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`314 PEa. FOSS et al. Table 1. Carotenoid composition in per cent of total carotenoids, and ratio of optical isomers S,S : R,S (meso): R,R of free and esterified astaxanthin in some Crustaceans Cancer pagurus Carotenoid Euphausia superba Thysanoessa inermis Calanus finrnarchicus Acanthephyra purpurea shell ) 651 ~ 46) 43 22 Astaxanthin diester 64 (50 : 24: 26) (84: 5:11) Astaxanthin monoester 31 (9:21:70) 43 37 13 Astaxanthin 5 4 (55:7:38) 11 (83:3:14) 20 (20:44:15) 58 (20:24:56) thephyra purpurea, Cancer pagurus and the zoo- plankton Calanus finmarchicus, all from the North Sea and Euphausia superba from Antarctic waters, Table 1. Consistent with previous studies (Barbier et al., 1966; Batham et al., 1951; Fischer et al., 1955; Herring, 1973; Lenel et al., 1978; Wieser, 1965) free and esterified astaxanthin were the only carotenoids present. A mixture of the three astaxanthin isomers was demonstrated in each case. In E. superba and C. pagurus the R-configuration was dominant, whereas in T. inermis and C. finmarchicus the S-configuration dominated. The two species T. inermis and C. finmarchicus are recognized as important feed ingre- dients for wild salmon, and the ratios in these two crustaceans are compatible with the isomeric as- taxanthin mixture encountered in wild salmon (Schiedt et al., 1981). We have recently demonstrated that in the fresh- water zooplankton Daphnia magna optically pure (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin (I) was formed from optically pure (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin (fl,fl-carotene-3,3'-diol) of algal origin (Partali et al., 1986). However, the origin of the R-configurated astaxanthin isomers (2 and 3) in zooplankton is still obscure. The formation of particularly 3 and 2 by zooplankton, presumably from phytoplankton carotenoid precursors will be studied. Acknowledgements--We thank Dr P. J. Herring, Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Surrey, England, for the sample of Acanthephyra purpurea, cand. agric. Trond Storebakken, Research Station for Salmonids, Sunndalsora, Norway, for the sample of Calanusfinmarchicus and Dr Trond Ellingsen and Siv.ing. Olav S~eter, Institute of Biotechnology, this University for samples of Euphausia superba and Thy- sanoessa inermis, respectively. REFERENCES Barbier M., Charniaux-Cotton H. et Fried-Montaufier M. (1966) Presence dans les secondes antennes des males Talitrus saltator et Orchestia gammarella (Crustacea Am- phipodes) d'un taux relativement eleve d'astaxanthine. C. r. Acad. Sci. Paris, 263, 1508-1510. Batham E., Fisher L. R., Henry K. M, Kon S. K. and Thompson S. Y. (1951) Preformed vitamin A in marine crustacea. Biochem. J. 48. Fisher L. R, Kon S. K. and Thompson S. Y. (1955) Vitamin A and carotenoids in certain invertebrates III. Euphausiacea. J. mar. Biol. Assoc., UK 34, 81-100. Foss P. (1985) Applied carotenoid chemistry. Algal chemo- systematics and food chain studies. Dr. ing. Thesis, Univ. Trondheim-NTH, 327 p. Foss P., Storebakken T., Schiedt K., Liaaen-Jensen S., Austreng E. and Streiff K. (1984) Carotenoids in diets for salmonids I. Pigmentation of rainbow trout with the individual optical isomers of astaxanthin in comparison with canthaxanthin. Aquaculture 41, 213 226. Herring P. J. (I 973) The distribution of carotenoid pigments and lipids of some oceanic animals. 2. Decapod crus- taceans. J. mar. Biol. Assoc., UK 53, 339-568. Lenel R., Negre-Sadargues G. et Castillo R. (1978) Les Pigments Carotenoides Chez Les Crustaces. Arch. Zool. Exp. 119, 297-334. Partali V., Olsen Y., Foss P. and Liaaen-Jensen S. (1985) Carotenoids in food Chain Studies. 1. Zooplankton (Daphnia magna) response to a unialgal (Scenedesmus acutus) carotenoid diet, to spinach and to yeast diets supplemented with individual carotenoids. Comp. Bio- chem. Physiol. 82B, 767-772. Renstr~m B., Borch G. and Liaaen-Jensen S. (1981a) Nat- ural occurrence of enantiomeric and meso-astaxanthin. 4. Ex shrimps (Pandalus borealis ). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 69B, 621-624. Renstr~m B. and Liaaen-Jensen S~ (1981b) Natural occur- rence of enantiomeric and meso-astaxanthin. 6. Esterified, optically pure (3S, YS)-astaxanthin from flowers of Ado- nis annua. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 9, 249 250. Renstr~m B., Borch G., Skulberg O. and Liaaen-Jensen S. (1981c) Natural occurrence of enantiomeric and meso- astaxanthin. 3. Optical purity of (3S, YS)-astaxanthin ex Haematococcus pluvialis (green algae). Phytochemistry 20, 2561-2564. Renstrom B., Ronneberg H., Borch G. and Liaaen-Jensen S. (1982) Animal carotenoid 27. Further studies on the carotenoproteins crustacyanin and ovoverdin. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 71B, 249-252. Ronneberg H., Renstrom B., Aareskjold K., Liaaen-Jensen S., Vecchi M., Leuenberger F. J., Miiller R. K. and Mayer H. (1980) Natural occurrence of enantiomeric and meso- astaxanthin. 1. Ex lobster eggs (Homarus gammarus). Helv. chim. Acta 63, 711 715. Schiedt K., Leuenberger F. J. and Vecchi M. (1981) Natural occurrence of enantiomeric and meso-astaxanthin. 5. Ex wild salmon ( Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus ). Heir. chim. Acta 64, 415-424. Storebakken T., Foss P., Asg~.rd T., Austreng E. and Liaaen-Jensen S. (1984) Carotenoids in food chain studies--Optical isomer composition of astaxanthin in crustaceans and fish from two sub-alpine lakes. Abstr. 7th Int. 1UPAC Symp. on Carotenoids, p. 3l. MiJchen 1984. Storebakken T., Foss P., Austreng E. and Liaaen-Jensen S. (1985) Carotenoids in diets for salmonids. II. Epimer- ization studies with astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 44, 259 269. Vecchi M. and MiJller R. K. (1979) Separation of (3S,3'S)-, (3R,3'R)-astaxanthin and (3S,3'R)-astaxanthin via (-)- camphanic acid esters. J. High Res. Chrom. 2, 195 196. Wieser W. (1965) Electrophoretic studies on blood proteins in an ecological series of isopod and amphipod species. J. mar. Biol. Assoc., UK 45, 507 523.
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