
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`offset )2] whereas the second receiver can specify the second channel as a second time
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`offset )2'2. Therefore, the transmitter can transmit to the first receiver using the first
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`time offset )7; and can transmit to the second receiver using the second time offset )72.
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`In still other embodiments according to the invention, a reference signal (or
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`spreading code) used to spread a transmitted information signal, is transmitted to the
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`receiver as a component of a transmitted composite signal. The receiver can despread
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`the received signal by implicitly using the reference signal that is included in the
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`composite signal. No prior knowledge of the reference signal is needed at the
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`receiver. Embodiments according to the invention can, therefore, use a reference
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`signal that is essentially (or truly) random and is very long as the spreading code. The
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`random nature and the long length of the reference signal can provide very low cross-
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`correlation. The large spreading provided by the reference signals can, therefore,
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`provide What is commonly referred to as "Ultra-Large Processing Gain" for the
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`received signal. Moreover, because the reference signal is transmitted with the data,
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`the receiver may be able to despread the received signal quickly, since acquisition
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`L
`under low SNR conditions is not required.
`In some embodiments according to the invention, the reference signal is
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`modulated with the frequency offset associated with some of the embodiments
`
`discussed herein. In other embodiments according to the invention, the composite
`signal includes the reference component and the information component Where one of
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`the components is delayed with respect to the other by the time offset discussed
`herein.
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`BRIEF DESCIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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`Figure l is a schematic diagram that illustrates conventional communication
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`systems.
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`Figure 2 is a schematic diagram that illustrates wireless extensions to
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`conventional communications systems.
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`Figure 3 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a conventional FDMA system.
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`Figure 4 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a conventional TDMA system.
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`Figure 5 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a conventional direct sequence
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`CDMA system.
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`Figure 6A is a schematic diagram that illustrates a conventional FH—CDMA
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`system.
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`Figure 6B is a table that illustrates frequency hopping as a function of time in
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`a conventional FH—CDMA systems as shown in Figure 6A.
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`Figure 7 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a conventional ad-hoc network.
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`Figure 8 is a schematic diagram that illustrates network topology of a
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`conventional ad~hoc system known as Bluetooth.
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`Figures 9A and 9B are schematic diagrams that illustrate near—far problems
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`and hidden node problems associated with conventional ad-hoc networks.
`
`Figure 10 is a block diagram that illustrates embodiments of electronic devices
`
`according to the invention.
`
`Figure 11 is a schematic diagram that illustrates operations of embodiments
`
`according to the invention.
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`Figure 12 is a schematic diagram that illustrates embodiments of a data
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`transmission structure according to the invention.
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`Figure 13 is a flow chart that illustrates operations of embodiments according
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`to the invention.
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`Figures 14-18 are schematic diagrams that illustrate embodiments of
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`transmitters circuits and receiver circuits according to the invention.
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`Figure 19 is a graph that illustrates respective bandwidths of the components
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`of a composite signal according to the invention.
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`Figures 20-23 are schematic diagrams that illustrate embodiments of
`
`transmitter circuits and receiver circuits according to the invention.
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`Figures 24—30 are schematic diagrams that illustrate embodiments of
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`transmitter circuits and receiver circuits according to the invention.
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`Figures 31-33 are schematic diagrams that illustrate embodiments of data
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`transmission and reception according to the invention.
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`Figure 34 is a schematic diagram that illustrates the shifting of a composite
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`signal and the correlation of the composite signal with the shifted composite signal at
`
`a receiver according to embodiments of the invention.
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`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
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`The invention is described more fully hereinafier with reference to the
`
`accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This
`
`invention may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed
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`as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are
`
`provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey
`
`the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
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`The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the
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`purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting
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`of the invention. As used in the description of the invention and the appended claims,
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`the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as
`
`well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
`
`It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising,"
`
`when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps,
`
`operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition
`
`of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components,
`
`and/or groups thereof.
`
`Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have
`
`the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to
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`which this invention belongs. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other
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`references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
`
`As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, the present invention may be
`
`embodied as methods, electronic devices, such as a radiotelephone, systems, and/or
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`computer program products. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of
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`hardware embodiments, software embodiments or embodiments that combine
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`,
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`software and hardware aspects.
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`The present invention is disclosed using (block and flowchart) diagrams. It
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`will be understood that each block (of the flowchart illustration and block diagrams),
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`and combinations of blocks, can be implemented using computer program
`
`instructions. These program instructions may be provided to a processor circuit(s)
`
`within the mobile user terminal or system, such that the instructions which execute on
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`the processor circuit(s) create means for implementing the functions specified in the
`
`block or blocks.
`
`The computer program instructions may be executed by the processor
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`circuit(s), such as a Digital Signal Processor, to cause a series of operational steps to
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`be performed by the processor circuit(s) to produce a computer implemented process
`
`such that the instructions which execute on the processor circuit(s) provide steps for
`
`implementing the functions specified in the block or blocks. Accordingly, the blocks
`
`support combinations of means for performing the specified fimctions, combinations
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`of steps for performing the specified functions and program instructions for
`
`performing the specified functions. It will also be understood that each block, and
`
`combinations ofblocks, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based
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`systems which perform the specified functions or steps, or combinations of special
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`purpose hardware and computer instructions.
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`Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program
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`product on a computer-usable storage medium having computer~usable program code
`
`embodied in the medium. Any suitable computer readable medium may be utilized
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`including hard disks, CD-ROMS, optical storage de