UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`PALO ALTO NETWORKS, INC.
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`SABLE NETWORKS, INC.
`Patent Owner
`
`Case IPR2021-00051
`Patent 7,012,919 B1
`
`DECLARATION OF KEVIN JEFFAY, PH.D.
`
`Mail Stop “PATENT BOARD”
`Patent Trial and Appeal Board
`U.S. Patent & Trademark Office
`P.O. Box 1450
`Alexandria, VA 22313-1450
`
`
`
`EX1003
`Palo Alto Networks v. Sable Networks
`IPR2021-00051
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`

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`IPR2021-00051
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 1
`I.
`QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERTISE ........................................................ 5
`II.
`III. LEGAL UNDERSTANDING ......................................................................... 9
`A. My Understanding of Claim Construction ............................................ 9
`B.
`A Person Having Ordinary Skill in the Art ......................................... 10
`C. My Understanding of Obviousness ..................................................... 11
`IV. BACKGROUND ON DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES AND
`MPLS ............................................................................................................. 13
`A.
`The Use of Label Switched Paths (LSPs) and Label
`Switched Routers (LSRs) With Multi-protocol Label
`Switching (MPLS) Forwarding Techniques Was Well
`Known. ................................................................................................ 16
`Generating and Transmitting “Micro-Flows” Through an
`MPLS Network Was Well Known. ..................................................... 19
`Selecting LSPs for Transmission of Micro-Flows Based on
`QoS Information and a FEC Was Well Known. ................................. 20
`PROSECUTION HISTORY OF THE ’919 PATENT .................................. 23
`V.
`VI. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ’919 PATENT .................................... 25
`VII. UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLAIMS ...................................................... 28
`VIII. OVERVIEW OF APPLIED REFERENCES ................................................ 29
`A. U.S. Patent No. 6,584,071 (Kodialam) ............................................... 29
`B.
`U.S. Patent No. 6,680,933 (Cheesman) .............................................. 32
`C.
`Supporting Differentiated Services in MPLS Networks,
`Andrikopoulos et al. (1999 Seventh International Workshop
`on Quality of Service) (Andrikopoulos) .............................................. 34
`
`B.
`
`C.
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`3.
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`IPR2021-00051
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
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`D. U.S. Patent No. 6,665,273 (Goguen) .................................................. 35
`IX. GROUND 1: CLAIMS 1-24, 28, AND 29 ARE OBVIOUS OVER
`KODIALAM. ................................................................................................. 37
`A.
`Claim 1 is obvious over Kodialam. ..................................................... 37
`1.
`Kodialam discloses the preamble of claim 1. ........................... 37
`2.
`Kodialam discloses the defining a set of label
`switched paths limitation of claim 1. ........................................ 39
`Kodialam discloses the defining a micro-flow
`limitation of claim 1 .................................................................. 39
` Kodialam discloses the selecting a particular label
`switched path limitation of claim 1. .......................................... 42
` Kodialam discloses the transmitting limitation of
`claim 1. ...................................................................................... 44
`Claim 2 is obvious over Kodialam. ..................................................... 46
`Claim 3 is obvious over Kodialam. ..................................................... 48
`Claim 4 is obvious over Kodialam. ..................................................... 48
`Claim 5 is obvious over Kodialam. ..................................................... 50
`Claim 6 is obvious over Kodialam. ..................................................... 52
`Claim 7 is obvious over Kodialam. ..................................................... 52
`Claim 8 is obvious over Kodialam. ..................................................... 52
`Claim 9 is obvious over Kodialam. ..................................................... 52
`Claim 10 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 54
`Claim 11 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 54
`1.
`Kodialam discloses the preamble of claim 11. ......................... 54
`2.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [11.1]. ................................ 56
`
`4.
`
`5.
`
`B.
`C.
`D.
`E.
`F.
`G.
`H.
`I.
`J.
`K.
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`IPR2021-00051
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
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`Kodialam discloses claim element [11.2]. ................................ 58
`3.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [11.3]. ................................ 60
`4.
`Claim 12 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 60
`L.
`M. Claim 13 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 61
`N.
`Claim 14 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 62
`O.
`Claim 15 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 63
`P.
`Claim 16 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 63
`1.
`Kodialam discloses the preamble of claim 16. ......................... 63
`2.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [16.1]. ................................ 64
`3.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [16.2]. ................................ 66
`4.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [16.3]. ................................ 67
`5.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [16.4]. ................................ 68
`6.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [16.5]. ................................ 69
`Claim 17 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 70
`Q.
`Claim 18 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 70
`R.
`Claim 19 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 70
`S.
`Claim 20 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 71
`T.
`Claim 21 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 71
`U.
`Claim 22 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 71
`V.
`W. Claim 23 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 72
`X.
`Claim 24 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 72
`Y.
`Claim 28 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 72
`1.
`Kodialam discloses the preamble of claim 28. ......................... 72
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`Z.
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`IPR2021-00051
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
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`Kodialam discloses claim element [28.1]. ................................ 74
`2.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [28.2]. ................................ 74
`3.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [28.3]. ................................ 75
`4.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [28.4] ................................. 75
`5.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [28.5] ................................. 75
`6.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [28.6] ................................. 76
`7.
`Claim 29 is obvious over Kodialam. ................................................... 76
`1.
`Kodialam discloses the preamble of claim 29. ......................... 76
`2.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [29.1]. ................................ 76
`3.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [29.2]. ................................ 77
`4.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [29.3]. ................................ 77
`5.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [29.4]. ................................ 77
`6.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [29.5]. ................................ 78
`7.
`Kodialam discloses claim element [29.6]. ................................ 78
`X. GROUND 2: CLAIMS 25-27 ARE OBVIOUS OVER
`KODIALAM IN VIEW OF CHEESMAN. ................................................... 78
`A. A POSA would have been motivated to combine Kodialam
`and Cheesman. ..................................................................................... 78
`Claim 25 is obvious over Kodialam in view of Cheesman. ................ 81
`1.
`Kodialam discloses the preamble of claim 25. ......................... 81
`2.
`The combination of Kodialam and Cheesman
`discloses claim element [25.1]. ................................................. 81
`The combination of Kodialam and Cheesman
`discloses claim element [25.2]. ................................................. 86
`
`B.
`
`3.
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`4.
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`5.
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`6.
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`IPR2021-00051
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
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`The combination of Kodialam and Cheesman
`discloses claim element [25.3]. ................................................. 89
`The combination of Kodialam and Cheesman
`discloses claim element [25.4]. ................................................. 91
`The combination of Kodialam and Cheesman
`discloses claim element [25.5]. ................................................. 94
`Claim 26 is obvious over Kodialam in view of Cheesman. ................ 95
`C.
`Claim 27 is obvious over Kodialam in view of Cheesman. ................ 97
`D.
`XI. GROUND 3: CLAIMS 1-3, 4-7, AND 9-14 ARE OBVIOUS
`OVER ANDRIKOPOULOS. ........................................................................ 98
`A.
`Claim 1 is obvious over Andrikopoulos. ............................................. 98
`1.
`Andrikopoulos discloses the preamble of claim 1. ................... 98
`2.
` Andrikopoulos discloses the defining a set of label
`switched paths limitation of claim 1. ........................................ 99
`Andrikopoulos discloses the defining a micro-flow
`limitation of claim 1. ............................................................... 100
`Andrikopoulos discloses the selecting a particular
`label switched path limitation of claim 1. ............................... 101
`Andrikopoulos discloses the transmitting limitation of
`claim 1. .................................................................................... 102
`Claim 2 is obvious over Andrikopoulos. ........................................... 104
`Claim 3 is obvious over Andrikopoulos. ........................................... 104
`Claim 5 is obvious over Andrikopoulos. ........................................... 105
`Claim 6 is obvious over Andrikopoulos. ........................................... 106
`Claim 7 is obvious over Andrikopoulos. ........................................... 106
`Claim 9 is obvious over Andrikopoulos. ........................................... 106
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`5.
`
`B.
`C.
`D.
`E.
`F.
`G.
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`H.
`I.
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`IPR2021-00051
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
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`Claim 10 is obvious over Andrikopoulos. ......................................... 107
`Claim 11 is obvious over Andrikopoulos. ......................................... 108
`1.
`Andrikopoulos discloses the preamble of claim 11. ............... 108
`2.
`Andrikopoulos discloses claim element [11.1]. ...................... 108
`3.
`Andrikopoulos discloses claim element [11.2]. ...................... 110
`4.
`Andrikopoulos discloses claim element [11.3]. ...................... 111
`Claim 12 is obvious over Andrikopoulos. ......................................... 111
`J.
`Claim 13 is obvious over Andrikopoulos. ......................................... 112
`K.
`Claim 14 is obvious over Andrikopoulos. ......................................... 114
`L.
`XII. GROUND 4: CLAIMS 4, 8, 15, 28, AND 29 ARE OBVIOUS
`OVER ANDRIKOPOULOS IN VIEW OF GOGUEN. ............................. 114
`A. A POSA would have been motivated to combine
`Andrikopoulos and Goguen. ............................................................. 114
`Claims 4, 8, and 15 are obvious over Andrikopoulos in view
`of Goguen. ......................................................................................... 116
`Claim 28 is obvious over Andrikopoulos in view of Goguen. ......... 118
`1.
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Goguen
`discloses the preamble of claim 28. ........................................ 118
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Goguen
`discloses claim element [28.1]. ............................................... 119
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Goguen
`discloses claim element [28.2]. ............................................... 119
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Goguen
`discloses claim element [28.3]. ............................................... 120
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Goguen
`discloses claim element [28.4]. ............................................... 120
`
`B.
`
`C.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`5.
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`
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`6.
`
`7.
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`D.
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`IPR2021-00051
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
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`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Goguen
`discloses claim element [28.5]. ............................................... 120
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Goguen
`discloses claim element [28.6]. ............................................... 120
`Claim 29 is obvious over Andrikopoulos in view of Goguen. ......... 121
`1.
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Goguen
`discloses the preamble of claim 29. ........................................ 121
` The combination of Andrikopoulos and Goguen
`discloses claim element [29.1]. ............................................... 121
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Goguen
`discloses claim element [29.2]. ............................................... 121
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Goguen
`discloses claim element [29.3]. ............................................... 122
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Goguen
`discloses claim element [29.4] ................................................ 122
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Goguen
`discloses claim element [29.5]. ............................................... 122
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Goguen
`discloses claim element [29.6]. ............................................... 123
`XIII. GROUND 5: CLAIMS 16-27 ARE OBVIOUS OVER
`ANDRIKOPOULOS IN VIEW OF CHEESMAN. .................................... 123
`A. A POSA would have been motivated to combine
`Andrikopoulos and Cheesman. ......................................................... 123
`Claim 16 is obvious over Andrikopoulos in view of
`Cheesman. ......................................................................................... 125
`1.
`Andrikopoulos discloses the preamble of claim 16. ............... 125
`2.
`Andrikopoulos discloses claim element [16.1]. ...................... 126
`3.
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Cheesman
`discloses claim element [16.2]. ............................................... 127
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`5.
`
`6.
`
`7.
`
`B.
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`4.
`
`5.
`
`6.
`
`
`
`
`C.
`
`D.
`
`E.
`
`F.
`
`G.
`
`H.
`
`I.
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`J.
`
`K.
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`IPR2021-00051
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
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`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Cheesman
`discloses claim element [16.3]. ............................................... 130
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Cheesman
`discloses claim element [16.4]. ............................................... 130
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Cheesman
`discloses claim element [16.5]. ............................................... 132
`Claim 17 is obvious over Andrikopoulos in view of
`Cheesman. ......................................................................................... 132
`Claim 18 is obvious over Andrikopoulos in view of
`Cheesman. ......................................................................................... 133
`Claim 19 is obvious over Andrikopoulos in view of
`Cheesman. ......................................................................................... 133
`Claim 20 is obvious over Andrikopoulos in view of
`Cheesman. ......................................................................................... 134
`Claim 21 is obvious over Andrikopoulos in view of
`Cheesman. ......................................................................................... 134
`Claim 22 is obvious over Andrikopoulos in view of
`Cheesman. ......................................................................................... 135
`Claim 23 is obvious over Andrikopoulos in view of
`Cheesman. ......................................................................................... 135
`Claim 24 is obvious over Andrikopoulos in view of
`Cheesman. ......................................................................................... 135
`Claim 25 is obvious over Andrikopoulos in view of
`Cheesman. ......................................................................................... 135
`1.
`Andrikopoulos discloses the preamble of claim 25. ............... 135
`2.
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Cheesman
`discloses claim element [25.1]. ............................................... 136
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Cheesman
`discloses claim element [25.2]. ............................................... 137
`
`3.
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`4.
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`IPR2021-00051
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
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`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Cheesman
`discloses claim element [25.3]. ............................................... 138
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Cheesman
`discloses claim element [25.4]. ............................................... 139
`The combination of Andrikopoulos and Cheesman
`discloses claim element [25.5]. ............................................... 140
`Claim 26 is obvious over Andrikopoulos in view of
`Cheesman. ......................................................................................... 140
`M. Claim 27 is obvious over Andrikopoulos in view of
`Cheesman. ......................................................................................... 141
`XIV. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 142
`
`5.
`
`6.
`
`L.
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`

`
`I, Dr. Kevin Jeffay, declare as follows:
`
`
`
`I.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`IPR2021-00051
`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
`
`1.
`
`I have been retained by Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein, & Fox, P.L.L.C.,
`
`(“SKGF”) which represents Palo Alto Networks, Inc. (“Palo Alto”; “Petitioner”) in
`
`connection with the above-captioned inter partes review of U.S. Patent No.
`
`7,012,919 to So et al., titled “Micro-Flow Label Switching” (EX1001, “’919
`
`patent”). I understand that the ’919 patent is currently assigned to Sable Networks,
`
`Inc. (“Sable”).
`
`2.
`
`I have reviewed and am familiar with the ’919 patent, which issued to
`
`Tricci Y. So et al. on March 14, 2006. I understand that the ’919 patent includes 29
`
`claims, and that claims 1, 11, 16, 25, 28, and 29 are the independent claims. I also
`
`understand that the Petition for inter partes review that accompanies this
`
`Declaration seeks to cancel all 29 claims (“challenged claims”) of the ’919 patent.
`
`Thus, my analysis and opinions will focus on all claims, 1-29, of the ’919 patent.
`
`In this Declaration, I will cite to the specification of the ’919 patent using the
`
`following format: EX1001, 1:1-10. This example citation points to the ’919 patent
`
`specification at column 1, lines 1-10.
`
`3.
`
`I have reviewed and am familiar with the following documents:
`
`• U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 to So et al. (EX1001, “’919 patent”);
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`- 1 -
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`
`
`IPR2021-00051
`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
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`• Prosecution History of U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 (EX1002, “’919
`
`Prosecution History”);
`
`• Dr. Kevin Jeffay’s Curriculum Vitae (EX1004, “Dr. Jeffay CV”);
`
`• U.S. Patent No. 6,584,071 to Kodialam et al. (EX1005, “Kodialam”);
`
`• U.S. Patent No. 6,680,933 to Cheesman et al. (EX1006, “Cheesman”);
`
`• Andrikopoulos, I. et al., “Supporting Differentiated Services in MPLS
`
`Networks,” IWQoS ’99: 1999 Seventh International Workshop on
`
`Quality of Service, 1999, including Declaration from Rachel J. Watters,
`
`Librarian and Director of Wisconsin TechSearch (“Watters Declaration”)
`
`(collectively, EX1007, “Andrikopoulos”);
`
`• U.S. Patent No. 6,665,273 to Goguen et al. (EX1008, “Goguen”);
`
`• U.S. Patent No. 6,678,264 to Gibson (EX1009, “Gibson”);
`
`• U.S. Patent No. 6,408,055 to Fan et al. (EX1010, “Fan”);
`
`• U.S. Patent No. 6,473,404 to Kaplan et al. (EX1011, “Kaplan”);
`
`• U.S. Patent No. 6,687,247 to Wilford et al. (EX1012, “Wilford”);
`
`• Rosen, E. et al., “A Proposed Architecture for MPLS,” Network Working
`
`Group, January 1998 (EX1013, “Rosen”);
`
`• Rosen, E. et al., “Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture,” RFC
`
`3031, Network Working Group, January 2001 (EX1014, “RFC 3031”);
`
`
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`- 2 -
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`

`
`
`IPR2021-00051
`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
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`• Li, T. et al., “A Provider Architecture for Differentiated Services and
`
`Traffic Engineering (PASTE),” RFC 2430, Network Working Group,
`
`October 1998 (EX1015, “RFC 2430”);
`
`• Andrikopoulos, I. et al., “Experiments and Enhancements for IP and
`
`ATM Integration: The IthACI Project,” IEEE Communications
`
`Magazine, Vol. 39, No. 5 (May 2001), including Declaration from
`
`Rachel J. Watters, Librarian and Director of Wisconsin TechSearch
`
`(collectively, EX1016, “Andrikopoulos-2001”);
`
`• Faucheur et al., “MPLS Support of Differentiated Services,” Internet
`
`Draft, draft-ietf-mpls-diff-ext-03.txt, February 2000 (EX1017,
`
`“Faucheur”);
`
`• Girish et al., “A Framework for Service Differentiation in MPLS
`
`Networks,” Internet Draft, draft-vaananen-mpls-svc-diff-framework-
`
`00.txt, March 2000 (EX1018, “Girish”);
`
`• Horlait, E. et al., “Differentiated Services and Integrated Services Use of
`
`MPLS” Fifth IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, July
`
`3-6, 2000 (EX1019, “Horlait”); and
`
`• Nichols, K. et al., “Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS
`
`Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers,” Network Working Group, RFC
`
`2474, December 1998 (EX1020, “RFC 2474”).
`
`
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`
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`4.
`
`IPR2021-00051
`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
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`The ’919 patent is generally directed towards a system and method for
`
`transmitting a micro-flow along a selected a label switched path (LSP) in a Multi-
`
`protocol Label Switching (MPLS) network, where the particular LSP is chosen
`
`based on a quality of service (QoS) type of a micro-flow. EX1001, ’919 patent,
`
`Abstract. I am familiar with the technology described in the ’919 patent as of its
`
`earliest possible priority date (April 19, 2000).
`
`5.
`
`I have been asked to consider how a person of ordinary skill in the art
`
`(“POSA”) would have understood the claims subject to inter partes review in light
`
`of the disclosure of the ’919 patent. I have also been asked to consider how a
`
`POSA would have understood the applied Kodialam, Cheesman, Andrikopoulos,
`
`and Goguen prior art. Further, I have been asked to consider and provide my
`
`technical review, analysis, insights, and opinions regarding whether a POSA would
`
`have understood:
`
`• the disclosure of Kodialam to render claims 1-24, 28, and 29 obvious;
`
`• the disclosure of Kodialam in combination with Cheesman to render
`
`claims 25-27 obvious;
`
`• the disclosure of Andrikopoulos to render claims 1-3, 5-7, and 9-14
`
`obvious;
`
`• the disclosure of Andrikopoulos in combination with Goguen to render
`
`claims 4, 8, 15, 28, and 29 obvious; and
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`IPR2021-00051
`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
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`• the disclosure of Andrikopoulos in combination with Cheesman to render
`
`claims 16-27 obvious.
`
`6.
`
`I am being compensated at my standard hourly rate of $750 dollars
`
`per hour. My compensation is not dependent on the outcome of this inter partes
`
`review and in no way affects the substance of my statements in this declaration.
`
`II. QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERTISE
`
`7.
`
`In formulating my opinions, I have relied upon my knowledge,
`
`training, and experience in the relevant art. My qualifications are stated more fully
`
`in my curriculum vitae, which has been provided as Exhibit 1004. Here, I provide a
`
`brief summary of my qualifications.
`
`8.
`
`Currently, I am a tenured professor in the Department of Computer
`
`Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where I hold the
`
`position of Gillian T. Cell Distinguished Professor of Computer Science. I also
`
`currently serve as the Chairman of the Department. I have been a faculty member
`
`at UNC since 1989.
`
`9.
`
`I received a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of
`
`Washington in 1989. Before that, I received a M.Sc. degree in computer science
`
`from the University of Toronto in 1984, and a B.S. degree with Highest Distinction
`
`in mathematics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1982.
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`10.
`
`IPR2021-00051
`U.S. Patent No. 7,012,919 B1
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`I have been involved in the research and development of networked
`
`computing systems for over 35 years. During this time, I have performed research,
`
`and I taught in the areas of computer networks, distributed systems, real-time
`
`systems, operating systems, multimedia networking, network traffic analysis, and
`
`network performance evaluation, among others. A major theme of my research has
`
`been the measurement and analysis of traffic patterns and traffic performance in
`
`communications networks. In my research and teaching, I have considered
`
`problems of the design and implementation of computer networks, including issues
`
`of multimedia networking, network performance measurement and management,
`
`and aspects of router design. In addition, I have also explored problems in the
`
`design and implementation of operating systems. Much of my research has been
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`performed jointly with industry. For example, starting in 1991, in collaboration
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`with IBM and Intel my research group constructed and operated one of the first
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`Internet videoconferencing systems. We also developed a data conferencing
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`“shared window system” that was similar to today’s Cisco’s WebEx and
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`LogMeIn’s GoToMeeting screen sharing products and services.
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`11. As part of my research, I regularly build and use clusters of computers
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`interconnected by network switches, bridges, and routers to form and evaluate
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`experimental and production networks. For example, in the late 1990s and early
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`2000s, my research evolved to consider router-based mechanisms for controlling
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`the performance of network traffic. In much of this research, my students and I
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`built and instrumented network routers and performed large-scale experiments with
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`this equipment. Part of the technology we developed for this research included
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`means for classifying flows within routers and providing differential treatment to
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`flows as a way of providing so-called “better than best effort” forwarding services.
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`The research further included the development of traffic management and
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`scheduling policies and mechanisms to provide guarantees of quality-of-service to
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`packet flows. In addition, part of the experimental infrastructure we developed to
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`support this effort included constructing passive packet-capture devices to classify
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`and monitor the performance of network flows in real-time. Based on some of the
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`results of this research, in 2003, my group at UNC won the most prestigious
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`research award for original research in computer networking.
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`12.
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`I have authored or co-authored over 100 articles in peer-reviewed
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`journals, conference proceedings, texts, and monographs in the aforementioned
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`areas of computer science and others. I have previously served as Editor-in-Chief
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`for the journal Multimedia Systems and Associate Editor for the journal Real-Time
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`Systems. I have also been an active participant in the Association for Computing
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`Machinery (ACM) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
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`Specifically, I have been a member of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data
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`Communications (SIGCOMM) Steering Committee, the IEEE Technical
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`Committee on Real-Time Systems, and the ACM Special Interest Group on
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`Multimedia. I was also previously involved in the Statistical and Applied
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`Mathematical Sciences Institute (SAMSI) program on Network Modeling for the
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`Internet.
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`13. A professional activity of particular note is that fact that the
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`Andrikopoulos reference relied on herein was published in an annual proceeding of
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`the International Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS). This was a meeting
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`and community with which I was actively involved. I served on the program
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`committee for IWQoS on several occasions and in 2003 I was invited to be a co-
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`chair for the workshop.
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`14. Beyond IWQoS, I have edited and co-edited numerous published
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`proceedings of technical conferences and have edited a book of readings in
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`multimedia computing and networking (with Hong-Jiang Zhang) published by
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`Morgan Kaufman. I am a co-author (with Long Le and F. Donelson Smith) of a
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`monograph related to computer network protocols, and a co-author (with Jay Aikat
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`and F. Donelson Smith) of a second monograph related to experimental computer
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`networking.
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`15.
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`I have served on numerous proposal review panels for the National
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`Science Foundation and other international funding agencies in the aforementioned
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`areas of computer science. I have served as a program chair or member of the
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`technical program committee for over 100 professional, international, and technical
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`conferences, workshops, and symposia.
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`16.
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`I am a named inventor on four U.S. Patents. These patents are
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`generally related to computer networking and the delivery of services over
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`networks.
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`17.
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`I have served as an expert witness and technical consultant in
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`litigation and inter partes review matters concerning computer networks,
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`distributed systems, operating systems, multimedia networking, cellular and
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`wireline telephony, voice over IP (VoIP) telephony, datacenter networking,
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`embedded systems and embedded software, and real-time systems, among others. I
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`have testified in several trials, arbitrations, and claim construction hearings as an
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`expert witness.
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`III. LEGAL UNDERSTANDING
`A. My Understanding of Claim Construction
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`18.
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`I have been advised and understand that, during an inter partes
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`review, words in a claim are given their plain meaning, which is the meaning
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`understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the alleged
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`invention after reading the entire patent. I also understand that this standard is
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`sometimes referred to as the Phillips standard. I understand, however, that a claim
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`term will not receive its plain meaning if the patentee acted as his own
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`lexicographer and clearly set forth a definition of the claim term in the
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`specification. In such a case, the claim term will receive the definition set forth in
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`the patent.
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`B. A Person Having Ordinary Skill in the Art
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`19.
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`I have been advised and understand that a POSA is presumed to be
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`aware of all pertinent art, thinks along conventional wisdom in the art, and is a
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`person of ordinary creativity, not an automaton.
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`20.
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`I have been asked to consider the level of ordinary skill in the field
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`that someone would have had at the time the claimed invention was made. I have
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`been advised that the alleged earliest possible effective filing date for some claims
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`of the ’919 patent is April 19, 2000.
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`21.
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`In deciding the level of ordinary skill, I considered the following:
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`• the levels of education and experience of persons working in the field;
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`• the types of problems encountered in the field; and
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`• the sophistication of the technology.
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`22. With this understanding, as of April 2000, a POSA would have had a
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`Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, or an
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`equivalent field as well as at least 2-3 years of academic or industry experience in
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`computer networking with a focus on routing and quality-of-service.
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`23. My opinions below explain how a POSA would have understood the
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`technology described in the references I have identified herein around the April 19,
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`2000 timeframe.
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`24. Regardless if I use “I” or a “POSA” during my technical analysis
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`below, all of my statements and opinions are always to be understood to