Fixed, nomadic, portable and
`mobile applications for
`802.16-2004 and 802.16e
`WiMAX networks
`
`November 2005
`
`Prepared by Senza Fili Consulting
`on behalf of the WIMAX Forum
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Copyright 2005 WiMAX Forum
`(cid:147)WiMAX Forum(cid:153)(cid:148) and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED(cid:153)(cid:147) are registered trademarks of the WiMAX Forum(cid:153).
`
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`

`
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`________________________________________________________________________
`
`Executive Summary
`
`The WiMAX Forum is committed to providing optimized solutions for fixed, nomadic,
`portable and mobile broadband wireless access. Two versions of WiMAX address the
`demand for these different types of access:
`
`
`• 802.16-2004 WiMAX. This is based on the 802.16-2004 version of the IEEE 802.16
`standard and on ETSI HiperMAN. It uses Orthogonal Frequency Division
`Multiplexing (OFDM) and supports fixed and nomadic access in Line of Sight
`(LOS) and Non Line of Sight (NLOS) environments. Vendors are developing indoor
`and outdoor Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) and laptop PCMCIA cards. The
`initial WiMAX Forum profiles are in the 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz frequency bands. The
`first certified products are expected by the end of 2005.
`• 802.16e WiMAX. Optimized for dynamic mobile radio channels, this version is
`based on the 802.16e amendment and provides support for handoffs and roaming. It
`uses Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (SOFDMA), a
`multi-carrier modulation technique that uses sub-channelization. Service providers
`that deploy 802.16e can also use the network to provide fixed service. The WiMAX
`Forum has not yet announced the frequency bands for the 802.16e profiles, but 2.3
`GHz and 2.5 GHz are the most likely initial candidates. Certification is expected to
`start in the middle of 2006 when the certification labs open, with the first certified
`products available in the first quarter of 2007.
`
`
`The two flavors of WiMAX will coexist and address a growing demand for wireless
`broadband access in the fixed and mobile markets. In addition to considering whether
`they want to build out a mobile or fixed network, when selecting a WiMAX solution
`operators need to evaluate additional factors such as the target market segments, the
`availability of spectrum, any regulatory constraints, and the timeline for deployment.
`802.16-2004 products are less complex than those based on 802.16e, they can be used in
`a wider range of unlicensed bands, and they offer a faster time-to-market, and, in some
`cases, a higher throughput than 802.16e-based equipment. On the other hand, a better link
`margin, support for mobility, improved indoor coverage, flexible management of
`spectrum resources, and a wider range of terminal form factors are some of the
`advantages offered by 802.16e products.
`
`Most operators will deploy only one WiMAX version in their networks. There are several
`migration options available to those operators that choose to move from a 802.16-2004
`network to a 802.16e network. These include overlay networks, dual-mode user devices,
`software-upgradeable base stations and dual-mode base stations.
`
`Copyright 2005 WiMAX Forum
`(cid:147)WiMAX Forum(cid:153)(cid:148) and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED(cid:153)(cid:147) are registered trademarks of the WiMAX Forum(cid:153).
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`

`
`
`________________________________________________________________________
`
`
`
`
`Fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile applications
`for 802.16-2004 and 802.16e WiMAX networks
`
`
`
`Introduction
`
`WiMAX is a broadband wireless technology that supports fixed, nomadic, portable and
`mobile access. To meet the requirements of different types of access, two versions of
`WiMAX have been defined. The first is based on IEEE 802.16-2004 and is optimized for
`fixed and nomadic access. The initial WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED products will be
`based on this version of WiMAX. The second version is designed to support portability
`and mobility, and will be based on the IEEE 802.16e amendment to the standard. Table 1
`shows how WiMAX supports different types of access and their requirements (see the
`Annex for complete definitions).
`
`Table 1. Types of access to a WiMAX network
`
`Definition
`
`Devices
`
`Handoffs
`
`802.16-2004
`
`802.16e
`
`No
`
`No
`
`Hard
`handoffs
`
`Hard
`handoffs
`
`Soft
`handoffs
`
`Yes
`
`Yes
`
`Yes
`
`Yes
`
`No
`
`Yes
`
`No
`
`Yes
`
`No
`
`Yes
`
`Fixed access
`
`Nomadic access
`
`Portability
`
`Simple mobility
`
`Full mobility
`
`Outdoor and indoor
`CPEs
`
`Indoor CPEs,
`PCMCIA cards
`
`Laptop PCMCIA
`or mini cards
`
`Locations/
`Speed
`
`Single/
`Stationary
`
`Multiple/
`Stationary
`
`Multiple/
`Walking
`speed
`
`Laptop PCMCIA
`or mini cards,
`PDAs or smartphones
`
`Laptop PCMCIA
`or mini cards,
`PDAs or smartphones
`
`Multiple/
`Low vehicular
`speed
`
`Multiple/
`High vehicular
`speed
`
`
`The first WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED products will be available at the end of 2005 and
`will enable the first standards- and IP-based wireless broadband services that offer both
`
`Copyright 2005 WiMAX Forum
`(cid:147)WiMAX Forum(cid:153)(cid:148) and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED(cid:153)(cid:147) are registered trademarks of the WiMAX Forum(cid:153).
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`________________________________________________________________________
`fixed and nomadic access for Point To Point (PTP) and Point To Multipoint (PMP)
`applications. Support for portability and mobility will be included subsequently in a
`separate certification program. The WiMAX Forum expects that the first certified
`products supporting mobility will be available in the first quarter of 2007, with the first
`networks deployed later that year.
`
`This paper gives an overview of the two versions of WiMAX. It presents a comparison of
`the two technologies in terms of technology and capabilities, discusses the process and
`timeline for standardization and certification, and identifies the target markets and
`applications for 802.16-2004 and 802.16e WiMAX.
`
`
`The IEEE 802.16 standard
`
`
`WiMAX is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard and on ETSI HiperMAN. The latest
`version of IEEE 802.16, 802.16-2004 (previously known as Revision D, or 802.16d), was
`ratified in July 2004. 802.16-2004 is a wide-ranging standard, that includes previous
`versions (802.16-2001, 802.16c in 2002, and 802.16a in 2003) and covers both LOS and
`NLOS applications in the 2-66 GHz frequencies. As is customary with IEEE standards, it
`specifies only the Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers.
`
`The changes introduced in 802.16-2004 were focused on fixed and nomadic applications
`in the 2-11 GHz frequencies. Two multi-carrier modulation techniques are supported in
`802.16-2004: OFDM with 256 carriers and OFDMA with 2048 carriers. The first
`WiMAX Forum certification profiles are based on OFDM as defined in this version of
`the standard.
`
`In December 2002, Task Group e was created to improve support for combined fixed and
`mobile operation in frequencies below 6 GHz. Work on the 802.16e amendment is
`approaching completion and its ratification is expected by the end of 2005. The new
`version of the standard introduces support for SOFDMA (a variation on OFDMA) which
`allows for a variable number of carriers, in addition to the previously-defined OFDM and
`OFDMA modes. The carrier allocation in OFDMA modes is designed to minimize the
`effect of the interference on user devices with omnidirectional antennae. Furthermore,
`IEEE 802.16e offers improved support for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and
`Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS), as well as hard and soft handoffs. It also has
`improved power-saving capabilities for mobile devices and more extensive security
`features. Both OFDM- and OFDMA-based products can take advantage of the newly-
`added capabilities.
`
`As with 802.16-2004, 802.16e will incorporate previous versions of the standard and add
`support for fixed and mobile access. However, 802.16e is often used to refer to the
`
`Copyright 2005 WiMAX Forum
`(cid:147)WiMAX Forum(cid:153)(cid:148) and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED(cid:153)(cid:147) are registered trademarks of the WiMAX Forum(cid:153).
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`________________________________________________________________________
`changes introduced to support mobility and, in particular, SOFDMA. In the rest of the
`paper, we refer to 802.16e WiMAX profiles as most likely to adopt SOFDMA, and to
`802.16-2004 profiles as using OFDM with 256 carriers.
`
`The new version of the 802.16 standard is backwards-compatible, so new specifications
`of the OFDM mode are compatible with previous versions. However, OFDM and
`SOFDMA modes are not compatible as they are based on two distinct modulation
`techniques. As a result, a single-mode OFDM CPE will not work within a SOFDMA
`network and, conversely, an SOFDMA CPE will not work within an OFDM network.
`
`
`WiMAX Forum Profiles
`
`WiMAX is a set of profiles based on IEEE 802.16 developed by the WiMAX Forum and
`its members. While 802.16 supports a wide range of frequencies (up to 66 GHz), channel
`sizes (1.25 MHz to 20 MHz) and applications (LOS and NLOS; PTP and PMT), the
`WiMAX profiles narrow the scope of 802.16 to focus on specific configurations.
`
`The selection of a limited number of profiles is essential to ensure interoperability across
`vendors and to generate the economies of scale that lead to lower prices and a more
`appealing technology.
`
`The choice of profiles is driven by market demand, spectrum availability, regulatory
`constraints, the services to be offered, and vendor interest. For instance, the availability
`of spectrum for broadband wireless access services in several countries motivated the
`creation of initial profiles in the 3.5 GHz band. The availability of license-exempt
`spectrum and the demand for fixed services determined the creation of a profile in the 5.8
`GHz band. Demand for mobile services and spectrum availability make the 2.3 GHz and
`2.5 GHz bands likely targets for future 802.16e profiles.
`
`WiMAX Forum profiles are defined by the following parameters:
`
`
`• Spectrum band.
`• Duplexing. Two options are available: Time Division Duplex (TDD) for operators
`with unpaired or license-exempt spectrum, and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD).
`FDD requires two channels, one for uplink and the other for downlink traffic. In a
`TDD network traffic occupies a single channel, with uplink and downlink traffic
`assigned to different time slots.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Copyright 2005 WiMAX Forum
`(cid:147)WiMAX Forum(cid:153)(cid:148) and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED(cid:153)(cid:147) are registered trademarks of the WiMAX Forum(cid:153).
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`
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`________________________________________________________________________
`
`
`Table 2. WiMAX Forum certification profiles
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Frequency (MHz)
`
`Duplexing
`
`Channels (MHz)
`
`IEEE standard
`
`3400-3600
`
`3400-3600
`
`3400-3600
`
`3400-3600
`
`5725-5850
`
`TDD
`
`FDD
`
`TDD
`
`FDD
`
`TDD
`
`3.5
`
`3.5
`
`7
`
`7
`
`10
`
`802.16-2004
`
`802.16-2004
`
`802.16-2004
`
`802.16-2004
`
`802.16-2004
`
`
`
`
`• Channel bandwidth. The channel bandwidth is highly dependent on the spectrum
`allocated by regulators. Initial profiles are limited to 3.5 MHz and 7 MHz in the
`licensed spectrum as these are the prevalent spectrum channels allocated in the 3.5
`GHz band. As wider channels are made available to operators, so the WiMAX
`Forum members will add certification profiles with wider channel bandwidths.
`• IEEE standard. 802.16-2004 profiles use OFDM with 256 carriers. 802.16e profiles
`are most likely based on SOFDMA. Only the latter support mobility.
`
`
`All the certification profiles based on 802.16-2004 are based on a common system
`profile. This includes WiMAX specifications that remain the same whatever the
`frequency, channel size and method of duplexing. A new system profile is currently
`being developed for 802.16e certification profiles. If there is sufficient interest from the
`vendor community, a third system profile may be introduced for 802.16-2004 products to
`support portability and limited mobility. The initial profiles defined by the WiMAX
`Forum (Table 2) support fixed and nomadic access in the 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands.
`
`The WiMAX Forum has defined certification releases as shown in Figure 1. The
`timetable for product certification is driven by product availability since three products
`are needed to test interoperability across vendors. The certification process includes
`interoperability testing with products from other vendors, and compliance testing for
`conformance against the WiMAX system profile.
`
`The first certification release for 802.16-2004 is currently under way and includes
`products submitted within the two 3.5 GHz profiles with a channel bandwidth of 3.5
`MHz. The scope of the certification and the list of tests will be extended during
`subsequent releases. The first release will focus on certification of the air protocol. The
`second release will add functionality needed to support outdoor services (QoS and
`security, for instance). The third release will include support for indoor user devices.
`
`Copyright 2005 WiMAX Forum
`(cid:147)WiMAX Forum(cid:153)(cid:148) and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED(cid:153)(cid:147) are registered trademarks of the WiMAX Forum(cid:153).
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`________________________________________________________________________
`
`The profiles for 802.16e have not yet been announced, as the 802.16e amendment to the
`standard has not yet been finalized. The most likely bands for the first mobile profiles are
`2.3 GHz and 2.5 GHz. Better indoor coverage and support for mobile or portable devices
`make bands below 3 GHz the best targets. However, additional profiles in higher
`frequencies (3.3 GHz, 3.5 GHz or even 5.8 GHz) may be added if there is sufficient
`demand for 802.16e-based products for fixed or nomadic access.
`
`The WiMAX Forum plans to announce new profiles supporting mobility in the coming
`months and to open certification labs in the third quarter of 2006. The first 802.16e
`WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED products are expected by the first quarter of 2007.
`
`
`
`
`20052005
`
`
`
`20062006
`
`
`
`20072007
`
`
`
`802.16-2004 lab opens802.16-2004 lab opens
`
`
`Air protocol certification (cid:150)Air protocol certification (cid:150)
`
`OutdoorOutdoor
`
`
`Service certification (cid:150)Service certification (cid:150)
`
`OutdoorOutdoor
`
`
`
`Indoor certificationIndoor certification
`
`
`
`802-16e lab opens802-16e lab opens
`
`
`
`802.16e first certification802.16e first certification
`
`Figure 1. WiMAX Forum timeline for product certification
`
`
`
` A
`
` comparison between 802.16-2004 and 802.16e profiles
`
`
`The two versions of WiMAX reflect the demand for products that are either optimized for
`fixed or for mobile access. The requirements for the two types of access vary and
`different solutions are required to meet them.
`
`Several optional features that are supported in both 802-16.2004 and 802.16e profiles are
`more likely to be implemented in 802.16e products simply because mobile services stand
`to gain more from the added functionality. Among these, improved support for MIMO
`and AAS will bring a substantial increase in throughput and NLOS capabilities.
`
`Copyright 2005 WiMAX Forum
`(cid:147)WiMAX Forum(cid:153)(cid:148) and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED(cid:153)(cid:147) are registered trademarks of the WiMAX Forum(cid:153).
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`________________________________________________________________________
`
`OFDM and SOFDMA
`
` A
`
`OFDM
`
`...
`
`OFDMA
`
`OFDM carrier
`
` Frequency (carriers)
`
`Group 1
`
`Group 2
`
`Group NG
`
`...
`
`...
`
`...
`
`...
`
`...
`
` key difference between 802.16-2004 and 802.16e profiles is the multiplexing
`technique: the first uses OFDM and the second will most likely use OFDMA.
`
`WiMAX profiles based on 802.16-2004 are better suited to fixed applications that use
`directional antennae because OFDM is inherently less complex than SOFDMA. As a
`result, 802.16-2004 networks may be deployed faster and at a lower cost. In addition,
`802.16-2004 WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED products will be available earlier and will be
`adopted by service providers
`that plan to deploy a network
`in the near future.
`
`OFDMA gives 802.16e
`profiles more flexibility
`when managing different
`user devices with a variety of
`antenna types and form
`factors. It brings a reduction
`in interference for user
`devices with omnidirectional
`antennas and improved
`NLOS capabilities that are
`essential when supporting
`mobile subscribers. Sub-
`channelization defines sub-
`channels that can be
`allocated to different
`subscribers depending on the
`channel conditions and their
`data requirements (Figure 2).
`This gives the operator more
`flexibility in managing the
`bandwidth and transmit
`power, and leads to a more
`efficient use of resources.
`
`OFDMA carriers
`
` Frequency (carriers)
`
`NE carriers
`Pilot
`Subchannel 1
`Subchannel 2
`Subchannel 3
`Figure 2. OFDM and OFDMA
`In OFDM, all carriers are transmitted in parallel with the same
`amplitude. OFDMA divides the carrier space into NG groups,
`each of which has NE carriers, and into NE sub-channels, each
`with one carrier per group. In OFDMA with 2048 carriers, for
`instance, this translates in NE=32 and NG= 48 in the downlink,
`and NE=32 and NG= 53 in the uplink, with the remaining carriers
`used for guard bands and pilots. Coding, modulation and
`amplitude are set separately for each sub-channel based on
`channel conditions to optimize the use of network resources.
`
`
`For instance, within the same time slot more transmit power can be allocated to a user
`with less favorable channel conditions, while lowering the power for users in better
`locations. Improved in-building coverage can be achieved by allocating higher power to
`sub-channels assigned to indoor user devices.
`
`Copyright 2005 WiMAX Forum
`(cid:147)WiMAX Forum(cid:153)(cid:148) and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED(cid:153)(cid:147) are registered trademarks of the WiMAX Forum(cid:153).
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`________________________________________________________________________
`
`Sub-channelization in the uplink brings additional performance improvement, as transmit
`power from the user device is severely limited. In OFDM, user devices transmit using the
`entire carrier space at once (Figure 3). OFDMA supports multiple access, which allows
`user devices to transmit only through the sub-channel(s) allocated to them. In OFDMA
`with 2048 carriers and 32 sub-channels, if only one sub-channel is allocated to a device,
`all the transmit power will be concentrated in 1/32 of the spectrum available and may
`bring a 15 dB gain over OFDM. Multiple access is particularly advantageous when wide
`channels are used.
`
`SOFDMA brings an additional advantage over OFDMA. It scales the size of the Fast
`Fourier Transform (FFT) to the channel bandwidth in order to keep the carrier spacing
`constant across different channel bandwidths. Constant carrier spacing results in a higher
`spectrum efficiency in wide channels, and a cost reduction in narrow channels.
`
`
`User 1
`User 2
`User 3
`User 4
`
`OFDMA
`
`...
`
`Subchannels
`
`OFDM
`
`...
`
`Carriers
`
`Time
`
`FFT symbol
`Figure 3. Uplink in OFDM and OFDMA
`In OFDM, user devices are assigned time slots for transmission, but only one user device can transmit
`during a single time slot. In OFDMA, sub-channelization enables several user devices to transmit at
`the same time over the sub-channel(s) allocated to them.
`
`Time
`
`
`Handoffs and roaming
`
`Support for handoffs is another crucial addition in the 802.16e amendment for mobile
`access. The ability to maintain a connection while moving across cell borders is a
`prerequisite for mobility and will be included as a requirement in the 802.16e system
`profile. While the 802.16-2004 standard offers optional handoff capabilities, support for
`handoffs is not required by the 802.16-2004 system profile.
`
`802.16e WiMAX will support different types of handoff, ranging from hard to soft and it
`is up to the operator to choose among them. Hard handoffs use a break-before-make
`approach (cid:150) the user device is connected to only one base station at any given time (cid:150)
`which is less complex than soft-handoffs but has a high latency. Soft handoffs are
`
`Copyright 2005 WiMAX Forum
`(cid:147)WiMAX Forum(cid:153)(cid:148) and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED(cid:153)(cid:147) are registered trademarks of the WiMAX Forum(cid:153).
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`________________________________________________________________________
`comparable to those used in some cellular networks and allow the user device to retain
`the connection to a base station until it is associated with a new one (make-before-break
`approach), thus reducing latency. While applications like mobile Voice over Internet
`Protocol (VoIP) or gaming greatly benefit from low-latency soft handoffs, hard handoffs
`typically suffice for data services. QoS and Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are
`maintained during handoffs.
`
`Roaming capabilities across service providers can be implemented in both 802.16-2004
`and 802.16e WiMAX, but they are especially valuable for portable and mobile access.
`The WiMAX Forum does not expect to include roaming requirements in the 802.16e
`system profile, as roaming is a higher level capability that goes beyond the scope of the
`certification program, which focuses on the PHY and MAC layers. The Service Providers
`Working Group and the Network Working Group within the WiMAX Forum are working
`towards identifying the functional requirements for roaming and establishing a roaming
`platform.
`
`
`Roadmap for 802.16-2004
`and 802.16e WiMAX
`
`The first WiMAX Forum
`CERTIFIED products are
`expected to be commercially
`available shortly after the first
`round of certification has been
`completed at the end of 2005.
`From then on, we expect to see a
`gradual increase in functionality, a
`wider selection of form factors for
`user devices, and a steady decrease
`in prices as volumes increase.
`
`While the commercial availability
`of products cannot be predicted
`with absolute certainty, a roadmap
`for 802.16-2004 and 802.16e
`products can be drawn from the
`feedback received from member
`vendors (Figure 4). 802.16-2004
`WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED
`products will be available
`approximately a year before
`
`
`
`First certified productsFirst certified productsFirst certified products
`
`PCMCIA card for PCMCIA card for
`
`laptops, indoor self-laptops, indoor self-
`
`installable CPEsinstallable CPEs
`
`Mini PCMCIAMini PCMCIA
`
`card for laptopscard for laptops
`
`
`
`PDA, smartphonePDA, smartphone
`
`Figure 4. Expected commercial availability of
`WiMAX user device equipment
`Copyright 2005 WiMAX Forum
`(cid:147)WiMAX Forum(cid:153)(cid:148) and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED(cid:153)(cid:147) are registered trademarks of the WiMAX Forum(cid:153).
`Page 10 of 17
`
`
`
`
`802.16-2004802.16-2004
`
`WiMAXWiMAX
`
`
`802.16e802.16e
`
`WiMAXWiMAX
`
`
`
`First certified productsFirst certified productsFirst certified products
`
`Outdoor CPEOutdoor CPE
`
`Indoor, Indoor,
`
`self-installable CPEself-installable CPE
`
`PCMCIA card PCMCIA card
`
`for laptopsfor laptops
`
`
`
`20062006
`
`
`
`20072007
`
`
`
`20082008
`
`
`
`20092009
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`802.16e certified products. Outdoor CPEs that require a professionally installed outdoor
`antenna will be available first, shortly followed by self-installable indoor CPEs. The first
`PCMCIA cards that support nomadic access may be introduced in the market as early as
`the second half of 2006.
`
`The WiMAX Forum expects that the initial 802.16e certified user devices will include
`both PCMCIA cards for laptops and indoor self-installable units, and these will support
`any type of access, from fixed to mobile. Towards the end of the year, mini PCMCIA
`cards should become available for laptops with built-in WiMAX functionality. Personal
`Digital Assistants (PDAs) and smartphones will be introduced to the market at a later
`stage.
`
`802.16e functionality will increase with time in parallel with the widening selection of
`different form factors for user devices. The WiMAX Forum expects that initial products
`will support only simple mobility, which uses hard handoffs and does not support real-
`time applications. As demand for more advanced forms of mobility is fueled by the
`introduction of PDAs and smartphones, certified products will include support for soft
`handoffs, mobile VoIP, and real-time applications.
`
`
`802.16-2004 or 802.16e WiMAX?
`
`
`Fixed and mobile deployments have very different requirements and target substantially
`different market segments, with different usage patterns and locations, throughput needs,
`user device form factors, and SLAs. The two flavors of WiMAX were defined to meet
`the distinct demands of these two market segments and the varying requirements of
`different applications.
`
`In a fixed deployment with basic functionality, 802.16-2004 and 802.126e offer similar
`performance. Single sector maximum throughput for both versions of WiMAX is about
`15 Mbps for a 5 MHz channel, or 35 Mbps for a 10 MHz channel. Base station range in
`densely populated areas can go up to a few kilometers depending on attributes such as
`CPE type, frequency band, mobility, morphology and so on. In networks that are capacity
`constrained, the number of base stations installed depends on throughput demand, rather
`than range.
`
`
`However, the performance of the two versions of WiMAX can change substantially for
`specific applications, because 802.16-2004 is optimized for fixed access and 802.16e for
`mobile access, although it can also be used for fixed access.
`
`Fixed networks can benefit from the many advantages offered by 802.16-2004 WiMAX
`Forum CERTIFIED products:
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`• Less complex modulation. OFDM is a simpler modulation technique that is better
`suited to deployments that do not require support for mobility.
`• License-exempt bands. Mobile services require licensed spectrum to provide
`coverage in wide areas. Fixed deployments, however, have often successfully used
`license-exempt bands in areas where interference levels are acceptable. For this
`reason, most profiles targeting license-exempt bands are likely to be based on
`802.16-2004.
`• Higher throughput. Higher spectrum bands selected for the 802.16-2004 profiles
`result in higher throughput. This is a clear advantage, especially when targeting
`enterprise users with higher traffic levels and with CPEs with outdoor antennas.
`• Better time to market. Earlier commercial availability of 802.16-2004 products
`enables operators to meet the pent-up demand for broadband connectivity in
`underserved areas, and to start gaining market share ahead of competitors.
`
`
`On the other hand, some operators may decide to wait for 802.16e profiles for several
`reasons:
`
`
`
`
`
`• Support for mobility. 802.16e products are optimized for mobility and will support
`handoffs at up to 120 kph. Support for power-saving and sleep modes will extend the
`battery life of mobile user devices.
`• Better indoor coverage. The better indoor coverage achieved through sub-
`channelization and the AAS option benefits both fixed and mobile applications,
`because users are often indoors or not within line of sight. However, while outdoor
`antennas can compensate for limited indoor coverage in fixed deployments, this is
`clearly not an option for mobile users with a laptop or a PDA.
`• Greater flexibility in managing spectrum resources. Sub-channelization also
`brings the ability to use network intelligence to allocate resources to user devices as
`needed. Effectively this results in a more efficient use of spectrum, leading to higher
`throughput and better indoor coverage, and, in some cases, to lower deployment
`costs. This is particularly valuable to operators with limited spectrum.
`• Wider range of form factors for user devices. While outdoor and indoor CPEs,
`and laptop PCMCIA cards are expected to dominate the 802.16-2004 market, laptop
`PCMCIA cards, mini cards, indoor modems, PDAs, and phones will be available
`among 802.16e user devices. This variety allows operators to extend their services to
`new market segments and to give more freedom to their subscribers. Despite the later
`introduction of 802.16e products, it is likely that their CPE prices will quickly fall
`below those for 802.16-2004 CPEs, as 802.16e products are targeted at a larger
`addressable market. With CPE costs typically being the most important variable in
`
`Copyright 2005 WiMAX Forum
`(cid:147)WiMAX Forum(cid:153)(cid:148) and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED(cid:153)(cid:147) are registered trademarks of the WiMAX Forum(cid:153).
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`any operator(cid:146)s business plan, the availability of cheap CPEs will be one of the
`guiding factors in deciding which version of WiMAX to adopt.
`
`
`The choice between 802.16-2004 and 802.16e products largely depends on the type of
`services provided and the business model of the operator. In some cases the choice will
`be obvious. A mobile operator building an overlay network to complement a 3G network
`will head straight for 802.16e. A Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) providing
`wireless access to a rural community will typically choose the less complex, OFDM-
`based, 802.16-2004 WiMAX products.
`
`In addition, operators need to take into account several other factors that may affect the
`choice between 802.16-2004 and 802.16e products:
`
`
`• Target market. If the operator targets business users and residential users in a
`mostly LOS environment, CPEs with an outdoor antenna that have better throughput
`and LOS performance may be more suitable. This may drive the operator towards a
`802.16-2004 deployment. If instead the operator address