Microsoft
`
`
`
`mace
`10,000
`Shea ae
`
`Microsoft
`
`Computer
`Dictionary
`mistam=elice): iafsi
`IPR2021-00145
`
`« Fully updated with the latest
`technologies, terms, and acronyms:
`* Easy to read, expertly illustrated
`* Definitive coverage of hardware,
`software, the Internet, and more!
`
`EXHIBIT 1057
`Samsunget al. v. Neonode
`
`EXHIBIT 1057
`Samsung et al. v. Neonode
`IPR2021-00145
`
`1
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`200219714
`
`AQ76.5. M52267 2002
`004'.03--dc21
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT
`7 6 5 4 3 2
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd.
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com.
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-41929
`
`2
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Contributors
`
`Peter Aiken
`
`Bart Arenson
`
`Janice Borzendowski
`
`Jerome Colburn
`
`Duane Hanson
`
`Andrew Himes
`
`Robert Howecton
`
`Annette B. Jackson
`
`Larry S. Jackson
`
`Thomas A. Jackson
`
`Chris Kinata
`
`Ilana Kingsley
`
`Robin Lombard
`
`Thomas A. Long
`
`William G. Madison
`
`Illustrators
`
`Travis Beaven
`
`David Holter
`
`Alton Lawson
`
`Thomas P. Magliery
`
`David Mason
`
`Terrence M. McLaren
`
`Wallace Parker
`
`Charles Petzold
`
`Phil Rose
`
`John Ross
`
`David Rygmyr
`
`Aimée Truchard
`
`Michael Vose
`
`Bruce Webster
`
`Judson D. Weeks
`
`Tom Winn
`
`JoAnne Woodcock
`
`Rob Nance
`
`Joel Panchot
`
`3
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`

`

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`4
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`

`

`
`
`Contents
`
`
`
`Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. vii
`Changes in the Fifth Edition ............................................................................................................................ vii
`Order of Presentation ...................................................................................................................................... vii
`Entries .............................................................................................................................................................. vii
`Future Printings and Editions ........................................................................................................................... ix
`
`Dictionary of Computer Terms ................................... 1
`Appendix A:
`Common Character Sets .................................................................................................... 587
`ANSI Character Set ........................................................................................................................ 587
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set ...................................................................................... 593
`IBM Extended Character Set .......................................................................................................... 597
`EBCDIC Character Set ................................................................................................................... 599
`Appendix B:
`Common File Extensions .................................................................................................. 605
`
`Appendix C:
`Instant Messaging Emoticons and Acronyms ................................................................... 613
`
`Appendix D:
`Internet Domains ............................................................................................................... 623
`
`Appendix E:
`Numeric Equivalents ......................................................................................................... 631
`
`v
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`5
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`

`

`
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`
`6
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`

`

`Introduction
`
`The Microsoft Computer Dictionary, Fifth Edition is
`designed to be a comprehensive and authoritative source of
`definitions for computer-related terms and abbreviations.
`The dictionary includes terms drawn from a wide variety
`of topics relevant to computer users, including software,
`hardware, networking, data storage, graphics, games,
`information processing, the Internet and the World Wide
`Web, gaming, history, jargon and slang, organizations, pro-
`gramming, and standards.
`Although this book covers nearly every aspect of comput-
`ing, it does not include entries on most companies or on
`most makes and models of computers, nor does it contain
`entries on most application software products. The few
`exceptions to this rule of thumb are key companies and
`products that have a historical or universal importance
`within the computing industry.
`This dictionary emphasizes terminology that the average
`computer user will encounter in documentation, online
`help, computer manuals, marketing and sales materials, the
`popular media, and the computer trade press. Because
`most computer users operate personal computers and desk-
`top systems at home, work, or both, the majority of the
`entries in this dictionary cover the terminology used in
`describing and working with these systems. However,
`some specialized or highly technical language is included
`that pertains to areas of industry, academia, software and
`hardware development, and research. These terms have
`been included because they have a bearing on more com-
`mon computer terminology or because they are of histori-
`cal significance.
`
`Changes in the Fifth Edition
`The fifth edition of the Microsoft Computer Dictionary has
`been revised and expanded to include over 10,000 entries,
`reflecting the many advances in the computer field and
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`including several areas that have come into prominence in
`the public eye, such as networking, Web authoring, and
`new technologies, such as .NET. The content from the Year
`2000 appendix has been integrated into the body of the dic-
`tionary and a new appendix on emoticons and instant mes-
`saging symbols has been added.
`
`Order of Presentation
`Entries are alphabetized by letter. Spaces are ignored, as are
`characters such as hyphens and slashes; for example, Bau-
`dot code falls between baud and baud rate, and machine-
`independent falls between machine identification and
`machine instruction. Numbers and symbols are located at
`the beginning of the book and are listed in ascending ASCII
`order. If an entry begins with a letter or letters but contains
`a number, it is listed alphabetically, according to the initial
`letter(s), and then according to ASCII order. Thus, V20
`precedes V.2x, and both precede VAB.
`
`Entries
`Entries are of two types: main entries, which contain full
`definitions, and synonymous cross-references, which con-
`tain See references to the appropriate main entries. Synon-
`ymous cross-references are generally secondary or less
`common ways of referring to a main entry. The definition
`at the main entry can be substituted as a definition for the
`synonymous cross-reference.
`Format
`Information in each main entry is presented in a consistent
`format: entry name in boldface, spelling variants (if any),
`part of speech, definition, illustration or table reference (if
`any), acronym (if any), alternative names (if any), and
`cross-references (if any).
`
`
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`
`vii
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`7
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`

`

`
`
`
`
` Introduction
`
`
`
`Main Entries
`Entries that are acronyms or abbreviations for one or more
`words or concatenations of two or more words have those
`words spelled out at the beginning of the definition. The
`letters in these words or phrases that make up the acronym,
`abbreviation, or concatenation are in boldface.
`When a main entry is spelled exactly the same as another
`main entry, the two entries are differentiated by the use of a
`superscript numeral after each term. These entries are
`called homographs, and they are generally different parts
`of speech. For example,
`e-mail1 (noun)
`e-mail2 (verb)
`
`Spelling Variants
`When a main entry has one or more variations in the way it
`is spelled, each spelling variant follows the main entry,
`after the word or.
`Parts of Speech
`Entries are broken down into four parts of speech, in addi-
`tion to prefixes, abbreviated as follows:
`n. noun
`vb. verb
`adj. adjective
`adv. adverb
`Definitions
`Each of the more than 10,000 entries is written in clear,
`standard English. Many go beyond a simple definition to
`provide additional detail and to put the term in context for
`a typical computer user. When an entry has more than one
`sense or definition, the definitions are presented in a num-
`bered list, to make it easier to distinguish the particular,
`sometimes subtle, variations in meaning.
`Illustration and Table References
`Some entries have affiliated illustrations or tables that aid
`in defining the entry. In most cases, illustrations and tables
`appear on the same page as the entries to which they apply.
`
`In some instances, however, page layout requirements have
`forced them to a subsequent page. Entries with illustrations
`or tables usually have references at the end of the definition
`for an entry, in the following formats:
`See the illustration.
`See the table.
`Acronyms
`Some terminology in the computer field, particularly com-
`puter standards and Internet slang, can be shortened to
`form acronyms. Sometimes the acronym is the more com-
`mon way to refer to the concept or object; in these cases,
`the acronym is the main entry. In other cases, the acronym
`is not as commonly used as the words or phrase for which
`it stands. In these cases, the words or phrase constitute the
`main entry. The acronym is given after the definition for
`these entries in the following format:
`Acronym:
`Alternative Names
`Some items or concepts in the computer field can be
`referred to by more than one name. Generally, though, one
`way is preferred. The preferred terminology is the main
`entry. Alternative names are listed after any acronyms;
`otherwise they are listed after the definition in the follow-
`ing format:
`Also called:
`Cross-References
`Cross-references are of three types: See, See also, and Com-
`pare. A See reference is used in an entry that is a synony-
`mous cross-reference and simply points to another entry
`that contains the information sought. A See also reference
`points to one or more entries that contain additional or sup-
`plemental information about a topic and follows any acro-
`nyms or alternative names after the definition. A Compare
`reference points to an entry or entries that offer contrast and
`follows any See also references; otherwise it follows any
`acronyms or alternative names after the definition.
`
`viii
`
`8
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`
`Introduction
`
`Future Printings and Editions
`Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and
`completeness of this book. If you find an error, think that
`an entry does not contain enough information, or seek an
`entry that does not appear in this edition, please let us
`know. Address your letter to: Dictionary Editor, Microsoft
`Press, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399. Or
`send e-mail to mspcd@microsoft.com.
`
`ix
`
`9
`
`

`

`
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`
`
`10
`
`10
`
`

`

`Apple Filing Protocol
`
`application binary interface
`
`A
`
`
`
`Apple Extended Keyboard.
`Apple Filing Protocol n. See AFP.
`Apple key n. A key on Apple keyboards labeled with an
`outline of the Apple logo. On the Apple Extended Key-
`board, this key is the same as the Command key, which
`functions similarly to the Control key on IBM and com-
`patible keyboards. It is generally used in conjunction with
`a character key as a shortcut to making menu selections or
`starting a macro.
`Apple Macintosh n. See Macintosh.
`Apple Newton n. See Newton.
`AppleScript n. A script language developed by Apple
`Computer, Inc., for Macintosh computers running under
`the Mac OS to execute commands and automate functions.
`See also script.
`AppleShare n. A file server software developed by Apple
`Computer, Inc., that works with the Mac OS and allows
`one Macintosh computer to share files with another on the
`same network. See also file server, Mac OS.
`applet n. A program that can be downloaded over the
`Internet and executed on the recipient’s machine. Applets
`are often written in the Java programming language and
`run within browser software, and they are typically used to
`customize or add interactive elements to a Web page.
`AppleTalk n. An inexpensive local area network devel-
`oped by Apple Computer, Inc., for Macintosh computers
`that can be used by Apple and non-Apple computers to
`communicate and share resources such as printers and file
`servers. Non-Apple computers must be equipped with
`AppleTalk hardware and suitable software. The network
`
`
`uses a layered set of protocols similar to the ISO/OSI ref-
`erence model and transfers information in the form of
`packets called frames. AppleTalk supports connections to
`other AppleTalk networks through devices known as
`bridges, and it supports connections to dissimilar networks
`through devices called gateways. See also bridge, frame
`(definition 2), gateway.
`AppleTalk Phase 2 n. The extended AppleTalk Internet
`model designed by Apple Computer, Inc., that supports
`multiple zones within a network and extended addressing
`capacity.
`AppleWorks n. A suite of productivity applications, for-
`merly known as ClarisWorks, distributed by Apple Com-
`puter, Inc., and shipped on the iMac computer. AppleWorks/
`ClarisWorks is an integrated product that includes support
`for word processing, spreadsheets, databases, drawing,
`painting, charting, and the Internet.
`appliance n. 1. See server appliance. 2. See information
`appliance. 3. A device with a single or limited purpose
`with functionality. This functionality is similar to a simple
`consumer appliance.
`appliance server n. 1. An inexpensive computing device
`used for specific tasks including Internet connectivity or
`file-and-print services. The server is usually easy to use
`but does not possess the capabilities or software of a typi-
`cal server for general office use. 2. See server appliance.
`application n. A program designed to assist in the perfor-
`mance of a specific task, such as word processing,
`accounting, or inventory management. Compare utility.
`application binary interface n. A set of instructions that
`specifies how an executable file interacts with the hardware
`
`31
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`

`F
`
`fulfillment
`
`fulfillment n. The process of delivering goods and ser-
`vices ordered by a consumer. Fulfillment involves estab-
`lishing a reliable procedure for tracking orders and
`delivering products.
`fulfillment service provider n. A company that provides
`fulfillment services for an e-commerce Web site by track-
`ing, packing, and shipping goods ordered via the e-com-
`merce site. A fulfillment service provider allows an e-
`business to save time, costs, and labor by outsourcing
`order processing.
`full adder n. A logic circuit used in a computer to add
`binary digits. A full adder accepts three digital inputs
`(bits): 2 bits to be added and a carry bit from another digit
`position. It produces two outputs: a sum and a carry bit.
`Full adders are combined with two-input circuits called
`half adders to enable computers to add 4 or more bits at a
`time. See also carry bit, half adder.
`full-duplex adj. See duplex1.
`full-duplex transmission n. See duplex2 (definition 1).
`full justification n. In typesetting, word processing, and
`desktop publishing, the process of aligning text evenly
`along both the left and right margins of a column or page.
`See also justify (definition 2).
`full mode n. The default operational state of Windows
`Media Player in which all of its features are displayed. The
`Player can also appear in skin mode. See also skin mode.
`full-motion video n. Video reproduction at 30 frames per
`second (fps) for NTSC signals or 25 fps for PAL signals.
`Also called: continuous motion video. See also frame
`(definition 1). Compare freeze-frame video.
`full-motion video adapter n. An expansion card for a
`computer that can convert motion video from devices such
`as a video cassette recorder to a digital format that a com-
`puter can use, such as AVI, MPEG, or Motion JPEG. See
`also AVI, Motion JPEG, MPEG.
`full name n. A user’s complete name, usually consisting
`of last name, first name, and middle initial. The full name
`is often maintained by the operating system as part of the
`information that identifies and defines a user account. See
`also user account.
`full-page display n. A video display with sufficient size
`and resolution to show at least one 81/2-by-11-inch image.
`Such displays are useful for desktop publishing applica-
`tions. Acronym: FPD. See also portrait monitor.
`
`functional design
`
`
`
`full path n. In a hierarchical filing system, a pathname
`containing all the possible components of a pathname,
`including the network share or drive and root directory, as
`well as any subdirectories and the file or object name. For
`example, the MS-DOS full path c:\book\chapter
`\myfile.doc indicates that myfile.doc is located in a direc-
`tory called chapter, which in turn is located in a directory
`called book in the root directory of the C: drive. Also
`called: full pathname. See also path (definition 2), root
`directory, subdirectory. Compare relative path.
`full pathname n. See full path.
`full-screen adj. Capable of using or being displayed on
`the full area of a display screen. Applications running in
`windowing environments, although they might use the
`entire area of the screen, commonly allocate different
`areas to different windows, any of which can be enlarged
`to fill the entire screen.
`full-text search n. A search for one or more documents,
`records, or strings based on all of the actual text data
`rather than on an index containing a limited set of key-
`words. For example, a full-text search can locate a docu-
`ment containing the words “albatrosses are clumsy on
`land” by searching files for just those words without the
`need of an index containing the keyword “albatross.” See
`also index.
`fully formed character n. A character formed by striking
`an inked ribbon with a molded or cast piece of type in the
`manner of a typewriter. Impact printers that produce fully
`formed characters use letters attached to wheels (daisy
`wheels), balls, thimbles, bands, or chains, rather than dot-
`matrix wires. See also daisy wheel, near-letter-quality,
`thimble.
`fully populated board n. A printed circuit board whose
`integrated circuit (IC) sockets are all occupied. Memory
`boards in particular may have fewer than the maximum
`possible number of memory chips, leaving some IC sock-
`ets empty. Such a board is said to be partially populated.
`function n. 1. The purpose of, or the action carried out by,
`a program or routine. 2. A general term for a subroutine.
`3. In some languages, such as Pascal, a subroutine that
`returns a value. See also function call, procedure, routine,
`subroutine.
`functional design n. The specification of the relation-
`ships between working parts of a computer system,
`including details of logical components and the way they
`work together. Functional design is shown graphically in a
`
`228
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`12
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`

`Sys Req key
`
`Sys Req key n. Short for System Request key. A key on
`some IBM and compatible keyboards that is intended to
`provide the same function as the Sys Req key on an IBM
`mainframe computer terminal: to reset the keyboard or to
`change from one session to another.
`system n. Any collection of component elements that
`work together to perform a task. Examples are a hardware
`system consisting of a microprocessor, its allied chips and
`circuitry, input and output devices, and peripheral devices;
`an operating system consisting of a set of programs and
`data files; or a database management system used to pro-
`cess specific kinds of information.
`system administrator n. The person responsible for
`administering use of a multiuser computer system, com-
`munications system, or both. A system administrator per-
`forms such duties as assigning user accounts and
`passwords, establishing security access levels, allocating
`storage space, and watching for unauthorized access to
`prevent virus or Trojan horse programs from entering the
`system. Also called: sysadmin. See also superuser, Trojan
`horse, virus. Compare sysop.
`system area network n. See storage area network.
`system board n. See motherboard.
`system clock n. See clock (definition 1).
`system console n. The control center of a computer sys-
`tem, primarily with reference to mainframe and minicom-
`puters. In networked or distributed systems, one
`workstation is designated as the system administrator’s;
`this workstation is analogous to the LAN system console.
`See also console, LAN.
`system conversion n. Changing from one operating sys-
`tem to another—for example, from Windows 98 to Win-
`dows 2000, UNIX, or OS/2.
`system development n. The process of defining, design-
`ing, testing, and implementing a new system.
`system disk n. A disk that contains an operating system
`and can be used to boot a computer. Also called: startup
`disk. See also boot2, operating system.
`system error n. A software condition that renders the
`operating system incapable of continuing to function nor-
`mally. This type of error usually requires rebooting the
`system.
`system failure n. The inability of a computer to con-
`tinue functioning, usually caused by software rather than
`hardware.
`
`System Request key
`
`
`
`System file n. A resource file on the Macintosh that con-
`tains the resources needed by the operating system, such
`as fonts, icons, and default dialog boxes.
`System folder n. The Macintosh file folder (directory)
`that contains the System file and other vital files, such as
`Finder, device drivers, INIT files, and control panel files.
`See also control panel, Finder, INIT, System file.
`system font n. On the Macintosh and in some PC appli-
`cations, the font used by the computer for on-screen text,
`such as menu titles and items (but not on-screen text
`within a word processor or other application). See also
`font.
`system generation n. The process of configuring and
`installing system software for a particular set of hardware
`components. Complex operating systems such as UNIX
`are shipped with device drivers and utilities that are often
`not relevant to a particular hardware configuration; putting
`together only the necessary components, as well as speci-
`fying important system characteristics, is part of the sys-
`tem generation process. Also called: sysgen.
`system heap n. See heap (definition 1).
`system.ini n. In Windows 3.x, the initialization file used
`to store the hardware configuration information necessary
`to run the Windows operating environment. The sys-
`tem.ini file was replaced by the registry database in Win-
`dows 9x and in Windows NT. See also ini file.
`system life cycle n. An information system’s useful life.
`At the end of a system’s life cycle it is not feasible to
`repair or expand it, so it must be replaced.
`system memory n. See memory.
`System Object Model n. See SOM (definition 1).
`system on a chip n. See SOC.
`system operator n. See sysop.
`system prompt n. See prompt (definition 1).
`system recovery n. Processing that takes place after a
`system failure in order to restore a system to normal oper-
`ation. System recovery takes place after the operating sys-
`tem is initiated. It sometimes requires that tasks in process
`during the failure be backed out of and that structures in
`memory during the failure be reconstructed.
`System Registry n. See registry.
`system replacement n. See replacement strategy.
`System Request key n. See Sys Req key.
`
`S
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`13
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