throbber
Keynote Lecture Series
`
`Complexities of transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR)
`and why it is not transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
`
`Moritz C. Wyler von Ballmoos1,2, Ankur Kalra3, Michael J. Reardon1,2
`
`1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA; 2Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA;
`3Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical
`Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
`Correspondence to: Moritz C. Wyler von Ballmoos, MD, PhD, MPH, FACC, FAHA. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Houston Methodist
`DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Email: mcwylervonballmoos@houstonmethodist.org.
`
`Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) is currently being investigated as a procedural alternative
`to surgical mitral valve repair or replacement (SMVR). Early data from first-in-man trials with current
`devices suggest that TMVR is technically feasible but carries a high mortality. This is substantially different
`from the early success transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has seen and is related to complexities
`of the mitral valve anatomy, differences in pathology that require mitral valve replacement as well as the
`impact that mitral valve replacement has on physiology and cardiac function, irrespective of the modality
`by which the mitral valve is replaced. Importantly, in the case of TAVR, a less invasive method is offered to
`accomplish the same as the traditional surgical intervention. On the other hand, valve replacement is not
`the recommended treatment option for the majority of mitral valve disease, and in fact is avoided whenever
`possible during surgery given the shortened life expectancy and increased morbidity with mitral valve
`replacement. Another distinction between TAVR and TMVR is the etiology and natural progression of the
`underlying disease and driving factors for intervention that are vastly different between aortic and mitral
`valve disease. The primary aortic disease treated has been aortic stenosis, which has several etiologic factors
`that cause a similar physiologic dysfunction and risk. Aortic valve replacement leads to improved survival and
`quality of life. The primary mitral valve disease targeted is regurgitation, which occurs as a primary valve
`defect and as a secondary consequence of ventricular dysfunction. Primary mitral regurgitation is treated by
`valve repair with excellent long-term outcomes. Secondary regurgitation has poor long-term outcomes with
`current commonly used repair techniques and limited data exists showing that correction of the regurgitation
`improves survival. Adoption of TMVR will require overcoming the anatomic challenges as well as generating
`data that supports improved survival and/or quality of life.
`
`Keywords: Mitral valve; transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR); transcatheter aortic valve replacement
`(TAVR); transcatheter therapy; device development
`
`Submitted Aug 07, 2018. Accepted for publication Oct 04, 2018.
`doi: 10.21037/acs.2018.10.06
`View this article at: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/acs.2018.10.06
`
`Introduction
`
`Following the success and rapid adoption of transcatheter
`aortic valve replacement (TAVR), a procedural, catheter-
`based approach to mitral valve pathology and options for
`replacement of the mitral valve quickly became an obvious
`target for investigators and industry. Whilst TAVR has
`
`become commonplace for aortic stenosis in patients that
`present with an increased surgical risk, transcatheter mitral
`valve replacement (TMVR) is still very much in its infancy.
`To date, only about 250 TMVR cases with a dedicated
`mitral valve system have been performed worldwide. The
`only randomized trial for a transcatheter mitral valve
`device in the United States is currently the TMVR with
`
`© Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.
`
`www.annalscts.com
`
`Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2018;7(6):724-730
`
`Colibri Heart Valve LLC, Exhibit 2033, Page 1 of 7
`
`

`

`Annals of cardiothoracic surgery, Vol 7, No 6 November 2018
`
`725
`
`Epidemiology of mitral valve disease
`
`Figure 1 Epidemiology of mitral valve pathology. DMR, degenerative mitral valve regurgitation; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention;
`CAD, coronary artery disease; FMR, functional mitral regurgitation.
`
`the Medtronic IntrepidTM TMVR System in Patients with
`Severe Symptomatic Mitral Regurgitation (APOLLO) trial
`(NCT03242642), investigating the Intrepid valve. Initial
`results from this study are expected to be available in 2021.
`In 2015 alone, the total investments made by industry in
`mitral valve technology exceeded 2.5 billion U.S. dollars (1).
`This is consistent with the much higher incidence of
`mitral valve pathology in the general population. It is
`estimated that in the United States, 1.7 percent of the adult
`population are living with mitral regurgitation and a small
`percentage with mitral stenosis (2).
`
`Different patient characteristics affecting the
`need for TMVR and its feasibility
`
`Over the last several decades, there has been a dramatic
`reduction in the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease
`in developed countries. The aging of our population
`combined, with the advent of advanced medical and
`interventional therapy for ischemic heart disease, have led
`ischemic functional secondary mitral regurgitation (MR)
`and degenerative primary MR to become the most common
`mitral valve pathologies (2,3). Mitral regurgitation is now
`the most common valve pathology overall (Figure 1). With
`the shift from mitral stenosis to MR over time, the needs for
`therapeutic interventions in the mitral space have morphed
`away from valve replacement and towards valve repair (see
`also next section ‘Challenges with mitral valve replacement
`in general’).
`The demographics of patients presenting with
`degenerative aortic valve disease and mitral valve disease
`are also distinctively different. A review of the Society of
`
`Thoracic Surgeons (STS) database shows that patients
`undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement are on
`average are 70 years old, with 20% of all patients being
`octogenarians or older (4). Contrary to that, patients
`requiring mitral valve replacement are 10 years younger
`on an average and only 8% are 80 years old or older (5).
`This is a critically important context for the durability
`of bioprosthetic valves and the resulting need for future
`interventions. It is well established that bioprosthetic valves
`have a shortened lifespan in younger patients, arguably
`due to a more robust immune response, and heightened
`hemodynamic stress in younger patients. Both the
`shortened durability of valves and longer life expectancy
`in younger patients will contribute to a higher incidence
`of subsequent valve replacement. It is well known from
`surgical valve replacements that mitral valves have a higher
`rate of degeneration than aortic valves. This is likely
`because the mitral valve is exposed to a systolic pressure
`gradient and the aortic valve to a diastolic pressure gradient.
`Additionally, valve-in-valve procedures create a tube graft
`by the second valve continuously holding open the first
`valve. In the aortic position, the structure at risk is the
`coronary circulation; the likelihood of an occlusion can be
`predicted relatively reliably from CT scans based on the
`size of the Sinuses of Valsalva. In the mitral position, the
`‘tube graft’ will interfere with the left ventricular outflow
`track (LVOT) and the extent of this obstruction is much
`more difficult to predict. Additionally, the consequences of
`complications, e.g., the need for a permanent pacemaker
`and suboptimal hemodynamic results, such as residual
`gradients or paravalvular leaks, are more impactful, again
`due to the longer life expectancy of younger patients.
`
`© Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.
`
`www.annalscts.com
`
`Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2018;7(6):724-730
`
`Colibri Heart Valve LLC, Exhibit 2033, Page 2 of 7
`
`

`

`726
`
`Wyler von Ballmoos et al. The TAVR—TMVR difference
`
`Additionally, the changes in valve morphology requiring
`replacement are quite different between the aortic and
`mitral position. TAVR has become a tremendous success
`for treatment of the most common aortic valve pathology,
`degenerative sclerotic aortic stenosis. Bicuspid aortic
`valves [about 10% of aortic stenosis (AS) cases in Western
`countries; roughly 20% in Asian countries] and predominant
`aortic insufficiency (13% of AVR cases) (6) continue to
`pose a challenge for good outcomes with TAVR. In case of
`the mitral valve, the underlying pathology that will require
`valve replacement comes in many more variations. The
`mitral valve forms a complex, functional unit with its sub-
`valvular apparatus. The varying degree of excessive tissue
`or scarring of leaflets, chordal rupture, annular dilatation,
`leaflet and/or annular calcification create a sheer unlimited
`number of substrates in which a transcatheter valve will
`have to be deployed successfully.
`Learning from the TAVR experience, implantation of
`an aortic transcatheter heart valve (THV) in the mitral
`position has been performed successfully in cases of severe
`mitral annular calcification (MAC) (7). Because the valves
`used were not specifically designed for the mitral position,
`the success of these cases can be attributed in part to the
`annular calcification, a condition that is uncommon in most
`patients with mitral valve disease.
`
`Challenges with mitral valve replacement in
`general
`
`The predominant presenting pathology in mitral valve
`disease is regurgitation, either due to primary degenerative
`valve disease or with ischemic functional secondary MR.
`Other than with AS, mitral valve disease is rarely associated
`with sudden or rapid progression to death, and the need
`for intervention is mostly driven by symptoms. Although
`MR does shorten life expectancy, this effect is more
`indolent, occurring over years, as opposed to months as
`seen in AS patients. Guideline-directed medical therapy
`has high 1-year survival in mitral valve patients. It is widely
`accepted and emphasized in guidelines that surgical repair
`is the preferred approach over replacement in primary MR
`because of superior outcomes, both in terms of morbidity
`and mortality (8). Today, over 60% of patients in the U.S.
`undergoing mitral valve surgery have a valve repair (4) and
`for primary degenerative mitral valve disease, the need
`for valve replacement in experienced centers is nearly
`nonexistent (9). On the other hand, the most appropriate
`approach to secondary MR remains controversial in the
`
`light of recent evidence that puts the durability of surgical
`repair in this group of patients into question (10,11). High-
`risk patients with functional secondary MR may therefore
`become the most likely first demographic in which TMVR
`could be successful and prove useful. The trouble with this
`growing group of patients is that the mitral valve is not
`actually the problem and any intervention on it will not
`treat the underlying ventricular pathology.
`Aortic stenosis often occurs in isolation and can result in
`reduced ventricular contractility, which commonly returns
`to normal once the outflow obstruction is removed, such
`as by TAVR. On the other hand, rendering the mitral
`valve competent again will require more work from the
`left ventricle (LV); this results in a well-described dip of
`the ventricular function and increased morbidity/mortality
`following intervention for MR. MR is also commonly
`associated with tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and atrial
`fibrillation, both of which impact morbidity and mortality
`independently. A tricuspid repair and anti-arrhythmia
`surgery are therefore routinely performed in patients
`undergoing mitral valve surgery. TMVR will not be a
`sufficient intervention in many patients that present with
`more than mild TR and/or atrial fibrillation. In fact, any
`TR is an exclusion criterion for all current clinical trials
`of TMVR. Transcatheter therapies for either TR or atrial
`fibrillation have not been able to reproduce the results seen
`with surgical intervention.
`Paravalvular leak (PVL) has certainly remained as
`one of the Achilles’ heels of THV implantation. In the
`case of TAVR, this has been greatly mitigated with new
`devices that have fabric coverage at the annular level and
`during procedures with post-implantation dilation of the
`prosthesis. The latter will prove much more problematic
`with the mitral valve, given the challenging combination
`of little anatomic support and proximity to the conduction
`system, circumflex coronary artery and aortic valve. Even if
`design of TMVR devices continues to improve, the slightest
`bit of PVL will be problematic in patients with long-term
`survival, given the high systolic pressure the prosthesis is
`exposed to. This is evidenced by the much higher mortality
`of mitral PVL compared with aortic PVL (12).
`
`TMVR device issues
`
`Multiple device-specific considerations distinguish TMVR
`from TAVR. The mitral valve annulus is significantly larger
`than the aortic annulus, and therefore will require larger
`valve mounted on larger delivery system. A substantial part
`
`© Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.
`
`www.annalscts.com
`
`Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2018;7(6):724-730
`
`Colibri Heart Valve LLC, Exhibit 2033, Page 3 of 7
`
`

`

`Annals of cardiothoracic surgery, Vol 7, No 6 November 2018
`
`727
`
`Figure 2 Progressive LVOT obstruction resulting from mitral valve prosthesis extending into LV cavity. Cardiac computed tomography
`showing a left ventricular (LV) long axis, mitral valve and LVOT. Blue color: LVOT and aortic root; green color: low profile mitral
`prosthesis; red color: high profile mitral prosthesis. LVOT, left ventricular outflow track.
`
`of the success and rapid adoption seen with TAVR is related
`to the high success rate with extra-thoracic access used,
`such as transfemoral, transaxillary and transcarotid delivery.
`Several of the TMVR systems currently under investigation
`require transapical access and the larger system certainly
`makes any transseptal approach more challenging. The next
`challenge is the specific configuration of the mitral annulus
`and surrounding structures. While the aortic valve is
`situated in a complete fibrous ring, the mitral valve annulus
`is much more delicate and more or less supported along its
`circumference. Posteriorly, it is embedded in the junction
`of the left atrium and left ventricle, while the anterior
`portion essentially consists of the aorto-mitral curtain, a
`dynamic structure with limited rigidity. This poses multiple
`challenges for both securing a device, but also bares the risk
`of compression and distortion of other structures such as
`the aortic valve. If the mitral valve cannot be secured safely,
`the cyclic high systolic pressures it will be exposed to can
`easily lead to early or late device migration.
`Furthermore, the D-shaped configuration of the mitral
`valve annulus poses a unique challenge. Firstly, appropriate
`sizing may prove difficult even with multimodality and
`fusion imaging, which have accomplished remarkable
`advances recently, and with the early lessons learned from
`TAVR. Early difficulties with TAVR and device sizing were
`related to the assumption that the aortic valve is round,
`while in fact it has an elliptical shape. Yet, the aortic annulus
`can be conformed to a relatively symmetrical round shape
`without much impact on surrounding structures, valve or
`cardiac function. This is not likely the case for the mitral
`valve. Secondly, the asymmetrical configuration of the
`
`mitral valve makes it difficult to achieve uniform radial
`force with any implant. This may lead to a higher incidence
`of device migration and PVL.
`The proximity, and more importantly, the angle of
`the mitral valve annulus in relation to the LVOT further
`complicate TMVR. The device itself poses a risk of
`obstructing the LVOT. Additionally, the native anterior
`leaflet may cause obstruction being pushed anteriorly.
`This is akin to the obstruction of coronary ostia seen with
`TAVR, which is also gaining more recognition in the
`literature, and is particularly challenging if future access
`to the coronaries is needed. Several software packages and
`algorithms are currently available to obtain mitral annular
`sizing from cardiac computed tomography (CT) scans and
`to predict the extent to which a prosthesis will protrude into
`the LVOT (Figure 2). However, this is currently limited to
`making various assumptions and cannot reliably predict the
`extent of LVOT obstruction that will occur under dynamic
`conditions, potentially resulting in severe complications.
`Finally, the requirements for approval of TMVR
`devices and the likely population for early trials is the
`same as for TAVR. This is problematic for various reasons.
`The landmark trials for TAVR were completed with two
`competing TAVR devices, meanwhile, there are currently
`at least 10 TMVR devices under investigation and another
`20 devices are in the pipeline. Such competition will
`unquestionably dilute trial enrollment. More importantly,
`the frail, comorbid, high-risk or inoperable patient is a
`common scenario among individuals with degenerative
`aortic disease. On the other hand, this kind of demographic
`is rare in the larger pool of patients with mitral valve disease,
`
`© Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.
`
`www.annalscts.com
`
`Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2018;7(6):724-730
`
`Colibri Heart Valve LLC, Exhibit 2033, Page 4 of 7
`
`

`

`728
`
`Wyler von Ballmoos et al. The TAVR—TMVR difference
`
`that consists of mostly younger patients with degenerative
`MR. All this is reflected by the slow recruitment TMVR
`trials have seen across the board.
`
`Current status of TMVR trials
`
`In 2014, a conceptual milestone was reached when
`percutaneous implantation of a transcatheter valve in a
`surgical ring was first reported using the Edwards Sapien
`XT prosthesis (13). Several sporadic reports and anecdotal
`evidence suggest Sapien valves have been used occasionally
`to deliver a transcatheter aortic valve in the mitral position
`within a surgical valve, ring or in cases of severe MAC
`(14-16). The number of TMVRs with a dedicated mitral
`prosthesis and in a native mitral valve have remained
`relatively small to date with less than 150 human implants
`worldwide. The first such replacement was successfully
`completed in Denmark in 2012, using the CardiAQ
`prosthesis. Since then, the CardiAQ device has been used in
`several trials in an attempt to achieve CE mark approval in
`Europe; but most recently a trial was stopped by Edwards
`Lifesciences given concerns with the design of the valve. In
`the U.S., there are several centers that have participated in
`early TMVR trials. The Tendyne experience was recently
`reported as part of an international feasibility trial, in which
`30 patients with a high surgical risk (STS 7.3%) successfully
`had the transapically tethered TMVR valve implanted (17).
`Other valves that have entered clinical trials at various stages
`include the Neovasc Tiara, Medtronic Intrepid and Boston
`Scientific MValve devices, all competing with Tendyne to
`become the first commercially approved TMVR in Europe
`and then in the U.S. In addition, there is a large number of
`ongoing preclinical trials for several different devices (1).
`The Intrepid study enrolled 50 patients who had severe,
`symptomatic mitral regurgitation and were at high or
`extreme risk for conventional mitral valve replacement (18).
`The device was successfully implanted in 48 patients.
`At 30 days, there were no disabling strokes or repeat
`interventions, while the mortality rate was 14 percent. In
`addition, 74 percent of patients had no mitral regurgitation
`at 30 days and the remaining 26 percent had mild disease.
`The Tendyne study enrolled 30 patients with severe,
`asymptomatic mitral regurgitation who were deemed by the
`heart team to be poor candidates for surgery. The device
`was successfully implanted in 28 patients. At one year, five
`patients had died and three had been re-hospitalized for
`heart failure. None of the deaths were attributed to the
`
`procedure and no patients suffered a stroke. Of the other
`22 patients, 21 had no mitral regurgitation at one year. At
`30 days, transthoracic echocardiography showed mild
`central MR in one patient and no residual MR in the
`remaining 26 patients with valves in-situ. The left
`ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume index decreased from
`mean 90.1 mL/m2 at baseline to 72.1 mL/m2. The Tendyne
`device is an apically tethered tri-leaflet porcine pericardial
`valve sewn onto a nitinol frame. It is specifically designed
`to address the complex mitral anatomy of functional,
`degenerative and mixed etiology mitral regurgitation. One
`of the major advantages of this device system is the fact that
`if the function of the prosthesis is not acceptable or LVOT
`obstruction occurs, it can be recaptured, repositioned, or
`fully retrieved, even after full deployment in the mitral
`annulus. The CardiAQ-Edwards Transcatheter Mitral Valve
`Replacement System (Edwards LifeSciences) is also being
`tested in an early feasibility study. In early 2017, Edwards
`paused enrollment of the trial to evaluate one of the valve’s
`features. The company resumed the trial a few months later,
`announcing a decision to pursue a transseptal, rather than
`transapical, delivery approach. Finally, a small series has
`been reported on three patients suffering from functional
`mitral regurgitation with a severe reduction of LV function
`who received the Fortis TMVR device from Edwards under
`compassionate clinical use program because they were
`thought to be at very high risk for surgery (19).
`The APOLLO trial using Medtronic’s Intrepid valve
`is expected to enroll up to 1,200 patients with severe,
`symptomatic mitral regurgitation. A cohort of 650 patients
`who are candidates for surgery and not eligible for mitral
`repair will be randomized to receive the Intrepid or undergo
`surgery, while another cohort of up to 550, deemed too
`high risk for surgery, will receive the Intrepid. All patients
`will be evaluated before and after the procedure, upon
`hospital discharge, and at 30 days, six months and on an
`annual basis for the next five years. All exclusion criteria
`(e.g., LV end-diastolic diameter >70 mm, severe mitral
`annular or leaflet calcification, left atrial or LV thrombus,
`prior mitral or aortic valve surgery, prior transcatheter
`mitral intervention, pulmonary artery systolic pressure
`>70 mmHg, severe tricuspid regurgitation and severe
`right ventricular dysfunction) are quite common clinical,
`anatomic or hemodynamic characteristics of so-called
`inoperable or high-risk patients scheduled for mitral valve
`surgery, complicating the enrolment of patients in these
`trials.
`
`© Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.
`
`www.annalscts.com
`
`Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2018;7(6):724-730
`
`Colibri Heart Valve LLC, Exhibit 2033, Page 5 of 7
`
`

`

`Annals of cardiothoracic surgery, Vol 7, No 6 November 2018
`
`729
`
`Table 1 Specific challenges with TMVR
`
`Domain
`
`Epidemiology
`
`TAVR
`
`TMVR
`
`Single: degenerative sclerotic AS
`
`Complex: non-rheumatic DMR & ischemic FMR
`
`Existing gold-standard of treatment
`
`SAVR; TAVR accomplishes the
`same thing
`
`Mostly mitral valve repair; TMVR equivalent of
`surgical replacement only
`
`Unmet need & high-risk patients
`
`Common
`
`Uncommon in overall MR population
`
`Durability of bioprosthetic valve
`
`Good in aortic position
`
`Poor in mitral position
`
`Impact of suboptimal results (PVL, PPM,
`risk of obstruction)
`
`Low (in older patients; higher in
`younger patients)
`
`High (generally younger patients; LVOT obstruction;
`systolic pressure gradient)
`
`Heterogeneity of substrate for implant
`
`Low
`
`High
`
`Other pathologies that need to be
`addressed
`
`Trial enrollment & progress
`
`Uncommon
`
`Common (Afib, TR)
`
`Fast (prohibitive risk: previously
`untreated population)
`
`Slow (strict inclusion criteria; uncommon
`demographic; competing devices)
`
`TMVR, transcatheter mitral valve replacement; TAVR, transcatheter aortic valve replacement; DMR, degenerative mitral valve regurgitation;
`FMR, functional mitral regurgitation; SAVR, surgical aortic valve replacement; PVL, paravalvular leak; PPM, permanent pacemaker; LVOT,
`left ventricular outflow track; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.
`
`Summary
`
`There are several important aspects that make the
`development and successful commercialization of TMVR
`devices challenging. These can be divided into several
`categories: the epidemiology and current treatment
`options for MR, the incidence and prevalence of different
`pathologies, anatomic and device challenges, as well as
`the trials currently underway for TMVR (Table 1). As
`less invasive methods will always be the preferred option,
`provided that outcomes are comparable with existing
`techniques and technology, TMVR will most certainly
`become a successful alternative treatment strategy in the
`long run. The current gold-standard for the management
`of patients with mitral valve disease consists of guideline-
`directed medical management and open heart surgery.
`Contemporary results of mitral valve surgery demonstrate a
`very high repair rate in non-rheumatic degenerative mitral
`valve disease with excellent long-term outcomes and low
`mortality (1.1%) (20). Review of the STS database and
`cases performed at the US Veterans Administration Health
`System also clearly show the increased mortality that is
`associated with mitral valve replacement in patients with
`degenerative MR (21). For ischemic functional MR, recent
`randomized clinical trials have shown comparable results
`between mitral valve repair and replacement in terms of
`mortality and somewhat favorable results for replacement
`
`with regards to residual MR. As TMVR tries to make its
`way into clinical practice, these surgical standards will
`provide the benchmark. Simultaneously, the devices will
`be expected to be safe, reliable and provide durable results
`consistent with the current surgical experience of mitral
`valve replacement using a bioprosthetic valve. In order
`to offer a truly minimally-invasive alternative to surgery,
`delivery will also have to be delivered by a trans-septal
`approach. Efforts to this extent are well underway and
`TMVR can be expected to be commercially available for
`select patient groups within the next few years.
`
`Acknowledgements
`
`Dr. Wyler von Ballmoos received grant support from the
`Thoracic Surgery Foundation for Research and Education
`via the Michael J. Davidson Fellowship Award.
`
`Footnote
`
`Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest
`to declare.
`
`References
`
`1. Badhwar V, Thourani VH, Ailawadi G, et al. Transcatheter
`mitral valve therapy: The event horizon. J Thorac
`
`© Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.
`
`www.annalscts.com
`
`Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2018;7(6):724-730
`
`Colibri Heart Valve LLC, Exhibit 2033, Page 6 of 7
`
`

`

`730
`
`Wyler von Ballmoos et al. The TAVR—TMVR difference
`
`Mitral Regurgitation. N Engl J Med 2016;374:1932-41.
`12. Cho IJ, Moon J, Shim CY, et al. Different clinical
`outcome of paravalvular leakage after aortic or mitral valve
`replacement. Am J Cardiol 2011;107:280-4.
`13. Maisano F, Reser D, Pavicevic J, et al. Successful first-
`in-man Melody transcatheter valve implant in a dehisced
`mitral annuloplasty ring transapical valve-in-ring implant.
`EuroIntervention 2014;10:961-7.
`14. Fassa AA, Himbert D, Brochet E, et al. Transseptal
`transcatheter mitral valve implantation for severely
`calcified mitral stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv
`2014;7:696-7.
`15. Sinning JM, Mellert F, Schiller W, et al. Transcatheter
`mitral valve replacement using a balloon-expandable
`prosthesis in a patient with calcified native mitral valve
`stenosis. Eur Heart J 2013;34:2609.
`16. Praz F, Windecker S, Huber C, et al. Expanding
`Indications of Transcatheter Heart Valve Interventions.
`JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015;8:1777-96.
`17. Muller DW, Farivar RS, Jansz P, et al. Transcatheter
`Mitral Valve Replacement for Patients With Symptomatic
`Mitral Regurgitation: A Global Feasibility Trial. J Am Coll
`Cardiol 2017;69:381-91.
`18. Bapat V, Rajagopal V, Meduri C, et al. Early Experience
`With New Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement. J Am
`Coll Cardiol 2018;71:12-21.
`19. Abdul-Jawad Altisent O, Dumont E, Dagenais F, et
`al. Initial Experience of Transcatheter Mitral Valve
`Replacement With a Novel Transcatheter Mitral Valve:
`Procedural and 6-Month Follow-Up Results. J Am Coll
`Cardiol 2015;66:1011-9.
`20. Gammie JS, Chikwe J, Badhwar V, et al. Isolated Mitral
`Valve Surgery: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult
`Cardiac Surgery Database Analysis. Ann Thorac Surg
`2018;106:716-27.
`21. Bakaeen FG, Shroyer AL, Zenati MA, et al. Mitral valve
`surgery in the US Veterans Administration health system:
`10-year outcomes and trends. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
`2018;155:105-17.e5.
`
`Cardiovasc Surg 2016;152:330-6.
`2. Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, et al. Burden of
`valvular heart diseases: a population-based study. Lancet
`2006;368:1005-11.
`3. Bursi F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Nkomo VT, et al. Heart
`failure and death after myocardial infarction in the
`community: the emerging role of mitral regurgitation.
`Circulation 2005;111:295-301.
`4. Chatterjee S, Rankin JS, Gammie JS, et al. Isolated
`mitral valve surgery risk in 77,836 patients from the
`Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. Ann Thorac Surg
`2013;96:1587-94; discussion 1594-5.
`5. Brown JM, O'Brien SM, Wu C, et al. Isolated aortic
`valve replacement in North America comprising 108,687
`patients in 10 years: changes in risks, valve types, and
`outcomes in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National
`Database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009;137:82-90.
`6. Thourani VH, Suri RM, Gunter RL, et al. Contemporary
`real-world outcomes of surgical aortic valve replacement in
`141,905 low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk patients.
`Ann Thorac Surg 2015;99:55-61.
`7. Lim ZY, Boix R, Prendergast B, et al. First reported case
`of transcatheter mitral valve implantation in mitral annular
`calcification with a fully repositionable and self-expanding
`valve. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2015;8:e003031.
`8. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/
`ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline
`for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart
`Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/
`American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical
`Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:252-89.
`9. Castillo JG, Anyanwu AC, Fuster V, et al. A near 100%
`repair rate for mitral valve prolapse is achievable in a
`reference center: implications for future guidelines. J
`Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012;144:308-12.
`10. Goldstein D, Moskowitz AJ, Gelijns AC, et al. Two-Year
`Outcomes of Surgical Treatment of Severe Ischemic Mitral
`Regurgitation. N Engl J Med 2016;374:344-53.
`11. Michler RE, Smith PK, Parides MK, et al. Two-Year
`Outcomes of Surgical Treatment of Moderate Ischemic
`
`Cite this article as: Wyler von Ballmoos MC, Kalra A,
`Reardon MJ. Complexities of transcatheter mitral valve
`replacement (TMVR) and why it is not transcatheter
`aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Ann Cardiothorac Surg
`2018;7(6):724-730. doi: 10.21037/acs.2018.10.06
`
`© Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.
`
`www.annalscts.com
`
`Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2018;7(6):724-730
`
`Colibri Heart Valve LLC, Exhibit 2033, Page 7 of 7
`
`

This document is available on Docket Alarm but you must sign up to view it.


Or .

Accessing this document will incur an additional charge of $.

After purchase, you can access this document again without charge.

Accept $ Charge
throbber

Still Working On It

This document is taking longer than usual to download. This can happen if we need to contact the court directly to obtain the document and their servers are running slowly.

Give it another minute or two to complete, and then try the refresh button.

throbber

A few More Minutes ... Still Working

It can take up to 5 minutes for us to download a document if the court servers are running slowly.

Thank you for your continued patience.

This document could not be displayed.

We could not find this document within its docket. Please go back to the docket page and check the link. If that does not work, go back to the docket and refresh it to pull the newest information.

Your account does not support viewing this document.

You need a Paid Account to view this document. Click here to change your account type.

Your account does not support viewing this document.

Set your membership status to view this document.

With a Docket Alarm membership, you'll get a whole lot more, including:

  • Up-to-date information for this case.
  • Email alerts whenever there is an update.
  • Full text search for other cases.
  • Get email alerts whenever a new case matches your search.

Become a Member

One Moment Please

The filing “” is large (MB) and is being downloaded.

Please refresh this page in a few minutes to see if the filing has been downloaded. The filing will also be emailed to you when the download completes.

Your document is on its way!

If you do not receive the document in five minutes, contact support at support@docketalarm.com.

Sealed Document

We are unable to display this document, it may be under a court ordered seal.

If you have proper credentials to access the file, you may proceed directly to the court's system using your government issued username and password.


Access Government Site

We are redirecting you
to a mobile optimized page.





Document Unreadable or Corrupt

Refresh this Document
Go to the Docket

We are unable to display this document.

Refresh this Document
Go to the Docket